Agilent, Your Partner in Advancing New Wireless Communications Mobile WiMAX… · 2009-07-15 ·...
Transcript of Agilent, Your Partner in Advancing New Wireless Communications Mobile WiMAX… · 2009-07-15 ·...
Page 1Wireless Test World 2009
Wireless Test World 2009 Agilent, Your Partner in AdvancingNew Wireless Communications
Mobile WiMAX™:Wave 2 and Beyond
Presented by:Mirin Lew
Applications Specialist,Microwave & Communications Division
July 1, 2009“WiMAX,” “Mobile WiMAX” and “WiMAX Forum”are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum®
Page 2Wireless Test World 2009
Topics
• Update on WiMAX Market• WiMAX Evolution
– IEEE 802.16 standard and WiMAX Forum System Profiles– Summary of Mobile WiMAX Wave 2– IEEE 802.16Rev2 (802.16-2009) Standard– WiMAX Forum Release 1.5 System Profiles– IEEE 802.16j Multihop Relay Specification– IEEE 802.16m Amendment
• Mobile WiMAX Certification: Process and Status Update (next paper)
NOTES:• Most of this presentation will focus on the physical layer aspects of Mobile WiMAX• Presentation assumes audience is familiar with the basic concepts of Mobile WiMAX
Page 3Wireless Test World 2009
State of the WiMAX Market Source: www.wimaxmaps.org
Red = Fixed WiMAXYellow = Mobile WiMAX
The Good News:• Over 500 companies in WiMAX Forum, including
165 service providers, 85 silicon component manufacturers, and 120 system equipment vendors
• More than 35 companies developing WiMAX products for base stations, 30 for mobile devices, 25 for chipsets and reference designs
• About 468 trials and deployments of WiMAX systems (fixed and mobile) in 139 countries (source: WiMAX Forum, April 2009)
• Some countries moving forward on deploying WiMAX in 2009: U.S. (at least 8 more markets), India, Japan, Russia, Taiwan
And The Bad News:• Global economic recession will slow capital
investment and deployments• LTE gaining interest and momentum
– Over 100 operators committed to LTE– Initial trials beginning in 2009, driven by NTT
DoCoMo, Verizon, and China Mobile– Field trials expected in late 2009 with
commercial service probably starting in 2010• Some companies are reducing or ending
investment in Mobile WiMAX (e.g. Nortel)
Page 4Wireless Test World 2009
WiMAX Evolution2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
802.16j-2009(May 2009) Close of IMT-Advanced
Proposal Submission (Oct ’09)
802.16-2004802.16e-2005(Dec. 2005)
802.16-2004/Corrigendum 2
(Ended)802.16Rev2 “802.16-2009”
(May 2009)
802.16m(May 2010)
802.16m D1(Nov 2009)
IEEE Standards
WiMAX ForumMobile WiMAX
System Profiles
Release 1.0(2007)
Release 1.5(2009)
Release 2.0(2010-2011)
802.16m Working Doc
Wave 1Certification
(Dec ’07)
Wave 2Certification
(2008)
Release 1.5Certification
(2010)
Release 2.0Certification
(2011)
WiMAX ForumCertification
Under discussion:•100 Mbps at high mobility, 1 Gbps at low mobility
•5-20 MHz BW•MIMO with up to 4 antennas
•Handover to other radio technologies
Key Features •Basic Mobile WiMAX system operation
•Support of DL and UL PUSC zones
•TDD mode only
•STC/MIMO and UL collaborative SM for PUSC zones
•AMC zones•Beamforming
•FDD/H-FDD•700 MHz & 1.7 GHz bands
•MIMO for AMC•Closed-loop MIMO•Persistent allocation•HO optimization
All future dates are estimates and subject to change
Page 5Wireless Test World 2009
Review of Wave 2 System Profiles
• WiMAX Forum’s Wave 1 system profiles focused on basic functionality of Mobile WiMAX systems
• Most current Mobile WiMAX product development focused on Wave 2• Wave 2 system profiles added more advanced capabilities, including:
– Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Zones• DL/UL AMC 2x3 zones
– IO-MIMO Profile• Matrix A: Space Time Coding (STC)• Matrix B: 2x2 MIMO with vertical encoding• Uplink collaborative spatial multiplexing
– IO-BF (beamforming) profile• DL-PUSC and AMC 2x3 with dedicated pilots• UL-PUSC without subchannel rotation• Uplink sounding
Page 6Wireless Test World 2009
Topics
• Update on WiMAX Market• WiMAX Evolution
– IEEE 802.16 standard and WiMAX Forum System Profiles– Summary of Mobile WiMAX Wave 2– IEEE 802.16Rev2 (802.16-2009) Standard– WiMAX Forum Release 1.5 System Profiles– IEEE 802.16j Multihop Relay Specification– IEEE 802.16m Amendment
• Mobile WiMAX Certification: Process and Status Update
NOTES:• Most of this presentation will focus on the physical layer aspects of Mobile WiMAX• Presentation assumes audience is familiar with the basic concepts of Mobile WiMAX
Page 7Wireless Test World 2009
IEEE 802.16Rev2 (802.16-2009)
• Project initiated in March 2007 by 802.16 Maintenance Task Group• Goal is to combine latest standard with subsequent amendments and updates. 802.16Rev2
will consolidate these documents:– 802.16-2004: Last revision– 802.16e-2005: Amendment on enhancements to support mobility– 802.16-2004/Cor1: Corrigendum to 802.16-2004 (part of 802.16e-2005 document)– 802.16-2004/Cor2/D4: Last draft of Corrigendum 2 prior to discontinuation of project– 802.16f-2005: Amendment on Management Information Base for Fixed Systems– 802.16g-2007: Amendment on Management Information Base– 802.16i: Amendment on Mobile Management Information Base (if completed in time)
• Draft 9a approved by IEEE in May 2009. Will be published as IEEE 802.16-2009 standard following editorial review; will be available in December.
• Includes many clarifications/corrections related to Wave 2 and other advanced features such as MIMO, AMC zones, HARQ, and UL sounding.
