Aggregates, Cement and Concrete MSE 220 Spring, 2009.
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Transcript of Aggregates, Cement and Concrete MSE 220 Spring, 2009.
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Aggregates, Cement and Concrete
MSE 220
Spring, 2009
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Rocks come in three types:
Igneous – “fire rock” from lava, e.g., granite or obsidian
Sedimentary – compacted sediment, e.g., limestone (dead creatures),
sandstone
Metamorphic – Igneous or sedimentary rock transformed under heat and
pressure, e.g., slate, marble
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Rocks are porous, and can absorb moisture.
Oven dry: pores free of moisture
Air dry: pores mostly free of moisture
Saturated: all pores contain moisture, but none at surface
Wet: surface moisture and saturated
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Packing improves with mixed sizes of aggregate
Moisture causes fine aggregates to swell more than coarse aggregate
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Sieve Analysis
Sieve analysis gives the percent of aggregate in each pan, as well as the running total percent
The “percent coarser than” for all full sieves is summed and divided by 100 to give the “fineness modulus”. The fineness modulus tells us the location of the average aggregate size, in number of pans from the bottom.
The size of the openings in a pan are usually ½ that of the preceding pan. This is a “full sieve”. If the pan has a mesh that is larger than ½ the size of the preceding pan, it is a “half sieve”.
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Particle Size Distribution Curves
Particle Size Distribution curves plot the “percentage coarser than” of aggregate versus the log of the sieve size.
A smooth curve means a uniform gradation.
A step in the curve (b) means an aggregate size is missing, while
an abrupt drop (c) means a bimodal distribution
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Grading Requirements
The percentage, or amount of each size of aggregate must fall within certain upper and lower limits depending upon the application
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Concrete requires more coarse aggregate than mortar
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Grading requirements concrete construction,
road and bridge construction, and
various types of sand
Codes also dictate the maximum size of the aggregate, based on the application.
Beams: max aggregate = 1/5 narrowest beam section
Slabs: 1/3 thickness
Rebar: ¾ minimum distance between bars
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Ingredients for making Mortar, Grout and Concrete
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Hydraulic cements can cure in water – Nonhydraulic cements cannot
Sources for the raw materials for making cement
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Cement is made up of Calcium Oxide (CaO), or lime), Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) and Alumina (Al2O3), with a minor amount of Iron
Cement can be tailored to a specific application by controlling the amount of each constituent compound
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Volumetric proportions of constituent materials in
concrete
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Rate of strength development in concrete
For best strength, the ratio of water to cement (w/c) should be kept as low as possible, and cement should be kept moist while curing
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Effect of Curing Temperature on Concrete Compressive Strength
Strength increases with increased temperature – up to a point
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The more “cement rich” the concrete, the stronger it becomes
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Maintaining the proper ratios of coarse-to-fine aggregate is key to
maximize concrete strength
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Concrete is often tested in 3-pt bending, as well as
compression
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