Agenda 21 Dec1512

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The Paradigm of Sustainable The Paradigm of Sustainable Human DevelopmentHuman Development

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Encyclopedia BritannicaEncyclopedia Britannica

The paradigm (pattern/model)The paradigm (pattern/model) of of ““SustainableSustainable development is an development is an approach to economic planning that approach to economic planning that attempts to foster economic growth while attempts to foster economic growth while preserving the quality of the environment preserving the quality of the environment for future generations. Despite its for future generations. Despite its enormous popularity in the last two enormous popularity in the last two decades of the 20th century, the concept decades of the 20th century, the concept of of sustainablesustainable development proved development proved difficult to apply in many cases.” difficult to apply in many cases.”

The term sustainable development was put into the lexicon of international The term sustainable development was put into the lexicon of international discourse by the World Conservation Strategy of 1980 (IUCN, WWF, UNEP) discourse by the World Conservation Strategy of 1980 (IUCN, WWF, UNEP)

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MILESTONES OF SUSTAINABLE MILESTONES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROCESSDEVELOPMENT PROCESS

1972 1972 Stockholm Conference on Human Environment

Creation of UNEP Creation of UNEP

1987 1987 Brundtland Report“Our Common Future”Introduction of the sustainable developmentIntroduction of the sustainable development

paradigmparadigm

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1992 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development/UNCED “Earth Summit”– Rio

1.1. Rio Declaration on Environment and Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Development

2.2. Agenda 21 Agenda 21 (to be done in the 21st Century)(to be done in the 21st Century)

Framework Convention on Climate Change/UNFCCCFramework Convention on Climate Change/UNFCCC Convention on Biological Diversity/CBDConvention on Biological Diversity/CBD UN-Convention to Combat Desertification/UNCCDUN-Convention to Combat Desertification/UNCCD Forest Principles Forest Principles

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1997 1997 Earth Summit + 5 Programme for the Further Implementation ofProgramme for the Further Implementation of

Agenda 21 Agenda 21

2002 2002 World Summit on Sustainable

Development / WSSD – Johannesburg

“ “Rio+10 summit”Rio+10 summit”

1.1. Declaration on Sustainable Development Declaration on Sustainable Development

2.2. Johannesburg Plan of ImplementationJohannesburg Plan of Implementation

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1987 1987 Brundtland Report“Our Common Future”“Sustainable development is developmentthat meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs.”

“Sustainable development requires meeting the basic needs of all extending toall the opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a better life.”

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UN Conference on Environment UN Conference on Environment and developmentand development

UNCED or Earth Summit, an 11-day UNCED or Earth Summit, an 11-day meeting held in June, 1992, in Rio de meeting held in June, 1992, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to discuss the global Janeiro, Brazil, to discuss the global conflict between economic development conflict between economic development and environmental protection. and environmental protection. Representatives of more than 170 nations Representatives of more than 170 nations agreed to work toward the sustainable agreed to work toward the sustainable development of the planet and the development of the planet and the “highway” to a better world, although “highway” to a better world, although most of the agreements were not legally most of the agreements were not legally binding.binding.In Rio, sustainable development was In Rio, sustainable development was declared a guiding vision. declared a guiding vision.

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The Rio Declaration defines principles for the relationship of states among each other and the relationship between states and their citizens in the field of environment and development. Agenda 21 is the programme of action (21st century) for sustainable development containing recommendations for action in all areas of policy.

In addition to Agenda 21 the Rio conventions were adopted as instruments of global environmental protection that are binding under international law. These were the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Biodiversity (UNCBD) and the Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The Statement of Forest Principles is not legally binding.

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Rio Declaration on Environment and Rio Declaration on Environment and Development – 27 Principles Development – 27 Principles

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Principle 10… … At the national level, each individual shall At the national level, each individual shall have the opportunity to participate in decision-have the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes.making processes.

Principle 11Principle 11States shall enact effective environmental States shall enact effective environmental legislationlegislation..

Principle 15The precautionary approach shall be widely The precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States …applied by States …

Principle 16National authorities should endeavour to National authorities should endeavour to promote the internalization of environmental promote the internalization of environmental costs …costs …

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Principle 25Principle 25

Peace, development Peace, development and environmental and environmental

protection are protection are interdependent and interdependent and

indivisible.indivisible.