• Changes added for support of:– Cyclic delay diversity (CDD)– Half-duplex FDD mode– MIMO for AMC zones
Page 8Wireless Test World 2009
Release 1.5 System Profiles
• WiMAX Forum has not announced date for completion of new system profile– Based on 802.16Rev2 (802.16-2009)– Draft version 0.2.1 available on WiMAX Forum Web site. Possible completion by 2009,
certification in 2010• New PHY features include:
– Support for 700 MHz and 1.7 GHz Advanced Wireless Service (AWS) bands– FDD with half-duplex FDD (H-FDD)– MIMO support for AMC zones– Cyclic delay diversity (CDD)– Closed-loop MIMO using codebooks– Uplink with 64QAM modulation– Uplink transmission with 2-antenna Matrix A and Matrix B with vertical encoding
• New MAC features include:– Support for Multicast and Broadcast Services operation (MBS)– Support for Ethernet CS– SS-initiated service flow transactions for Quality of Service (QoS)– Seamless handover support
Page 9Wireless Test World 2009
Release 1.5 Interoperable Options
• Groups of features that are not required for designation as WiMAX Forum Certified™, but are required for certification to state that product has that capability
• IO-NNNN for BS, IOMS-NNNN for MS• PHY-related Interoperable Options in Release 1.5:
Profile Description
IO-MIMO MIMO operation
IO-BF Beamforming operation
IO/IOMS-MIM1 DL MIMO AMC
IO/IOMS-MIM2 Collaborative spatial multiplexing for AMC (2 MS with single Tx antenna)
IO/IOMS-MIM3 Closed-loop MIMO
IO/IOMS-MIM4 2 Tx UL MIMO
IO/IOMS-64QM Uplink 64QAM support
IO/IOMS-CDD Cyclic Delay Diversity
IOMS-FFDD Full Duplex FDD (All FDD MS must support H-FDD)
• MAC-related items include options for Multicast and Broadcast Services (MBS), Ethernet, QoS features, seamless handover support, and sleep mode
Page 10Wireless Test World 2009
FDD Frame Structure Supporting H-FDD
FDD = frequency domain duplexingBoth DL and UL are active at the same time on different frequencies
H-FDD = half-duplex FDDDL and UL are at different frequencies but are not active at the same time
Generic OFDMA FDD frame structure supporting H-FDD MS in two groups
• Base stations of OFDMA FDD systems operate in full duplex mode. • MS may be either full duplex (FDD) or half duplex (H-FDD). • The FDD frame structure supports both FDD and H-FDD MS types. • BS communicates with two groups of H-FDD MS (Group 1 and Group 2) at
different times• DL divided into 2 subframes, one for each group• Each subframe and group has its own MAP messages• Group 1 MS transmits UL during Group 2’s DL and vice versa
Page 11Wireless Test World 2009
Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD)
OFDMATransmitter
CyclicDelay 1
CyclicDelay N
Add CyclicPrefix
Add CyclicPrefix
Add CyclicPrefix
Ant 0
Ant 1
Ant N
Logicalantennasignal
Applying cyclic delay means that the samples in the useful symbol time Tb are shifted D samples forward, the last D samples are copied to the first D samples, and the cyclic prefix is regenerated from the last samples of the rotated symbol. Max delay is 1.4% x Tb. Also called Cyclic Shift Transmit Diversity (CSTD).
Purpose: The BS may improve performance through increased diversity, or split the power between multiple transmit antennas.
• The same signal (including data, pilots, preamble, midamble, etc) may be transmitted from several antennas simultaneously, with different cyclic delay applied to each signal in order to reduce the potential of nulling in the receiver's antenna.
• Total power transmitted from all antennas with CDD is equal to power for logical antenna signal• Can be combined with STC/MIMO• No change is required in the receiver for CDD, but performance can be improved if MS knows amounts of
delay so it can optimize when to sample data. CDD SISO/SIMO descriptor or CDD STC descriptor TLV may be transmitted in DCD to inform MS of CDD parameters.
Page 12Wireless Test World 2009
MIMO in AMC Zones
• 2x3 AMC (2 bins x 3 symbols) is used but bursts must begin on a 6-symbol boundary, so allocations are in units that are 2x6
• Pilot pattern for 2 antennas:Symbol
0 1 2 3 4 5
Subc
arri
8
ers 6
012345
7
91011121314151617
Pilot for Ant 0
Bin 1
Bin 2
Pilot for Ant 1
Subchannel
2x3 slot
Page 13Wireless Test World 2009
Matrix A for AMC Zone
• Two-stage data mapping and coding1. Data is mapped frequency-first to each 2x3 slot, and frequency-first over slots in the
allocation2. Matrix A encoding is performed over each pair of symbols assigned to same subcarrier
index over 2 symbols (symbol pairs may be from different slots)
01...15
1617...31
3233...47
4849...63
6465...79
8081...95
9697...111
112113...127
128129...143
144145...159
160161...175
176177...191
0 1 2 3 4 5
Subc
hann
el
0
1
Data symbolnumber
S0S1...
S15
-S16*-S17*...
-S31*
S32S33...
S47
-S96*-S97*...
-S111*
S112S113
.
.
.S127
-S128*-S129*
.
.
.-S143*
OFDM Symbol0 1 2 3 4 5
Subc
hann
el
0
1
S48S49...
S63
-S64*-S65*
.
.
.-S79*
S80S81...
S95
-S144*-S145*
.
.
.-S159*
S160S161
.
.
.S175
-S176*-S177*
.
.
.-S191*
Antenna 0
S0*S1*...
S15*
S16S17...
S31
S32*S33*...
S47*
S96S97...
S111
S112*S113*
.
.
.S127*
S128S129
.
.
.S143
OFDM Symbol0 1 2 3 4 5
Subc
hann
el
0
1
S48*S49*...
S63*
S64S65
.
.
.S79
S80*S81*...
S95*
S144S145
.
.
.S159
S160*S161*
.
.
.S175*
S176S177
.
.
.S191
Antenna 1OFDM Symbol
Matrix A example for 4 AMC 2x3 slots, Stage 1 data mapping Stage 2: Matrix A encoding over pairs of data symbols.
Page 14Wireless Test World 2009
Matrix B for AMC Zone
• Data symbols mapped in antenna-first order, with mapping in each slot by subcarrier first to the end of the slot, then moving to next symbol.
• For 2 antennas, all even data symbols beginning with S0 will be on antenna 0, odd symbols on antenna 1.
OFDM SymbolAntenna 1
OFDM SymbolAntenna 0
S0S2...
S30
S32S34...S62
S64S66...
S94
S96S98...
S126
S128S130
.
.
.S158
S160S162...
S190
0 1 2 3 4 5
S1S3...
S31
S33S35...S63
S65S67...
S95
S97S99...
S127
S129S131
.
.
.S159
S161S163...
S191
0 1 2 3 4 5
Subc
arrie
rs
Subc
arrie
rsMatrix B Example Over Two 2x3 AMC Slots
Page 15Wireless Test World 2009
Topics
• Update on WiMAX Market• WiMAX Evolution
– IEEE 802.16 standard and WiMAX Forum System Profiles– Summary of Mobile WiMAX Wave 2– IEEE 802.16Rev2 (802.16-2009) Standard– WiMAX Forum Release 1.5 System Profiles– IEEE 802.16j Multihop Relay Specification– IEEE 802.16m Amendment
NOTES:• Most of this presentation will focus on the physical layer aspects of Mobile WiMAX• Presentation assumes audience is familiar with the basic concepts of Mobile WiMAX
Page 16Wireless Test World 2009
802.16j Multihop Relay Specification
• Purpose: Enhance coverage, throughput, and system capacity by specifying 802.16 multihop relay (MR) capabilities of interoperable relay stations and base stations.
