Diapositiva 1

AgendaChallenges & Basic NotionsPart I: Large Process ModelsPart II: Large Process Model CollectionsPart III: Large Process StructuresReferences

Business Process RepositoriesBasic Challenge: Dealing with Large Model Collections

Business Process RepositoriesStandard repository featuresCheck-in / check- out, access control, simple search queriesAdvanced repository featuresExtract, transform and compose process informationFiltering (i.e., clone, detection, similarity search, querying)Managing process variantsMergingNavigating in repositories(La Rosa et al. 2011)3

Business Process Repositories:Extract, Transform, and Compose Process Fragments(Bobrik 2008)Process fragment compositionProcess data transformationInstance data correlation & integration

Business Process Repositories:Extract, Transform, and Compose Process Fragments

Business Process RepositoriesFilteringFiltering

Clone detection finding exact matches

Similarity searchfinding close matches

Queryinglooking for patterns

6Business Process RepositoriesFiltering: Similarity SearchSearching for similar process models / process fragmentsGiven a query graph, find all process models in the process model collection that are similar

(Dijkman et al. 2011)When are two process models similar?

7When are two process models similar?

Similarity measure defines when two process models are similar

Value between 0 and 10 indicates no similarity and 1 indicates identical elements

(Dijkman et al. 2011)Business Process RepositoriesFiltering: Similarity Search8When are two process models similar?Label matching similaritySimilarity based on the labels of business process model elementsStructural similarityMeasures similarity based on the labels of a business process model element, as well as the relations between these elementsBehavior similarityMeasure similarity based on the intended behavior of process models

(Dijkman et al. 2011)Business Process RepositoriesFiltering: Similarity Search9Querying a process model for patternsGiven a query graph, find all matching sub-graphs in the process model collection

Example of such a query languageBPMN-Q (Awad 2007): Queries expressed in BPMN; usage of wildcard nodes and arcs possible

Efficient querying of process fragmentsIndex for efficient querying (Yan, Dijkman, and Grefen 2012)

Business Process RepositoriesFiltering: Querying Process Models10

Looking for patterns in a process modelWhat happens between A and E?

(Awad 2007, Awad et al. 2008)

Business Process RepositoriesFiltering: Querying Process Models11

Looking for patterns in a process modelWhat happens from the start until B is reached?(Awad 2007, Awad et al. 2008)

Business Process RepositoriesFiltering: Querying Process Models12AgendaChallenges & Basic NotionsPart I: Large Process ModelsPart II: Large Process Model CollectionsPart III: Large Process StructuresReferences

VariabilitySources of VariationsCultural differencesTypes of customersCountry-specific regulationsTypes of goodsReligiousChristianityJudaismHinduismInferiorNormalLuxuryDurableServicesDelicateDrugs administrationMoney transferProfessional qualificationFood packagingHandicappedKidVIPLoyal customerImpulsive customersLanguageUse of the languagetabooaestheticsnationalityraceBuying and SellingrentingIntellectual property protectiongenderhistorylocationQuality controlNew customerImperishable14Industrial ExampleFlight Check-inGeneric process:

Variations due to:Airline policies (e.g., check-in opening time)Type of passenger (e.g., adult, child, handicapped)Type of ticket (e.g., economy, business)Type of carried items (e.g., pet)etc.Identify passengerAssign seatPrint boarding cardBoarding cardDrop off luggage Hundreds of variants15mention in the talk that here that there are in total hundreds of variants in this process

also mention in the presentation that variations are typical for many domains and name a fewIndustrial ExampleFlight Check-inVariant 1: Online check-inAdult flying with a business class ticketInternational flight from EU to USA

Identify passengerAssign seatPrint boarding cardElectronic Boarding cardDrop off luggageFill in ESTA form23 hours before departureWeb systemvCounter deskvIndustrial ExampleFlight Check-inVariant 2: Counter desk check-inUnaccompanied Minor (UM)