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Principle 27Principle 27

States and people shall cooperate in States and people shall cooperate in good faith and in a spirit of good faith and in a spirit of

partnership in the fulfilment of the partnership in the fulfilment of the principles embodied in this principles embodied in this

Declaration and in the further Declaration and in the further development of international law in development of international law in

the field of sustainable development. the field of sustainable development.

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Agenda 21- ContentsAgenda 21- Contents

1. Preamble

SECTION ISECTION I. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS2.2.

International cooperation to accelerate sustainable development in developing countries and related domestic policies

3. 3. cocombating poverty4. 4. Changing consumption patterns5. Demographic dynamics and sustainability6. 6. Protecting and promoting human health conditions7.7. Promoting sustainable human settlement development8.8. Integrating environment and development in decision-making

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SECTION IISECTION II. CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF . CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENTRESOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENT

9.9. Protection of the atmosphere10.10. Integrated approach to the planning and management of land resources11.11. Combating deforestation12.12. Managing fragile ecosystems: combating desertification and drought13.13. Managing fragile ecosystems: sustainable mountain development14.14. Promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development15.15. Conservation of biological diversity16.16. Environmentally sound management of biotechnology17.17.

Protection of the oceans, all kinds of seas, including enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, and coastal areas and the protection, rational use and development of their living resources

18.18. Protection of the quality and supply of freshwater resources: application of integrated approaches to the development, management and use of water resources

19.19. Environmentally sound management of toxic chemicals, including prevention of illegal international traffic in toxic and dangerous products

20.20. Environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes, in hazardous wastes

21.21. Environmentally sound management of solid wastes and sewage-related issues

22.22. Safe and environmentally sound management of radioactive wastes

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SECTION IIISECTION III. STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF . STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPSMAJOR GROUPS

23.23. Preamble24.24.

Global action for women towards sustainable and equitable development

25.25. Children and youth in sustainable development26.26.

Recognizing and strengthening the role of indigenous people and their communities

27.27. Strengthening the role of non-governmental organizations: partners for sustainable development

28.28. Local authorities' initiatives in support of Agenda 21

29. Strengthening the role of workers and their trade 29. Strengthening the role of workers and their trade unionsunions

30. Strengthening the role of business and industry30. Strengthening the role of business and industry31. Scientific and technological community31. Scientific and technological community32. Strengthening the role of farmers32. Strengthening the role of farmers

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SECTION IVSECTION IV. MEANS OF . MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION

33. Fi33. Financial nancial resources and mechanismsresources and mechanisms34. Transfer of environmentally sound 34. Transfer of environmentally sound

technology, cooperation and capacity-technology, cooperation and capacity-buildingbuilding

35. Science for sustainable development35. Science for sustainable development36. Promoting education, public awareness 36. Promoting education, public awareness

and trainingand training37. National mechanisms and international 37. National mechanisms and international

cooperation for capacity-building in cooperation for capacity-building in developing countriesdeveloping countries

38. International institutional arrangements38. International institutional arrangements39. International legal instruments and 39. International legal instruments and

mechanismsmechanisms40. Information for decision-making40. Information for decision-making

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Democracy-ParticipationDemocracy-Participation

26. Experience has shown that sustainable 26. Experience has shown that sustainable development requires a commitment to sound development requires a commitment to sound economic policies and management, an effective economic policies and management, an effective and predictable public administration, the inte-and predictable public administration, the inte-gration of environmental concerns into decision-gration of environmental concerns into decision-making and progress towards democratic govern-making and progress towards democratic govern-ment, in the light of country-specific conditions, ment, in the light of country-specific conditions, which allows for full participation of all parties which allows for full participation of all parties

concerned.concerned. 27.1. Non-governmental organizations play a vital 27.1. Non-governmental organizations play a vital

role in the shaping and implementation of parti-role in the shaping and implementation of parti-cipatory democracy. cipatory democracy.