• Defines MAC and PHY enhancements to support new multihop relay enabled base station (MR-BS) and relay station (RS)
• Works with existing 802.16e mobile stations• Types of supported connections:
– MR-BS to MS– MR-BS to RS – RS to MS– RS to RS (multihop)
Page 17Wireless Test World 2009
802.16j Multihop Relay SpecificationUsage Models
BS
RS
RSRS
RS
RS
RS
Multihop Relay:Range extension
Coverage atCell edge
Buildingpenetration
Coveragehole
Shadow of buildings
NomadicRS
MobileRS
BS
Temporary Coverage(Emergency/disasterrecovery, special events)
Mobile vehicle:Inside buses,Trains, ferries
RS
Higher capacity(using higher qualityrelayed link)
RS = Relay Station
Page 18Wireless Test World 2009
Relay Modes
Two relay modes based on how frame configuration and scheduling information (FCH, MAPs, DCD, UCD) are transmitted: • Transparent Mode (Transparent RS = T_RS)
– RS does not transmit preamble or configuration information – No range extension since MS must get configuration info directly from BS; main use is to
increase capacity– Requires centralized scheduling to be done in BS for all MS– Maximum of 2 hops: BS -> RS -> MS
• Non-transparent Mode (Non-transparent RS = NT_RS)– Can use centralized or distributed scheduling
• Centralized: RS forwards configuration info from BS which handles all scheduling• Distributed: RS can make scheduling decisions and generate its own configuration info for the
MS with which it communicates– Allows larger coverage area – Capacity enhancement may be limited due to interference in transmission of configuration
info from neighboring RS– Supports more than 2 hops: subordinates may be MS or another RS– May support dual radios, enabling simultaneous communication with MR-BS and
subordinates on separate channels (simultaneous transmit & receive=STR mode)
Page 19Wireless Test World 2009
Frame Structure Changes
• DL and UL subframes divided into zones to support BS-RS communication and RS-MS communication
• Transparent mode– DL Access zone: BS to RS, BS to MS– DL Transparent zone (optional): RS to MS– UL Access zone: MS to BS, MS to RS– UL Relay zone: RS to BS
• Non-transparent mode– DL Access zone: BS to MS, RS to MS/RS– DL Relay zone: BS to RS– UL Access zone: MS to BS or RS– UL Relay zone: RS to BS– Two approaches to support multi-hop:
• Group frames into multi-frame with repeating pattern of relay zones, even-hop RSs transmit in even-number frames, odd-hop RSs transmit in odd-number frames
• Use 1 frame with multiple relay zones for use by even vs. odd-hop RSs• Relay zone may be allocated using only part of the available subchannels
This will be illustrated in the next few slides
Page 20Wireless Test World 2009
Transparent Relay Frame Structure Example
Source: Figure 237a, IEEE 802.16j/D6RS to BSInitial ranging
RS non-initialranging
MS all ranging
MR-BS to RS
MR-BS to MS
RS toMR-BS
Safety zone allows RS to switch from Rx to Tx mode (R-RTG)
MS to RSRS to MS
Page 21Wireless Test World 2009
Non-Transparent Relay Frame Structure Example
Source: Figure 237c, IEEE 802.16j/D6
MR-BS to MS
RS to MS/RS
MR-BS to RS
MS/RS to RS
Time-division transmit and receive (TTR) mode
Frames are time-aligned for MR-BS and RS
RS toMR-BS
Page 22Wireless Test World 2009
Non-Transparent Relay Frame Structure ExampleSimultaneous transmit and receive (STR) mode
RS
Fram
eC
arrie
r f1
MR
-BS
Fram
e (C
arrie
r f1)
RS to MR-BS
MS to MR-BS
MR-BS to MS
MR-BS to RS
Car
rier f
2RS to MS
RS to Subordinate RS
Sub. RSTo RS
MS to RS
Source: Figure 237e, IEEE 802.16j/D6
Page 23Wireless Test World 2009
Topics
• Update on WiMAX Market• WiMAX Evolution
– IEEE 802.16 standard and WiMAX Forum System Profiles– Summary of Mobile WiMAX Wave 2– IEEE 802.16Rev2 (802.16-2009) Standard– WiMAX Forum Release 1.5 System Profiles– IEEE 802.16j Multihop Relay Specification– IEEE 802.16m Amendment
NOTES:• Most of this presentation will focus on the physical layer aspects of Mobile WiMAX• Presentation assumes audience is familiar with the basic concepts of Mobile WiMAX
Page 24Wireless Test World 2009
IEEE 802.16m
• Project initiated in December 2006, target completion date is May 2010 for first release • Amendment to 802.16 WirelessMAN-OFDMA PHY to provide advanced air interface to
meet requirements of IMT-Advanced next generation networks, with support for legacy 802.16 OFDMA equipment
• Amendment Working Document in process, first 802.16m draft expected around Nov. 2009• Goal: provide at least 100 Mbps data throughput at high mobility (350 km/h) and 1 Gbps at
low mobility• System Requirements
– Systems operate in licensed spectrum below 6 GHz– Channel bandwidths: 5, 10, 20 MHz, with ability to aggregate multiple channels up to 40
MHz– Duplexing modes: TDD, FDD, H-FDD– Will coexist with other IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced technologies– Will support handover with other radio access technologies (e.g. 802.11 WLAN, 3GPP,
W-CDMA, LTE, 3GPP2 cdma2000)– Expect >2x improvement in throughput of a data-only system when compared to Wave 2
MIMO system (DL 2x2, UL 1x2)
Page 25Wireless Test World 2009
802.16m Requirements Summary
Feature Minimum Target
MIMO ConfigurationDL: 2x2
UL: 1x2
DL: 4x4 (2x4, 4x2 also allowed)
UL: 2x4 (1x4, 2x2 also allowed)
Peak Data Rates (per sector with 20 MHz BW)
DL: > 160 Mbps (2x2)
UL: > 56 Mbps (1x2)
DL: > 300 Mbps (4x4)
UL: > 112 Mbps (2x4)
Mobility Up to 350 km/hr Up to 500 km/hr
Maximum Data Latency < 10 ms
DL: > 15.0 bps/Hz (4x4)
UL: > 6.75 bps/Hz (2x4)
Intra-frequency: 27.5 ms
Inter-frequency: 40 ms within spectrum band, 60 ms between spectrum bands
DL: 0.26 bps/Hz, UL: 0.13 bps/HzDL: 0.09 bps/Hz, UL: 0.05 bps/Hz
> 60 active users/MHz/sector
(DL 2.6 bps/Hz/sector, UL 1.3 bps/Hz/sector)
Normalized Peak Data RateDL: > 8.0 bps/Hz (2x2)
UL: > 2.8 bps/Hz (1x2)
Maximum Handover Interruption Time
Throughput of Data-only System:Average user throughputCell edge user throughput
VoIP Capacity
Source: IEEE 802.16m-07/002r8,Jan. 15, 2009
Page 26Wireless Test World 2009
802.16m Protocol StructureIncludes Advanced BS (ABS) and Advanced MS (AMS); some blocks may not be used for each
Support for multi-hop relay
PHY can span multiple channels of different bandwidths & duplexing modes
Support 802.16m and other format radios in same MS (e.g. WLAN, Bluetooth)