Identify passengerAssign seatPrint boarding cardBoarding cardDrop off luggage3 hours before departureCounter deskvAssign UM seatLocalize staff to accompany passengerFill in UM form++Industrial ExampleFlight Check-inVariant 3: Online check-inAdult carrying overweight

Identify passengerAssign seatPrint boarding cardBoarding cardDrop off luggage23 hours before departureWeb systemvPay extra feevCounter deskBusiness Process Variability How are Business Processes which are subject to variability characterized?19Representing VariabilityConceptsVariable partsParts being subject to variation (commonly known as variation point)Identify passengerAssign seatPrint boarding cardBoarding cardDrop off luggageDifferent timer start eventsDifferent seat assignment according to the passenger needsDifferent types of boarding card (paper, sms)20Representing VariabilityConceptsAlternatives that exist for each variable partsAlternatives that fit in each variable partRelationship constraints between such alternativesIdentify passengerFill in ESTA form23 hours before departure3 hours before departureFill in UM form Fill in pet form...Assign seatAssign UM seatAssign seat (pet company)Assign seat (wheelchair)Different timer start eventsDifferent seat assignment according to the passenger needs21Representing VariabilityConceptsApplication context for each alternativeConditions that make these variables being applied Usually represented by a set of variablesIdentify passengerFill in ESTA form23 hours before departure3 hours before departureFill in UM form Fill in pet form...Assign seatAssign UM seatAssign seat (pet company)Assign seat (wheelchair)Check-in type? on-line counter deskPassenger needs? No needs Unaccompanied minor Carrying a pet wheelchair22Process PerspectivesWhere can we find variability in a BP?BehaviouralFunctionalInformationalOrganizationalTemporalOperational

23Process PerspectivesBehaviouralIt captures the dynamic behavior of a BP model and corresponds to the control flow between the activities. A control flow schema includes information about the order of the activities or the constraints for their execution.Identify passengerFill in ESTA form23 hours before departure3 hours before departureFill in UM form Fill in pet form...Assign seatAssign UM seatAssign seat (pet company)Assign seat (wheelchair)24Process PerspectivesFunctionalIt specifies the decomposition of BPs, i.e., it represents the activities to be performed. While an atomic activity is associated with a single action, a complex activity refers to a subprocess or, more precisely, a sub-process model.Identify passengerFill in ESTA form23 hours before departure3 hours before departureFill in UM form Fill in pet form...Assign seatAssign UM seatAssign seat (pet company)Assign seat (wheelchair)Identify passengerFill in ESTA formFill in UM form Fill in pet formAssign seatAssign UM seatAssign seat (pet company)Assign seat (wheelchair)25Process PerspectivesInformationalIdentify passengerAssign seatPrint boarding cardPrintedBoarding cardDrop off luggageIt concerns data and data flow, i.e., it represents the informational entities (e.g., data, artifacts, products, and objects) consumed or produced during the execution of BP activities.MobileBoarding card26Process PerspectivesOrganizationalIt deals with the assignment of resources to the activities of a BP model, i.e., it represents the actors, roles (i.e., humans or systems), within an organization being in charge of executing certain BP activities.Identify passengerAssign seatPrint boarding cardElectronic Boarding cardDrop off luggageFill in ESTA form23 hours before departureWeb systemvCounter deskv27Process PerspectivesTemporalIt deals with time issues and temporal constraints, i.e., it represents the occurrence of events during the course of a process, which affects the scheduling of activities from this process.Identify passengerAssign seatPrint boarding cardElectronic Boarding cardDrop off luggageFill in ESTA form23 hours before departureWeb systemvCounter deskv28Process PerspectivesOperationalIt refers to the implementation of process activities, i.e., the application services to be executed when an atomic activity is performed.Identify passengerAssign seatPrint boarding cardElectronic Boarding cardDrop off luggageFill in ESTA form23 hours before departureWeb systemvCounter deskv

Self-service machine

Counter desk

Online29Limitations of Common BPMLsAre common BPML constructs sufficient to properly represent variability in BPs?Limitations of Common BPMLsCould we use...Conditional branching,Separate process models, orSub-processes for such purpose?