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14 B. Ensuring people's participation 14 B. Ensuring people's participation and promoting human resource and promoting human resource

development for sustainable development for sustainable agricultureagriculture

14.22 Governments at the appropriate 14.22 Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant level, with the support of the relevant international and regional organizations, international and regional organizations, should: should:

Encourage people's participation on farm Encourage people's participation on farm technology development and transfer, technology development and transfer, incorporating indigenous ecological incorporating indigenous ecological knowledge and practices; knowledge and practices;

Launch applied research on participatory Launch applied research on participatory methodologies, management strategies methodologies, management strategies and local organizations. and local organizations.

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35. Science for sustainable 35. Science for sustainable developmentdevelopment

Science is essential to the search for sustainable Science is essential to the search for sustainable development and should be responsive to development and should be responsive to emerging needs.emerging needs. The programme areas proposed herein are The programme areas proposed herein are intended to be over-arching, in order to support intended to be over-arching, in order to support the specific scientific requirements identified in the specific scientific requirements identified in the other Agenda 21 chapters. One role of the the other Agenda 21 chapters. One role of the sciences should be to provide information to sciences should be to provide information to better enable formulation and selection of better enable formulation and selection of environment and development policies in the environment and development policies in the decision-making process. In order to fulfil this decision-making process. In order to fulfil this requirement, it will be essential to enhance requirement, it will be essential to enhance scientific understanding, improve long-term scientific understanding, improve long-term scientific assessments, strengthen scientific scientific assessments, strengthen scientific capacities in all countries and ensure that the capacities in all countries and ensure that the sciences are responsive to emerging needs. sciences are responsive to emerging needs.

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Scientific knowledge should be applied to Scientific knowledge should be applied to articulate and support the goals of sustainable articulate and support the goals of sustainable development.development.

Sustainable development requires taking longer-Sustainable development requires taking longer-term perspectives, integrating local and regional term perspectives, integrating local and regional effects of global change into the development effects of global change into the development process, and using the best scientific and process, and using the best scientific and traditional knowledge available. traditional knowledge available.

Often, there is a communication gap among Often, there is a communication gap among scientists, policy makers, and the public at large, scientists, policy makers, and the public at large, whose interests are articulated by both whose interests are articulated by both governmental and non-governmental governmental and non-governmental organizations. Better communication is required organizations. Better communication is required among scientists, decision makers, and the among scientists, decision makers, and the general public. general public.

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Programme for the Future Programme for the Future Implementation of Agenda 21Implementation of Agenda 21

Adopted by the Special Session of the General Assembly, 23-27 June 1997Adopted by the Special Session of the General Assembly, 23-27 June 1997

We reaffirm that Agenda 21 remains the We reaffirm that Agenda 21 remains the fundamental programme of action for fundamental programme of action for achieving sustainable development. We achieving sustainable development. We reaffirm all the principles contained in the reaffirm all the principles contained in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and the Forest Principles.Development and the Forest Principles.

Economic development, social develop-Economic development, social develop-ment and environmental protection are ment and environmental protection are interdependent and mutually reinforcing interdependent and mutually reinforcing components of sustainable development.components of sustainable development.

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Johannesburg Declaration on Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development Sustainable Development – 37 paragraphs– 37 paragraphs 1.1. We, the representatives of the We, the representatives of the

peoples of the world, assembled at the peoples of the world, assembled at the World Summit on Sustainable World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa Development in Johannesburg, South Africa from 2-4 September 2002, reaffirm our from 2-4 September 2002, reaffirm our commitment to sustainable development.commitment to sustainable development.

2.2. We commit ourselves to build a We commit ourselves to build a humane, equitable and caring global humane, equitable and caring global society cognizant of the need for human society cognizant of the need for human dignity for all.dignity for all.

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5.We assume a collective responsibility to 5.We assume a collective responsibility to advance and strengthen the inter-advance and strengthen the inter-dependent and mutually reinforcing pillars dependent and mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable development – economic of sustainable development – economic development, social development and development, social development and environmental protection – at local, environmental protection – at local, national, regional and global levels.national, regional and global levels.11.We recognize that poverty eradication, 11.We recognize that poverty eradication, changing consumption and production changing consumption and production patterns, and protecting and managing patterns, and protecting and managing the natural resource base for economic the natural resource base for economic and social development are overarching and social development are overarching objectives of, and essential requirements objectives of, and essential requirements for sustainable development.for sustainable development.