Performs forwarding functions when RS is in the path between BS and MS
Manage inter-cell/sector interference. Includes power control, Tx beamforming/precoding. Source: IEEE 802.16m-08/003r8
Page 27Wireless Test World 2009
802.16m Draft: OFDMA ParametersNominal Channel Bandwidth (MHz) 5 7 8.75 10 20
Over-sampling Factor 28/25 8/7 8/7 28/25 28/25Sampling Frequency (MHz) 5.6 8 10 11.2 22.4
FFT Size 512 1024 1024 1024 2048Sub-Carrier Spacing (kHz) 10.937500 7.812500 9.765625 10.937500 10.937500
Useful Symbol Time Tu (µs) 91.429 128 102.4 91.429 91.429Symbol Time Ts (µs) 102.857 144 115.2 102.857 102.857
Number of OFDM symbols per Frame 48 34 43 48 48
Idle time (µs) 62.857 104 46.40 62.857 62.857Number of OFDM symbols per Frame 47 33 42 47 47
TTG + RTG (µs) 165.714 248 161.6 165.714 165.714Symbol Time Ts (µs) 97.143 136 108.8 97.143 97.143
Number of OFDM symbols per Frame 51 36 45 51 51
Idle time (µs) 45.71 104 104 45.71 45.71Number of OFDM symbols per Frame 50 35 44 50 50
TTG + RTG (µs) 142.853 240 212.8 142.853 142.853Symbol Time Ts (µs) 114.286 114.286 114.286
Number of OFDM symbols per Frame 43 43 43
Idle time (µs) 85.694 85.694 85.694Number of OFDM symbols per Frame 42 42 42
TTG + RTG (µs) 199.98 199.98 199.98TDD
FDDCyclic Prefix (CP)
Tg=1/4 Tu
TDD
FDDCyclic Prefix (CP)
Tg=1/16 Tu
TDD
FDDCyclic Prefix (CP)
Tg=1/8 Tu
Source: IEEE 802.16m/08-003r8 802.16m System Description Document
Page 28Wireless Test World 2009
802.16m Frame Structure: Superframe Concept
1 superframe containssuperframe header and4 frames, 5 ms each
1 frame contains 8 subframes
3 types of subframes depending on size of cyclic prefix:Type-1 contains 6 symbols (shown here)Type-2 contains 7 symbolsType-3 contains 5 symbols(Some symbols may be idle)
Source: IEEE C802.16m-08/003r8
Page 29Wireless Test World 2009
TDD Frame Structure with Type-1 Subframe, Cyclic Prefix = 1/8, DL:UL = 5:3
Superframe: 20 ms (4 frames, 32 subframes)
DL/UL PHY Frame 5 ms (8 subframes)
Frame 0 Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3
DLSF0 (6)
DLSF1 (6)
DLSF2 (6)
DLSF3 (6)
DLSF4 (5)
ULSF5 (6)
ULSF6 (6)
ULSF7 (6)
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
RTG = 62.857 µs (Switching point)TTG = 102.857 µs
(Switching point)
Type-3 Subframe = 5 symbols = 0.514 ms
Cyclic prefix = 1/8Cyclic prefix = 1/8
Type-1 Subframe
Type-1 Subframe = 6 symbols =0.617 ms
Page 30Wireless Test World 2009
FDD Frame Structure with Type-1 Subframe,Cyclic Prefix = 1/8
Superframe: 20 ms (4 frames, 32 subframes)
DL/UL PHY Frame 5 ms (8 subframes + idle time)
Frame 0 Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3
SF0 SF1 SF2 SF3 SF4 SF5 SF6 SF7
Idle time = 62.86 µsDL or UL Subframe = 0.617 ms
Type-1 Subframe = 6 symbols = 0.617 ms
One symbol = 102.857 µs Cyclic prefix = 1/8
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Page 31Wireless Test World 2009
TDD and FDD Frame Structures,Cyclic Prefix = 1/16
TDD Frame = 5 ms (DL:UL = 5:3)
Type-1 Subframe 6 symbols = 0.583 ms
Idle time = 45.71 µs
DLSF0 (7)
DLSF1 (6)
DLSF2 (6)
DLSF3 (6)
DLSF4 (6)
ULSF5 (6)
ULSF6 (6)
ULSF7 (7)
SF0 (7) SF1 (6) SF2 (6) SF3 (6) SF4 (7) SF5 (6) SF6 (6) SF7 (7)
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6Type-2 Subframe 7 symbols = 0.680 ms
RTG = 60 µs
1 symbol = 97.143 µs
TTG = 82.853 µs
FDD DL or UL Frame = 5 ms
For 5, 10, 20 MHz BW
Page 32Wireless Test World 2009
Frame Structure Supporting Legacy FramesUsing Uplink Time Domain Multiplexing (TDM) Mode
DLSF2
DLSF3
DLSF4
ULSF6
ULSF7
DLSF2
DLSF3
DLSF4
ULSF6
ULSF7
DL UL DL UL
DLSF0
DLSF1
ULSF5
DLSF0
DLSF1
ULSF5
DLSF0
DLSF1
802.16m Frame 802.16m Frame
Legacy (802.16e) 5 ms frame
Frame Offset
Transmission for Legacy Devices
Transmission for 802.16m Devices
Legacy DL Zone
802.16mDL Zone
802.16mUL Zone
LegacyUL Zone
Legacy DL Zone
802.16mDL Zone
802.16mUL Zone
LegacyUL Zone
Time Zone Switching PointsTime Zones
Page 33Wireless Test World 2009
Frame Structure Supporting Legacy FramesUsing Uplink Frequency Domain Multiplexing (FDM) Mode
Different subchannels used for legacy vs. 802.16m in the same symbols
Legacyuplink
802.16muplink
Source: IEEE C802.16m-09/0010r1a
Page 34Wireless Test World 2009
Supporting Legacy Frames With Wider Channel (TDD)
During 802.16m DL and UL zones, 802.16m BS can use full multi-channel BW
802.16e Carrier802.16m MS may use one or more channels
802.16m BS uses 2 channels with guard band when 802.16e signal is using one channel
Source: IEEE C802.16m-08/003r4
Page 35Wireless Test World 2009
802.16m Physical StructurePhysical Resource Unit (PRU): Basic physical
unit for resource allocation, consisting of Pscconsecutive subcarriers x Nsym consecutive symbols
• Psc = 18 subcarriers• Nsym depends on type of subframe: 6 for type-1,
7 for type-2, 5 for type-3
Phy
sica
l Sub
carr
iers FP
1Fr
eq. P
art.
2FP
3Subchannel 00
0102030405
. . .
Contiguousgroup
Distributedgroup
OuterPermutation
Perm
utat
ion
Perm
utat
ion
Perm
Contiguousgroup
Distributedgroup
InnerPermutation
. . .
PRU
Frequency partition divided into groups of contiguous(localized) resource units (CRUs) and/or distributedresource units (DRUs)
Contiguous groups are direct-mapped to logical resource units
PRUs are reordered and grouped into frequency partitions
Logical Resource Units (LRUs)
Permutation applied within distributed resource group to form distributed logical resource units
Contiguousgroup
Common across cells(semi-static) Defined within cells or sectors; may be dynamic
Page 36Wireless Test World 2009
Downlink Pilot Structure• Pilot patterns are defined within a PRU• Common pilots can be used by all MS• Dedicated pilots can only be used by MSs allocated to specific resource allocation, and can be precoded or
beamformed in same way as data carriers in that resource allocation• Same pilot patterns for both common and dedicated pilots
Pattern A for 1 or 2 Tx. Pilot #1 and 2 are interlaced patterns for use by different BS. Pattern B for 4 TxPilot pattern # = mod(Cell_ID,3) Symbols
18 a
djac
ent s
ubca
rrie
rs
18 a
djac
ent s
ubca
rrie
rs
Subc
arrie
r ind
ex
Symbol
For type-3 subframe, symbol 3 is deleted.For type-2 subframe, 3rd symbol is added as 7th symbol.
For type-3 subframe with 5 symbols, last symbol is deleted.For type-2 subframe with 7 symbols, first symbol is added as 7th symbol.