Limitations of Common BPMLsCould we use...Conditional branching,Separate process models, orSub-processes for such purpose?

Limitations of Common BPMLsConditional BranchingBPMLs could be used to represent process variant alternatives

Identify passengerFill in ESTA form23 hours before departure3 hours before departureFill in UM form Fill in pet form...Assign seatAssign UM seatAssign seat (pet company)Assign seat (wheelchair)Limitations of Common BPMLsConditional Branching(+) Allows visualizing all alternatives in one shootAlternativesAlternativesAlternativesIdentify passengerFill in ESTA form23 hours before departure3 hours before departureFill in UM form Fill in pet form...Assign seatAssign UM seatAssign seat (pet company)Assign seat (wheelchair)34Limitations of Common BPMLsConditional Branching(-) Hinders identifying existing variants

Identify passengerFill in ESTA form23 hours before departure3 hours before departureFill in UM form Fill in pet form...Assign seatAssign UM seatAssign seat (pet company)Assign seat (wheelchair)35Limitations of Common BPMLsConditional Branching(-) Hinders differentiating between domain dependent and domain independent conditional branching

Domain dependentDomainindependent......Mobile phonePay-palBank transferCredit card...++++Fill in UM form Fill in pet formAssign seatAssign UM seatAssign seat (pet company)Assign seat (wheelchair)36Limitations of Common BPMLsCould we use...Conditional branching,Separate process models, orSub-processes for such purpose?

Counter deskvLimitations of Common BPMLsSeparate process models(+) Each process variant in a separate model

Identify passengerAssign seatPrint boarding cardElectronic Boarding cardDrop off luggageFill in ESTA form23 hours before departureWeb systemvVariant 1:Limitations of Common BPMLsSeparate process models(+) Each process variant in a separate model

Identify passengerAssign UM seatPrint boarding cardBoarding cardDrop off luggage3 hours before departureCounter deskvLocalize staff to accompany passengerFill in UM form++Variant 2:Limitations of Common BPMLsSeparate process models(-) Common fragments have to be replicated

Counter deskvIdentify passengerAssign seatPrint boarding cardElectronic Boarding cardDrop off luggageFill in ESTA form23 hours before departureWeb systemvVariant 1:Identify passengerAssign UM seatPrint boarding cardBoarding cardDrop off luggage3 hours before departureCounter deskLocalize staff to accompany passengerFill in UM form++Variant 2:Limitations of Common BPMLsSeparate process models(-) Changes need to be replicated in all variants

Counter deskvIdentify passengerAssign seatPrint boarding cardElectronic Boarding cardDrop off luggageFill in ESTA form23 hours before departureWeb systemvVariant 1:Identify passengerAssign UM seatPrint boarding cardBoarding cardDrop off luggage3 hours before departureCounter deskLocalize staff to accompany passengerFill in UM form++Variant 2:Sign airline formSign airline formLimitations of Common BPMLsCould we use...Conditional branching,Separate process models, orSub-processes for such purpose?

Limitations of Common BPMLsSub-processes(+) Promotes the reuse of common fragments(+) Allows reducing the size of the modelCounter deskvStart check-inAssign seatPrint boarding cardElectronic Boarding cardDrop off luggageFill in ESTA form23 hours before departureWeb systemvVariant 1:+Identify passengerSign airline formLimitations of Common BPMLsSub-processes(-) Variability related issues cannot be explicitly representedCounter deskvStart check-inAssign seatPrint boarding cardElectronic Boarding cardDrop off luggageFill in ESTA form23 hours before departureWeb systemvVariant 1:+Identify passengerSign airline formLimitations of Common BPMLsEven though these techniques are supported by commercial BPM tools, they do not enable transparent and explicit management of process variants