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13.The global environment continues to suffer. Loss of biodiversity continues, fish stocks continue to be depleted, desertification claims more and more fertile land, the adverse effects of climate change are already evident, natural disasters are more frequent and more devastating and developing countries more vulnerable, and air, water and marine pollution continue to rob millions of a decent life.14.Globalization has added a new dimension to these challenges. 15. …democratic systems to which we remain committed …

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17.17. Recognizing the importance of Recognizing the importance of building human solidarity, we urge building human solidarity, we urge the promotion of dialogue and the promotion of dialogue and cooperation among the world’s cooperation among the world’s civilizations and peoples, irrespective civilizations and peoples, irrespective of race, disabilities, religion, of race, disabilities, religion, language, culture and tradition.language, culture and tradition.

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20. We are committed to ensure that women’s empowerment and emancipation, and gender equality are integrated in all activities encompassed within Agenda 21, the Millennium Development Goals and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation.22. In this regard, to contribute to the achievement of our development goals and targets, we urge developed countries that have not done so to make concrete efforts towards the internationally agreed levels of Official Development Assistance.27. We agree that in pursuit of their legitimate activities the private sector, both large and small companies, have a duty to contribute to the evolution of equitable and sustainable communities and societies.

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30. We undertake to strengthen and improve 30. We undertake to strengthen and improve governance at all levels, for the effective governance at all levels, for the effective implementation of Agenda 21, the Millennium implementation of Agenda 21, the Millennium Development Goals and the Johannesburg Plan Development Goals and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. of Implementation. 32. We reaffirm our commitment to the 32. We reaffirm our commitment to the principles and purposes of the UN Charter and principles and purposes of the UN Charter and inter-national law as well as the strengthening inter-national law as well as the strengthening of multilateralism. We support the leadership of multilateralism. We support the leadership role of the United Nations as the most universal role of the United Nations as the most universal and representative organization in the world, and representative organization in the world, which is best placed to promote sustainable which is best placed to promote sustainable development.development.35. We commit ourselves to act together, united 35. We commit ourselves to act together, united by a common determination to save our planet, by a common determination to save our planet, promote human development and achieve promote human development and achieve universal prosperity and peace.universal prosperity and peace.

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Plan of Implementation / WSSDPlan of Implementation / WSSD

I. IntroductionI. IntroductionII. Poverty eradicationII. Poverty eradicationIII.III. Changing unsustainable patterns of Changing unsustainable patterns of

consumption and productionconsumption and productionIV.IV. Protecting and managing the natural Protecting and managing the natural

resource base of economic and social resource base of economic and social developmentdevelopment

V.V. Sustainable development in a globalizing Sustainable development in a globalizing worldworld

VI.VI. Health and sustainable developmentHealth and sustainable developmentVII.VII. Sustainable development of small island Sustainable development of small island

developing Statesdeveloping States VIII. Sustainable development for AfricaVIII. Sustainable development for AfricaVIII.VIII.BisBis Other regional initiatives Other regional initiativesIX.IX. Means of implementationMeans of implementation X.X. Institutional framework for sustainable Institutional framework for sustainable

developmentdevelopment

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2. The present plan of implementation will further 2. The present plan of implementation will further build on the achievements made since UNCED and build on the achievements made since UNCED and expedite the realization of the remaining goals. expedite the realization of the remaining goals. To this end, we commit ourselves to undertaking To this end, we commit ourselves to undertaking concrete actions and measures at all levels and to concrete actions and measures at all levels and to enhancing international cooperation, taking into enhancing international cooperation, taking into account the Rio Principles, including, inter alia, the account the Rio Principles, including, inter alia, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities principle of common but differentiated responsibilities as set out in principle 7 of the Rio Declaration on as set out in principle 7 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Environment and Development. These efforts will also promote the integration of These efforts will also promote the integration of the three components of sustainable development — the three components of sustainable development — economic development, social development and economic development, social development and environmental protection — as interdependent and environmental protection — as interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars. mutually reinforcing pillars. Poverty eradication, changing unsustainable Poverty eradication, changing unsustainable patterns of production and consumption, and patterns of production and consumption, and protecting and managing the natural resource base of protecting and managing the natural resource base of economic and social development are overarching economic and social development are overarching objectives of, and essential requirements for, objectives of, and essential requirements for, sustainable development.sustainable development.