Page 37Wireless Test World 2009
Uplink Pilot Structure
• Pilot pattern specified within an 18x6 CRU for contiguous resources. DL Pilot #0 is used.• A DRU contains 6 tiles, each 6 subcarriers x 6 symbols
Freq
uenc
y
Time
• For legacy support, 802.16m PUSC has different tile structure to allow frequency-division multiplexing support for both legacy and 802.16m
• DRU in 802.16m PUSC contains 6 tiles, each 4 subcarriers by Nsym, where Nsym depends on the type of subframe
Pilot Pilot for Stream 1
Pilot for Stream 2
Source: IEEE 802.16m-08/003r8
Page 38Wireless Test World 2009
Uplink Structure for PUSC
• For legacy support, subchannelization is same as for legacy UL-PUSC: – Usable subcarriers allocated to form tiles with 4 contiguous subcarriers– Tiles are permuted according to permutation in 802.16e
• Subchannels are assigned to legacy system or 802.16m system
Source: IEEE 802.16m-08/003r8
Page 39Wireless Test World 2009
Downlink Control
• In mixed mode system (legacy + 16m), legacy preamble is present in first symbol of 802.16e frame.
• 802.16m MS does not need to decode legacy FCH and MAP messages; 802.16m has its own synchronization and control signals. (Additional details in Appendix slides)A-PREAMBLE Advanced Preamble Physical channel, provides reference for time, frequency, and frame
synchronization, RSSI estimation, channel estimation, and BS (cell) identification. One instance per superframe in fixed location (TBD)
PA-PREAMBLE Primary Advanced Preamble
Used for initial acquisition, superframe synchronization. Uses every other subcarrier, frequency reuse 1.
SA-PREAMBLE Secondary Advanced Preamble
Used for fine synchronization, cell/sector identification. Frequency reuse 3 is applied.
SFH Superframe Header Contains essential system parameters and system configuration info. Located in first subframe within a superframe, occupies up to 5 MHz BW. Uses QPSK modulation.
P-SFH Primary Superframe Header
Transmitted in every superframe, fixed size
S-SFH Secondary Superframe Header
May be transmitted over 1 or more superframes. Variable size, as indicated by P-SFH
A-MAP Advanced MAP Contains unicast service control information. May include scheduling assignment, power control info, HARQ ACK/NACK
E-MBS MAP Enhanced Multicast Broadcast Service MAP
Contains multicast service control information. Divided into cell-specific and non-cell-specific control channels.
Page 40Wireless Test World 2009
MIMO in 802.16m
• ABS has at least 2 Tx antennas, AMS has at least 2 Rx antennas• Terminology:
– Single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO): one user scheduled in one resource unit (RU)• Examples: Wave 2 Matrix A, Matrix B
– Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO): multiple users scheduled in one RU• Example: Wave 2 uplink collaborative spatial multiplexing
– Layer: Coding/modulation path fed to the MIMO encoder as an input (LTE calls this a “code word”)• In vertical encoding, there is only 1 layer (Wave 2)• In horizontal encoding, there are multiple layers
– Stream: Each output of the MIMO encoder that is passed to the beamformer/precoder (LTE calls this a “layer”)
– Rank = number of streams • Open-loop SU-MIMO supported for 2, 4, or 8 Tx antennas for transmit diversity and spatial
multiplexing• Closed-loop SU-MIMO using codebook-based precoding is supported for FDD and TDD. For
TDD, sounding-based precoding is also supported.• For MU-MIMO, 2 Tx antennas can support up to 2 users, while 4 or 8 Tx can support up to 4
MS for each RU. Codebook-based precoding is used.
Page 41Wireless Test World 2009
802.16m MIMO Transmitter Architecture
Encoder &Modulator
Scheduler
Resource M
apping
MIM
O Encoder
Beam
former / Precoder
Feedback:CQI, CSI, ACK/NACK,Mode / rank / linkadaptation
Precoding Vector /Matrix
Encoder &Modulator
Encoder &Modulator
User 1Data
User 2Data
User 3Data
User KData
OFDM Signal Generation
OFDM Signal Generation
OFDM Signal Generation
OFDM Signal Generation
OFDM Signal Generation
Only 1 encoder block (layer) in vertical encoding, multiple encoder blocks in horizontal encoding.
Maps symbols to allocated resource units for each layer.
Maps L layers to > L streams.
Schedules users to resource units, decides allocation type (CRU or DRU), MCS, MIMO type and rank, band selection, power boosting
Maps streams to antenna outputs, applies precoding.
Layer control
Page 42Wireless Test World 2009
Multi-ABS MIMO
• Multi-BS MIMO (open or closed loop) also supported, with feedback information shared by neighboring BS via network interface.
• In downlink, Collaborative MIMO (Co-MIMO) and Closed-Loop Macro Diversity (CL-MD) are possible techniques– Co-MIMO: Multiple ABS perform joint MIMO transmission to multiple AMSs located in
different cells
– CL-MD: Each group of antennas in one ABS performs single-user precoding with up to 2 streams independently, and multiple ABSs transmit the same or different streams to one AMS
– Sounding based Co-MIMO and CL-MD supported for TDD, codebook-based supported for both TDD and FDD.
• In uplink, multiple ABS can coordinate for macro-diversity combining (Rx), cooperative beamforming, and interference cancellation– ABSs can coordinate transmission of beams to reduce or eliminate interference– May require exchange of channel state or scheduling/resource allocation information,
received signals or decoded data.– Channel state information can be obtained from UL pilots or sounding signals.
2x2 MIMO Co-MIMO
Page 43Wireless Test World 2009
Meeting the Challenge:2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
802.16j-2009(May 2009) Close of IMT-Advanced
Proposal Submission (Oct ’09)
802.16-2004802.16e-2005(Dec. 2005)
802.16-2004/Corrigendum 2
(Ended)802.16Rev2 “802.16-2009”
(May 2009)
802.16m(May 2010)
802.16m D1(Nov 2009)
IEEE Standards
WiMAX ForumMobile WiMAX
System Profiles
Release 1.0(2007)
Release 1.5(2009)
Release 2.0(2010-2011)
Wave 1Certification
(Dec ’07)
Wave 2Certification
(2008)
Release 1.5Certification
(2010)
Release 2.0Certification
(2011)
802.16m Working Doc
WiMAX ForumCertification
How to get your products from here to there?
Page 44Wireless Test World 2009
NEW!
NEW!
FrameScope N2620A
Cable/Ant Tester N9330A
Handheld SA N9340ARCT system
(AT4 wireless)
Battery Drain characterization
Page 44
Drive Test E6474A
Software Solutions
• E8869 Mobile WiMAX Wireless Library
• 89601A VSA Software
• N7615B Signal Studio
• SystemVue W1911 WiMAX Baseband Verification Libraries
• SystemVue W1913ET WiMAX Baseband Exploration Libraries
WiMAX Protocol Analyzer
Certification Mfg I&M
Digital VSA
VSA, PSA, ESG, Scope, Logic Analyzer
R&D
DV andPre-RCT
Network Analyzers, Power supplies, and More!
N8300A WirelessNetworking Test Set
MXZ-1000test system
EXA/MXG
MXG, MXA
RPT System(ETS-Lindgren)
NEW!