Variability in other Domains Is there something out in other domains that can be used?46Variability in the SPL domainSoftware Product Line (SPL) EngineeringPut emphasis on Reusability and Flexibility byConsolidating and capitalizing on commonality through the product lineFocusing on product variationsObjectives:Create a collection of similar software systems from a shared set of software assets using a common means of productionLanguage requirementsVariation pointAlternative process elementAlternative process element contextAlternative process element relationshipVariation point resolution time48Language requirementsVariation pointPrecise position within a configurable process where different choices are possible depending on the current context or situation.Variation pointVariation pointVariation pointIdentify passengerFill in ESTA form23 hours before departure3 hours before departureFill in UM form Fill in pet form...Assign seatAssign UM seatAssign seat (pet company)Assign seat (wheelchair)49Language requirementsAlternative process elementParticular option that may be instantiated at a specific variation point and may refer to any modelling element such as activities and their control flow, resources, data, events, or operations.Identify passengerFill in ESTA form23 hours before departure3 hours before departureFill in UM form Fill in pet form...Assign seatAssign UM seatAssign seat (pet company)Assign seat (wheelchair)50Language requirementsAlternative process element contextSubset of process variables whose values make a particular alternative process element to become instantiated for a variation point.ContextvariableNOUMPETWHEELIdentify passengerFill in ESTA form23 hours before departure3 hours before departureFill in UM form Fill in pet form...Assign seatAssign UM seatAssign seat (pet company)Assign seat (wheelchair)Special needs?51Language requirementsAlternative process element relationshipConstraint of use between two or more alternative process elements. These constraints are defined based on semantic relationships to ensure the proper use of the involved alternative process elements within a specific context.Identify passengerAssign UM seatPrint boarding cardBoarding cardDrop off luggage3 hours before departureCounter deskvLocalize staff to accompany passengerFill in UM form++Inclusive52Language requirementsVariation point resolution timeThis requirement should allow modellers to distinguish between variation points whose resolution depends on the initial context (configuration time) or on the current context of a process instance (enactment time).Identify passengerFill in ESTA form23 hours before departure3 hours before departureFill in UM form Fill in pet form...Assign seatAssign UM seatAssign seat (pet company)Assign seat (wheelchair)EnactmenttimeConfigurationtime53Representing BP VariabilityTwo main approaches:Behavioural-based approachesStructural-based approaches

Two main approaches:Behavioural-based approachesStructural-based approaches

Representing BP VariabilityRepresenting BP VariabilityBehavioural-based approachesBehavioural-based approachesSingle modelling artefact (Configurable process model)Process variant derivation by removing parts from the configurable process modelTechniques for variant derivation:Configurable nodes and configuration requirements and guidelinesHiding and blockingProposals found in BPM literatureC-EPC/C-iEPC (Rosemann et al. 2007/La Rosa et al. 2008)C-YAWL (Gottschalk et al. 2008)

Representing BP Variability Behavioural-based approachesConfiguring configurable process elementsConfiguration of VariantsProcess- ModelingContextConfigurable process modelABCDCDEDFGHIJKProcess familyAGHIJKABCGHIJKADGHIJK

Representing BP Variability Behavioural-based approachesC-iEPCConfigurable nodesConnectorsRestrict their behaviour or SEQFunctionsConfigured as ON, OFF, or OPTObjects2 Dim: Optionality and specializationRoles2 Dim: Optionality and specializationConfiguration...RequirementsState hard configuration constraintsGuidelinesState soft configuration constraints58

Representing BP Variability Behavioural-based approachesC-iEPCConfigurable nodesConnectorsRestrict their behaviour or SEQFunctionsConfigured as ON, OFF, or OPTObjects2 Dim: Optionality and specializationRoles2 Dim: Optionality and specializationConfiguration...RequirementsState hard configuration constraintsGuidelinesState soft configuration constraints59

Representing BP Variability Behavioural-based approachesC-iEPC Configurable nodesConnectorsRestrict their behaviour or SEQFunctionsConfigured as ON, OFF, or OPTObjects2 Dim: Optionality and specializationRoles2 Dim: Optionality and specializationConfiguration...RequirementsState hard configuration constraintsGuidelinesState soft configuration constraints60

Representing BP Variability Behavioural-based approachesC-iEPCConfigurable nodesConnectorsRestrict their behaviour or SEQFunctionsConfigured as ON, OFF, or OPTObjects2 Dim: Optionality and specializationRoles2 Dim: Optionality and specializationConfiguration...RequirementsState hard configuration constraintsGuidelinesState soft configuration constraints61