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4. 4. Good governance within each country and Good governance within each country and at the international level is essential for at the international level is essential for sustainable development. sustainable development. At the domestic level, sound environmen-At the domestic level, sound environmen-tal, social and economic policies, democratic tal, social and economic policies, democratic institutions responsive to the needs of the institutions responsive to the needs of the people, the rule of law, anti-corruption people, the rule of law, anti-corruption measures, gender equality and an enabling measures, gender equality and an enabling environment for investment are the basis for environment for investment are the basis for sustainable development. sustainable development. As a result of globalization, external factors As a result of globalization, external factors have become critical in determining the have become critical in determining the success or failure of developing countries in success or failure of developing countries in their national efforts. The gap between their national efforts. The gap between developed and developing countries points to developed and developing countries points to the continued need for a dynamic and the continued need for a dynamic and enabling international economic environment enabling international economic environment supportive of international cooperation…supportive of international cooperation…

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5. Peace, security, stability and respect for human rights 5. Peace, security, stability and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to and fundamental freedoms, including the right to development, as well as respect for cultural diversity, development, as well as respect for cultural diversity, are essential for achieving sustainable development and are essential for achieving sustainable development and ensuring that sustainable development benefits all.ensuring that sustainable development benefits all.

6. Eradicating poverty is the greatest global challenge 6. Eradicating poverty is the greatest global challenge facing the world today and an indispensable requirement facing the world today and an indispensable requirement for sustainable development, particularly for developing for sustainable development, particularly for developing countries. Although each country has the primary countries. Although each country has the primary responsibility for its own sustainable development and responsibility for its own sustainable development and poverty eradication and the role of national policies and poverty eradication and the role of national policies and development strategies cannot be overemphasized, development strategies cannot be overemphasized, concerted and concrete measures are required at all concerted and concrete measures are required at all levels to enable developing countries to achieve their levels to enable developing countries to achieve their sustainable development goals as related to the sustainable development goals as related to the internationally agreed poverty-related targets and goals, internationally agreed poverty-related targets and goals, including those contained in Agenda 21, the relevant including those contained in Agenda 21, the relevant outcomes of other United Nations conferences and the outcomes of other United Nations conferences and the United Nations Millennium Declaration. This would United Nations Millennium Declaration. This would include actions at all levels to:include actions at all levels to:

(b)(b) Establish a world solidarity fund to eradicate Establish a world solidarity fund to eradicate poverty and to promote social and human development poverty and to promote social and human development in the developing countries … in the developing countries …

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““Integrating human rights with Integrating human rights with sustainable human development”sustainable human development”

A UNDP policy document - January 1998A UNDP policy document - January 1998

UNDP advocates the realization of human UNDP advocates the realization of human rights as part of sustainable human rights as part of sustainable human development, an approach that places development, an approach that places people at the centre of all development people at the centre of all development activities. activities.

For UNDP sustainable human development For UNDP sustainable human development provides a unique and holistic paradigm.provides a unique and holistic paradigm.

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Sustainable human development seeks to Sustainable human development seeks to expand choices for all people-women, men expand choices for all people-women, men and children, current and future and children, current and future generations-while protecting the natural generations-while protecting the natural systems on which all life depends. systems on which all life depends.

Moving away from a narrow, economy-Moving away from a narrow, economy-centred approach to development, centred approach to development, sustainable human development places sustainable human development places people at the core, and views humans as people at the core, and views humans as both a means and an end of development.both a means and an end of development.

Thus sustainable human development Thus sustainable human development aims to eliminate poverty, promote human aims to eliminate poverty, promote human dignity and rights, and provide equitable dignity and rights, and provide equitable opportunities for all through good opportunities for all through good governance, thereby promoting the governance, thereby promoting the realization of all human rights-economic, realization of all human rights-economic, social, cultural, civil and political. social, cultural, civil and political.

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Thank you Thank you

Agenda 21 Dec1512

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