E6651A Mobile WiMAX test set
N9912A RF Analyzer
PCT & NCTProtocol & Network Conformance Test
System
Signaling Analyzer WiMAX
J7910A
NEW!
Agilent WiMAX™ Portfolio
PXBRDX (DigRF)
Page 45Wireless Test World 2009
Signal Generation Software and Hardware
N7615B Signal Studio for 802.16 WiMAX software
• Software creates Mobile WiMAX waveform files for DL & UL with flexible frame configuration• Connect to multiple hardware platforms for signal generation. MIMO supported using 2 ESG,
PSG, or MXG signal generators, PXB, or N8300A.• Supports Wave 1 and Wave 2 features including Matrix A, Matrix B, mixed Matrix A & B
bursts in one zone, UL collaborative spatial multiplexing, HARQ data allocations, AMC zones, UL sounding
• Supports some new 802.16Rev2/Release 1.5 features including CDD, H-FDD frames, and MIMO for DL AMC zones
WiMAX waveform
LAN or GPIB
E4438C ESGSignal Generator
N5162A/82A MXGSignal Generator
E8267D PSGSignal Generator
N5106A PXB MIMOReceiver Tester
Logic Analyzers, RDX N8300A WirelessNetworking Test Set
Analog or digital baseband or RF WiMAX signal
Page 46Wireless Test World 2009
Creating Faded Signals for MIMO Receiver Test
Two solutions available:1. Add fading simulation to the
waveform data files created by Signal Studio• Length of fading simulation limited by
maximum waveform length (64 Msamples)
• Inexpensive solution, suitable for basic MIMO receiver verification or troubleshooting
2. Generate/playback waveform and add real-time fading with the N5106A PXB MIMO Receiver Tester
Faded analog I/Q
Faded RF
N5106A PXB
N5182A MXGs
OR
Rx
Tx0
Tx Tx1Data
Chan H00
Chan H01
Chan H10
Chan H11
Σ
Σ
Rx0
Rx1Rx
Tx0
Tx Tx1Data
Tx0
Tx Tx1Data
Chan H00
Chan H10
Chan H01
Chan H11
ΣΣ
ΣΣ
Rx0Rx0
Rx1Rx1
N7615BCreate waveform files with or without fading
Unfadedwaveforms
Faded Digital
I/Q
OR
All channel models required by the WiMAX ForumRadio Conformance Tests are available in both solutions.
N5102A Digital signal interface module
Page 47Wireless Test World 2009
Signal Analysis Hardware, Software
• Option B7Y 802.16 OFDMA Modulation Analysis for DL & UL Mobile WiMAX
• Works with the hardware and simulation tools shown on left
• MIMO analysis using two X-series signal analyzers, oscilloscope, or VXI VSA as measurement hardware
• Simultaneous measurements and displays with coupled markers aid in troubleshooting
• Supports 2-antenna Matrix A and B and UL collaborative spatial multiplexing, with matrix decoder to remove channel effects
• Decoding of MAPs for automatic configuration of demodulation setup
• Detects CDMA ranging codes and cyclic delay between antennas
89601A Vector Signal Analysis (VSA) SoftwarePSA Spectrum Analyzer X Series Signal Analyzers
89640 VXI VSA
Logic Analyzers
Oscilloscopes
ADS & SystemVue Simulation Software
RDX for DigRF
Page 48Wireless Test World 2009
Real MIMO Signal Capture with 2 MXAs and VSA
0.43% EVM
Page 49Wireless Test World 2009
Resources and References
• Information on Agilent’s WiMAX products, applications notes, recorded Webcasts: www.agilent.com/find/wimax
• WiMAX Forum Web site: www.wimaxforum.org• WiMAX Forum System Requirements and System Profiles:
http://www.wimaxforum.org/documents/documents (Release 1.0) http://www.wimaxforum.org/resources/documents/technical/release1.5 (Release 1.5)
• Information on proposed and deployed WiMAX networks: http://www.wimaxmaps.org, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deployed_WiMAX_networks
• 802.16 Maintenance Task Group (802.16Rev2) Web Page: http://www.ieee802.org/16/maint/index.html
• 802.16m Task Group Web Page: http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/index.html• 802.16j Task Group Web Page: http://www.ieee802.org/16/relay/index.html• IEEE 802.16Rev2/D8: Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems• IEEE 802.16j/D6a: Multihop Relay Specification• IEEE 802.16m-07/002r8: 802.16m System Requirements• IEEE 802.16m-08/003r8: 802.16m System Description Document• IEEE 802.16m-08/050, 802.16m-09/0010r1a: IEEE 802.16m Amendment Working
Document
Page 50Wireless Test World 2009
Wireless Test World 2009 Agilent, Your Partner in AdvancingNew Wireless Communications
Mobile WiMAX Certification and the E6651A
Presented by:Mirin Lew
Applications Specialist,Microwave & Communications Division
July 1, 2009
Page 50
Page 51Wireless Test World 2009
Agenda
• Introduction to WiMAX Certification Testing • Progress Update
• Protocol Conformance Test Validation and Certification• Network Conformance Test• Radio Requirements Test• Mobile Interoperability Test
WiMAX Forum® is a registered trademark of the WiMAX Forum
Page 51
Page 52Wireless Test World 2009
WiMAX Certification Testing
Certification Testing includes:Radio Conformance Test (RCT)Protocol Conformance Test (PCT)Network Conformance Test (NCT)Mobile Interoperability Test (mIOT)Radiated Performance Test (RPT)Radio Requirements Test (RRT)
In parallel with the certification testing there is an on-going validation process to add more tests to the Certification Requirements Status List (CRSL), increasing the scope of certification test
Page 52
Page 53Wireless Test World 2009
CRSL: Certification Requirements Status List
The CRSL provides:– List of test cases by category (RCT, PCT, NCT, RPT, RRT, mIOT)– Evolving requirements (growing) for certification testing– List of test platforms validated to perform each test
The CRSL is a WiMAX Forum document and is regularly updated
Page 53
Page 54Wireless Test World 2009
Profile Names
• Update on the profile name changes …
Band Class Certification Group (BCG)
Old Profile Name
New Profile Name Spectrum Band
Channel Bandwidth Duplexing
1.A MP01 M2300T-01 2.3-2.4 GHz 8.75 MHz TDD
1.B MP02 M2300T-02 2.3-2.4 GHz 5/10 MHz TDD
3.A MP05 M2500T-01 2.496-2.69 GHz 5/10 MHz TDD
5.AL MP09 M3500T-02 3.4-3.6 GHz 5 MHz TDD
5.BL MP10 M3500T-03 3.4-3.6 GHz 7 MHz TDD
5.CL MP12 M3500T-05 3.4-3.6 GHz 10 MHz TDD
Page 54
Page 55Wireless Test World 2009
WiMAX Validation Process – Key Definitions
Certified• WiMAX MS and BS are tested by WiMAX Forum designated laboratories
(WFDCL) to verify that they pass WiMAX certification regime defined in WiMAX Certification Requirements Status List (CRSL)
• If they pass, they are certified to carry the WiMAX logo• Certification ensures equipment from multiple vendors will work together
enabling operator and consumer confidence in technology brand
Validated• Test equipment and procedures have to be validated by the WiMAX Forum
before they can be used for certification testing
Page 55
Page 56Wireless Test World 2009
WiMAX Certification Testing
RCTRadio Conformance
Test