Representing BP Variability Behavioural-based approachesC-iEPCConfigurable nodesConnectorsRestrict their behaviour or SEQFunctionsConfigured as ON, OFF, or OPTObjects2 Dim: Optionality and specializationRoles2 Dim: Optionality and specializationConfiguration...RequirementsState hard configuration constraintsGuidelinesState soft configuration constraints62

Representing BP Variability Behavioural-based approachesC-iEPCConfigurable nodesConnectorsRestrict their behaviour or SEQFunctionsConfigured as ON, OFF, or OPTObjects2 Dim: Optionality and specializationRoles2 Dim: Optionality and specializationConfiguration...RequirementsState hard configuration constraintsGuidelinesState soft configuration constraints63Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionC-iEPCLets derive the variant where:Unaccompanied Minor (UM)Check-in luggageNo luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionC-iEPC

ConnectorsXORc2 = SEQ1b65

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionC-iEPC

ConnectorsXORc2 = SEQ1bXORc6 = SEQ2b66

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionC-iEPC

ConnectorsXORc2 = SEQ1bXORc6 = SEQ2b

FunctionsFill in ESTA form = OFF67

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionC-iEPC

ConnectorsXORc2 = SEQ1bXORc6 = SEQ2bXORc9 = OR

FunctionsFill in ESTA form = OFF68

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionC-iEPC

ConnectorsXORc2 = SEQ1bXORc6 = SEQ2bXORc9 = OR

FunctionsFill in ESTA form = OFFLocalize staff = ON69

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionC-iEPC

ConnectorsXORc2 = SEQ1bXORc6 = SEQ2bXORc9 = OR

FunctionsFill in ESTA form = OFFLocalize staff = ONDrop off lugg. = ON70

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionC-iEPC

ConnectorsXORc2 = SEQ1bXORc6 = SEQ2bXORc9 = ORXORc12 = ORFunctionsFill in ESTA form = OFFLocalize staff = ONDrop off lugg. = ON71

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionC-iEPC

ConnectorsXORc2 = SEQ1bXORc6 = SEQ2bXORc9 = ORXORc12 = ORFunctionsFill in ESTA form = OFFLocalize staff = ONDrop off lugg. = ONPay extra fee = OFF72

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionC-iEPC

Rolesc1 = Economy class counterc4 = Economy class counterc5 = Economy class counterc7 = Economy class counterc10 = Economy class counterc11 = Economy class counterObjectsC8 = Paper boarding card73

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionC-iEPC

Mental process followed in C-EPC:

1. Inspect all configurable nodes2. Evaluate the associated requirements3. Configure configurable nodes accordingly

74would use here the same orange that is used in the border (similar to what I did) - I think I made it half transparent Process Variant Extraction TaskCognitive discussionC-iEPCCognitive discussion3 basic operations: Locating elementsEasy to perform thanks to their visual differencesEvaluating Boolean expressionsCan be pretty challenging depending on the complexity of the expressionSome evaluations depend on previous decisionsAdapting the model accordinglyElements have to be mentally removedComplexity depends on how many requirements have to be analyzed

Two main approaches:Behavioural-based approachesStructural-based approaches

Representing BP VariabilityRepresenting BP VariabilityStructural-based approachesStructural-based approachesSeveral modelling artefactsBase modelChange operationsProcess variant derivation through the application of change operation to the base modelProposals found in BPM literatureProvop (Hallerbach et al. 2010)Rule representation and processing (Kumar and Wen 2012)

Configuration of VariantsProcess familyAGHIJKABCGHIJKADGHIJKRepresenting BP Variability Structural-based approachesProvop Choosing and applyingoptionsProcess- ModelingContextOptions...DeleteOption nModify...InsertOption 1...MoveBase modelADGIK

ProvopBase modelPolicies:Standard processMost frequently used processMinimal average distanceSuperset of all process variantsIntersection of all process variants

Representing BP Variability Structural-based approachesAdjustment PointsVariant: Passenger with no special needs, dropping off luggage, carrying luggage excessProvopChange OptionsAllow deriving new variantsAre applied to the base modelRepresenting BP Variability Structural-based approaches

ProvopOptions ConstraintsRelationships : Implication, Exclusion, Order, etc.