RF parametric tests (signal powers, spectral occupancy, modulation quality, sensitivity, power control
AT4 and R&S are in the validation process
PCTProtocol Conformance Test
Execute script based tests for protocol behavior (Ranging, Subscriber station basic capability negotiation, service flow addition …)
Aeroflex/AT4, Agilent, and Aniteare in the validation process
RPTRadiated Performance
Test
Power and sensitivity measurements using real antennas in an anechoic chamber
Available from ETS Lindgren & Satimo with Agilent E6651A
mIOTMobile WiMAX
Interoperability Test
Inter-operability testing with 3 vendors of MS/BS reference equipment. Testing done in a certification lab
Page 56
Page 57Wireless Test World 2009
WiMAX Forum & Certification Progress Update• 7 WiMAX Forum Designated Certification Labs
– Spain: AT4 Wireless– U.S.: AT4 Wireless– Korea: Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA)– China: China Academy of Telecommunication Research– Taiwan (2): Bureau Veritas ADT and TTC-CCS– Malaysia: MIMOs
• New labs planned to be added in India, Japan, and Brazil later in 2009• Over 100 products have been certified for Mobile WiMAX in 2.3, 2.5, 3.5 GHz
bands– 47 Base stations and 58 Subscriber stations have now been certified
• NCT was added to certification June 2009• 3.5 GHz MS and BS have now been certified using Agilent PCT equipment in
Asian, European and US labs• 2.3 GHz profile (5, 10, 8.75 MHz BW) PCT validation will take place in Q3/Q4
2009, ready to expand certification to include these profiles• 700 MHz profiles expected late 2009/early 2010
New
Page 58Wireless Test World 2009
Agilent in Radio Conformance Test (RCT)
AT4 Wireless (formerly CETECOM Spain) WiMAX Radio Conformance Test Systems
• Agilent Channel Partner since 2001• Founded in 1991, 250 Employees• Lead WiMAX Forum Designated
Certification Lab• MINT T2210 WiMAX RCT System with
Agilent instruments
Page 58
Page 59Wireless Test World 2009
E6651A and Wireless Test Manager (WTM) For Pre-Conformance test
Test steps are developed with reference to the RCT spec
Page 59
Page 60Wireless Test World 2009
Agilent in PCT (Protocol Conformance Test)
Bench top single BSE/MSE system for
MS and BS test
3 BSE system for MS test
Page 60
Page 61Wireless Test World 2009
Agilent Certification Update
• Agilent has more total WiMAX PCT test cases validated than any other PCT platform, but the greatest strength of the Agilent PCT system is its versatility – the E6651A is truly the WiMAX ‘Swiss Army Knife’
• E6651A/N6430A PCT system is the ONLY solution to be used by ALL WFDCLs (WiMAX Forum Designated Certification Labs)
• Agilent has the most NCT test cases validated• Sprint and Clearwire news is infusing cash into the WiMAX eco-system.
New networks in Europe and other regions are driving certification of devices at 3.5 GHz – Agilent has excellent 3.5 GHz test case coverage.
단기 4342년7월 3일
Page 62Wireless Test World 2009
Agilent Validation Status
2.3-2.4 GHz 2.5-2.7 GHz 3.4-3.6 GHz8.75 MHz 5 & 10 MHz 5 MHz 7 MHz 10 MHz
TEV 1TEV 2
Validated Test Cases
As of June 18, 2009 TEV = Test Equipment Vendor
Page 63Wireless Test World 2009
NCT – Network Conformance Test … what is it?
• Additional TTCN-3 testing for Network layer conformance testing (PCT is primarily MAC layer testing)– MS Test only and Profile independent
• Scope includes multiple network protocols:– DHCP, EAP security, 802.16g (Network Mgt), MIPv4 and 6 (Mobility), IGMP, ICMP
ICMPIGMP
MIPv4/6802.16g
Security
PHY
Low MAC
PCT Test Adaptor NCT Test Adaptor
WiMAX PCT TTCN-3
WiMAX CODEC
WiMAX NCT TTCN-3
DHCP
PHY
MAC
Network
CODECS
TRI interface
NCT
PCT
Page 64Wireless Test World 2009
mIOT (Mobile Interoperability Test)
• Purpose• Demonstrate base level inter-operability between device under test and
golden “reference units”• Tests applicable to both MS and BS• Designed to streamline the Operator acceptance process
• Reference Units and Certification Units• The initial plan was to select reference units which would be certified
golden units that would be used for mIOT testing• This has had problems due to the support load on the vendors and
the availability of bands & features• Recently the WiMAX form agreed to relax the requirements so that
certification units (any unit that has been certified) could be used for mIOT
• Proposal to use test equipment• There is also some interest in allowing test equipment to be used for
mIOT testing
Page 64
Page 65Wireless Test World 2009
Agilent in RPT (Radiated Performance Test)
Fiber Optics for MAPS system
Dual Polarized Measurement Antenna
GPIB
Signal Analyzer
Mobile WiMAX Test Set
RF Relay Switch Unit
MAPS Controller
Communication Antenna near EUT
WiMAX Mobile Station
Measurement Signal Path
Communication PathPC running EMQuest™software
Multi-Axis Positioning System (MAPS)
ETS-Lindgren’s WiMAX Dynamic Range Extender
ETS-Lindgren AMS-8500 system Satimo SG64 WiMAX RPT Systemwww.satimo.comwww.ets-lindgren.com
Page 65
Page 66Wireless Test World 2009
RRT: Radio Requirements Testing
• Purpose• Radio Requirements Testing is additional RF testing which is commonly
required by national regulatory bodies who license the RF spectrum.• The testing can either be done as part of regulatory testing (for example FCC)
or can be completed during the certification process • MS testing only
• What is required?• A Base Station Emulator (i.e. E6651A) and some general purpose test
equipment• Is it part of the validation process?
• No, although the testing must be done to the ISO standard 17025.
Page 66
Page 67Wireless Test World 2009
Summary
• 2009 has seen great progress with WiMAX Certification• Over 100 devices now certified
• Agilent has extensive coverage of the certification test requirements• Leadership position in NCT and PCT validation• RPT solutions through partnership with ETS Lindgren and Satimo• E6651A base station can also be used:
• Perform pre-RCT tests for Wave 1 requirements• To establish a link for RRT testing• Test many of the features defined in the mIOT testing
Page 67
Page 68Wireless Test World 2009
You take WiMAX forward. Agilent clears the way.
For WiMAX: www.agilent.com/find/wimax
For E6651A: www.agilent.com/find/E6651A
Page 68
Page 69Wireless Test World 2009
Wireless Test World 2009 Agilent, Your Partner in AdvancingNew Wireless Communications
Appendix
Page 70Wireless Test World 2009
2-antenna Matrix A (Alamouti STC)(2 Tx BS, 1 Rx SS)
Notes: s0* is the complex conjugate of s0
h0 and h1 are the channel vectors
Symbolto
AntennaMapping
Diversityencoder
Bits to Symbol Mapping
e.g. QPSK
b0 ,b1 ,b2 ,b3... s0, s1 ...
1,1,1,0... -1-j1, 1-j1...
s0, -s1*
...
s1 ,s0*
...
I
11
01 00
t1, t2 (time)
10
Q
Antenna 0
Antenna 1
h1
r0, r1 ... Rx
h0
s0 = h0*r0 + h1 r1
*
s1 = h1*r0 – h0 r1
*
S0 and S1 are estimates of S0 and S1
• Each symbol transmitted twice, once from each antenna• Receiver observes two symbols at a time, recovers data based on knowledge of channel • Channel estimated from pilots. Pilot locations repeat every 4 symbols (2 slots).• Matrix A improves range (diversity technique) but does not increase overall data rate (rate 1)• Preamble and first DL-PUSC zone transmitted from antenna 0 only. STC DL-PUSC zone
transmitted from both antennas.
Page 71Wireless Test World 2009
2-antenna Matrix B (2x2 MIMO)(2 Tx BS, 2 Rx SS)
[ ][ ] =[ ] s0
s1
r0
r1
h00 h01
h10 h11
R=HS or
S=H-1R
Bits to Symbol Mapping
e.g. QPSK
TxSymbol
toAntennaMapping
b0 ,b1 ,b2 ,b3... s0, s1, S2, S3, ...
1,1,1,0... -1-j1, 1-j1...
s0, s2...
s1 ,s3...
I
11
01 00
t1, t2 (time)
10
Q
Antenna 0
Antenna 1
r0, r2 ...
Rxr1, r3 ...
h00
h01
h10
h11
Antenna 0
Antenna 1
• Matrix B with vertical encoding takes one set of encoded data (“layer”) and maps it to 2 transmit streams, with half the data on each antenna: doubles the data rate (rate 2)
• Transmitted signals pass through 4 channels hxx. Signals at receive antennas are a combination of signals from both Tx antennas.
• Signal recovery requires knowledge of channels, which are estimated from pilots• Preamble and first DL-PUSC transmitted from antenna 0, matrix B zone transmitted from both antennas.• WiMAX Forum has developed Mobile WiMAX MIMO channel models: ITU Pedestrian B and Vehicular A
with spatial correlation matrix for each tap
Page 72Wireless Test World 2009
Uplink Collaborative Spatial Multiplexing(2 SS with 1 Tx each, BS with 2 Rx)
BS
Rx
h0A
h1A
h0B
h1B
Antenna 0
Antenna 1
SS #1
SS #2
Pattern A
Pattern B
• Allows two SS to transmit using the same subchannels• One SS uses pattern A, the other uses pattern B. Pilots are unique to each SS.• Transmission between each SS and the BS is 1x2 SIMO• Different channel models can be applied between each SS and BS, e.g. ITU
Pedestrian B for SS #1 and ITU Vehicular A for SS #2. Signal at each BS antenna is a combination of signals from two SS’s with different fading.
Page 73Wireless Test World 2009
802.16j MAC Layer Aspects
RS Grouping• RS may have either a MR-BS or another (non-transparent) RS as its superordinate station• Each group of RS is assigned a multicast CID as a group ID• MR-BS or superordinate RS handles resource control and scheduling for the group• All RSs in the group will either transmit the same preamble, FCH, and MAPs, or all will
transmit no preamble/FCH/MAPs • Two RS belonging to same RS group may transmit to same MS for macrodiversity
Data Forwarding • CID Connections
– Packets forwarded based on the CID of the destination station (same as 802.16e)• Tunnel Connections
– Tunnels may be established between MR-BS and RS, or between MR-BS and superordinate of an RS group
– Used to aggregate traffic for different MSs with similar quality of service (QoS) requirements, for either management or transport connections
– Relay header added to MAC PDU to indicate CID of the tunnel connection to be used
Page 74Wireless Test World 2009
802.16j MAC Layer Aspects
Initial Ranging and Network Entry• Process must be compatible for 802.16e MS, but network needs to determine which BS or RS should be
the access node for the MS• Set of ranging codes reserved for RS, so BS or NT_RS knows if it is receiving initial ranging request from a
RS or MS• Transparent Mode
– RS monitors ranging channel in UL access zone and forwards ranging codes to BS, or BS receives ranging code directly from MS
– BS determines if MS should connect via direct path or through RS. If direct, BS sends response to MS. Otherwise, response sent to RS to forward to MS.
• Non-transparent Mode– MS Initial Ranging
• MS chooses BS or NT_RS with strongest preamble• If NT_RS receives ranging signal, it handles ranging functions but still makes network entry query to BS which makes
final decision– RS Initial Ranging and Network Entry
• Ranging code sent to MR-BS or NT_RS (ignored by transparent RS), handled similar to MS ranging• BS may request RS to send signal strength info for neighboring RS• BS determines which RS and/or MS to associate with RS and configures RS parameters, including relay mode and
scheduling mode
Page 75Wireless Test World 2009
802.16m Downlink Control: Advanced Preamble
• In mixed mode system (legacy + 16m), legacy preamble will be present in first symbol of 802.16e frame. 802.16m MS does not need to decode legacy FCH and MAP messages: new messages for 802.16m.
• Earlier versions of draft 802.16m System Description Document included new control channels similar to LTE, such as Synchronization Channel (SCH) and Broadcast Channel (BCH), but names have now been changed
• Advanced Preamble (A-PREAMBLE)– Physical channel, provides reference signal for time, frequency, and frame synchronization,
RSSI estimation, channel estimation, and BS identification. One instance per superframe in fixed location (TBD), may consist of multiple symbols.• Primary Advanced Preamble (PA-PREAMBLE)
– Used for initial acquisition, superframe synchronization. Common to a group of sectors/cells. Fixed 5 MHz BW.
– Uses every other subcarrier, supports timing synchronization by autocorrelation with a repeated waveform.
• Secondary Advanced Preamble (SA-PREAMBLE)– Used for fine synchronization, cell/sector identification.
– MIMO channel estimation supported; details TBD. May include:• Cyclic delay diversity with specific delay values for each antenna• Multiple antennas transmit on same symbol on different subcarriers• Transmit different A-PREAMBLE sequences on multiple antennas• Only one antenna transmits in each symbol
Page 76Wireless Test World 2009
802.16m Superframe Header (SFH)
• Carries system parameters and system configuration information• Located in first subframe within a superframe, occupies up to 5 MHz BW.
May be frequency-domain multiplexed with data in same subframe. • Divided into 2 parts:
– Primary Superframe Header (P-SFH)• Transmitted every superframe, fixed size
– Secondary Superframe Header (S-SFH)• When present, may be transmitted over 1 or more superframes• Variable size, as indicated by P-SFH
– Details of information content in P-SFH and S-SFH is TBD– Transmitted using QPSK– 2-stream space-frequency block coding (SFBC) with two Tx antennas
may be used. For > 2 antennas, add precoding. MS not required to know antenna configuration or precoding info prior to decoding P-SFH.
Page 77Wireless Test World 2009
802.16m Advanced MAPs (A-MAP)
• Location of A-MAPs– First 802.16m DL subframe of each frame contains one A-MAP region– A-MAP regions are located 1 or 2 subframes apart. Data allocations
may refer to any subframes between successive A-MAP regions.– In TDD, first DL subframe after each UL-to-DL transition contains one
A-MAP• Unicast service control information
– Includes info not directed to specific user, such as info required to decode user-specific control info
– User-specific control info may include scheduling assignment, power control info, HARQ ACK/NACK info
• Multicast service control sent in Enhanced Multicast Broadcast Service MAPs (E-MBS MAPs): details TBD