Representing BP Variability Structural-based approaches

ProvopContext Model

Representing BP Variability Structural-based approaches

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvopLets derive the variant where:Unaccompanied Minor (UM)Check-in luggageNo luggage overweightUnderstandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 1. Examine all change options and their Boolean expressions

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 2. Select all change options satisfying the given context

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 3. Determine whether all options can be applied according to the constraint model

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 4. Locate the variation points where options apply

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 4. Locate the variation points where options apply

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 4. Locate the variation points where options apply

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 4. Mentally integrate change options into the base model

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 4. Mentally integrate change options into the base model

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 4. Mentally integrate change options into the base model

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 4. Mentally integrate change options into the base model

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 4. Mentally integrate change options into the base model

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 4. Mentally integrate change options into the base model

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 4. Mentally integrate change options into the base model

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 4. Mentally integrate change options into the base model

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Understandability TaskProcess Variant ExtractionProvop 4. Mentally integrate change options into the base model

Variant: Unaccompanied minor, check-in luggage, no luggage overweight

Process Variant Extraction TaskCognitive discussionProvopMental process followed in Provop:

1. Examine all change options and their Boolean expressions2. Select all change options satisfying the given context3. Determine whether all options can be applied according to the constraint model4. Locate the variation points where options apply5. Mentally integrate change options into the base model

Process Variant Extraction TaskCognitive discussionProvopCognitive discussionTwo main operations:Selecting change optionsBoolean expression need to be evaluatedAll are expressed in terms of context variablesCheck for conflicts in the constraint modelApplying change options into the base modelDetermine by the change distance between the base model and the variant to be derived.The type of operation influences the complexity (delete vs. insert)

Language Support ComparisonStructural vs BehaviouralC-EPCProvopVariation Point++Alternative process elementsF, B, O, IF, BAlternative process element context++Alternative process element relationships+/-+Variation point resolution time--functional (F), behavioral (B), organizational (O), Informational (I) perspectives101Qualitative ComparisonDiscussionModelling elementsIn C-EPC are mainly deletedIn Provop can be added, deleted, and movedDeletion presumably involves less cognitive effortQualitative ComparisonDiscussionVariability modelling elementsSingle artefact in C-EPC Configurable process modelWorks for small modelsOverload for large models Separate artefacts in Provopbase model, change options, options constraint, context modelAbstraction mechanisms favour model understandingQualitative ComparisonDiscussionBoolean expressionsC-EPC: Represented in terms of the model structure Forces to keep track of previous decisionsPresumably imposing bigger mental effort

Provop: Represented in terms of context variablesSemantics is explicit in the modelPresumably imposing less mental effortBusiness Process RepositoriesMerging Process Models: Behavioral ApproachLa Rosa et al, 2010

Process (Variant) Models

(Configurable) Process Modelmerge Configurations are very costly Variants are difficult to maintain

Goal: Less configurations!

e.g., discover a new reference process model having lower average weighted distance to the variants than the original reference process model has!Why?Limit the efforts to update reference model Avoid spagatti-like structureObtain the flexibility to only perform the important changesBusiness Process RepositoriesMerging Process Models: Structural Approach

106

Business Process RepositoriesMerging Process Models: Structural Approach

Li, Reichert, & Wombacher 2012Applying Heuristics Search to Scenario 2

Original Reference modelProcess variantsIntermediate search resultSearch stepsDiscovered Reference Model

Business Process RepositoriesMerging Process Models: Structural Approach

108

Search tree based on best kids Skidaj

Applying Heuristics Search to Scenario 2 Business Process RepositoriesMerging Process Models: Structural Approach109

Can we find a model closer to the variants by performing saying only 3 changes of the old reference model?Average (weighted) distance of S to the variants: 4 high-level changes (NP-hard complexity)Business Process RepositoriesMerging Process Models: Structural Approach

Example (1)

Business Process RepositoriesMerging Process Models: Structural Approach

Example (2)

Business Process RepositoriesMerging Process Models: Structural Approach

Healthcare Case Study

Business Process RepositoriesNavigating in Respositories and Large Process Models

Lanes: Different departments IntegrationConstructionQuality MgntStyling

COLORS: Roles / organizational units

Problems in PracticeComplex business processesStatic presentation

Solution in PracticeIntranet portals

Titel der Prsentation in 9 pt CorpoS Regular | Abteilung | Datum113

Level of granularityProcess WorldProcess AreasProcessesProcess StepBusiness Process RepositoriesNavigating in Respositories and Large Process Models

Practical demands: Navigate in Large Process ModelsNavigation within one single dimension (forward/backward)Views are predefinedNo comprehensive tool support available

Manually creating different levels of information granularityTitel der Prsentation in 9 pt CorpoS Regular | Abteilung | Datum114comprises a sequence of user interactions allows process participants to navigate from a default visualization of a large process to more specific ones

Business Process RepositoriesNavigating in Respositories and Large Process Models

Process Navigation (niPRO)niPRO - Hipp, Mutschler & Reichert, 2012Previous studies showed, that a navigation concept is needed. Especially, image maps are used to imitate process navigation on different levels of detail.Titel der Prsentation in 9 pt CorpoS Regular | Abteilung | Datum115

Geographic dimensionView dimensionBusiness Process RepositoriesNavigating in Respositories and Large Process Models

niPRO Core Navigation Model Inspired by Google Earth niPRO - Hipp, Mutschler & Reichert, 2012All visualizations correspond to navigation states within the navigation space. Changing one navigation dimension corresponds to a state transitionTitel der Prsentation in 9 pt CorpoS Regular | Abteilung | Datum116

Level 1The GlobeProcess worldLevel 2ContinentsProcess areasLevel 3CountriesProcessesLevel 4CitiesProcess stepsGeographic dimensionView dimensionBusiness Process RepositoriesNavigating in Respositories and Large Process ModelsniPRO Core Navigation Model Inspired by Google Earth3-dimensional navigation concept

Business Process RepositoriesNavigating in Respositories and Large Process Models

niPRO - Hipp, Mutschler & Reichert, 2012All visualizations correspond to navigation states within the navigation space. Changing one navigation dimension corresponds to a state transitionTitel der Prsentation in 9 pt CorpoS Regular | Abteilung | Datum118Initial situation3-dimensional navigation spaceDifferent navigation states (g, s, v)State transitions (= user interactions)119

Business Process RepositoriesNavigating in Respositories and Large Process Models

120Some ChallengesHow to guide the user through the navigation space?How to recommend certain paths within the navigation space (i.e., to reduce number of interactions)?How to remove specific navigation states being not reasonableHow to assist users when the navigation space gets more complex A process navigation model is neededBusiness Process RepositoriesNavigating in Respositories and Large Process ModelsTypical use case

A developer wants to see which process step has to be done, after he completed the current process step.Business Process RepositoriesNavigating in Respositories and Large Process Models

Start: (0,0,0) End: (1,1,0)

Typical use case

A developer wants to see which process step has to be done, after he completed the current process step.

Business Process RepositoriesNavigating in Respositories and Large Process ModelsForce 1:close to variants

Force 2: close to reference

Snc : Search result without constraint

Sc: Search result with constraint

Variants

d=1

d = 2

d = 3

Original reference model

Start

Original reference model S

Best sibling of all best kids

Ssib

B

Terminating condition: No kid is better than its parent

Search result

A

Z

B

A

B

C

Y

Z

Best kid when changing A

Best kid when changing B

Best kid when changing Z

Best kid when changing Y

Best kid is better than parent

Best kid is NOT better than parent

SAkid

SBkid

SCkid

SZkid

SYkid

Best kid when changing C