Age of Jefferson

The 3rd American President

Election of 1800• John Adams vs Thomas Jefferson• Jefferson Platform: – Laissez-faire government [small]– Strict Interpretation of Constitution – Farming based economy

• Adams Platform:– Big Federal government– Loose Interpretation of Constitution– Business/Industry based economy

Election of 1800

• Jefferson Wins!• Special Election: First time a government

changes without a revolution or death!• “We are all Republicans, we are all

Federalists”

Thomas Jefferson

• Jefferson in Office:– Reduces: Government size, armed forces and

federal budget– Repeals: Whiskey Tax– Sedition Act: Does NOT renew law, pardons

people convicted and changes immigrant laws– Kept National Bank and paid states debts!

[Federalist Policies]

Thomas Jefferson

• Judicial Review [1801]– Marbury v Madison: “Midnight Judges”

appointed by President Adams. Jefferson denied them!

– Supreme Court reviews case, sides with Madison and Jefferson. Case establishes Judicial Review

Thomas Jefferson

• Westward Frontier/Mississippi River• Port of New Orleans: Controlled by Spain– Port would close to American farmers– Pinckney Treaty: Not always followed

• France: Napoleon Bonaparte gets port and land from Spain in 1800– Jefferson fears Napoleon [violent and unstable]– Haiti Revolt angers Napoleon, agrees to sell

Thomas Jefferson

• Purchase Plan: Robert Livingston and James Monroe sent to France– 10 million for Port of New Orleans– Napoleon: Offers ALL of Louisiana for 15 million– Bought: Louisiana Purchase DOUBLES the size of

the United States

Louisiana Purchase

• Louisiana Purchase Treaty of 1803– Jefferson switched his thinking and bought the

land

END

Lewis & ClarkZebulon Pike

Lewis & Clark

• Expedition: 1804. To explore the new territory and report back to Jefferson– Meriweather Lewis: Jefferson Private secretary– William Clark: Virginia explorer

Lewis & Clark

• Expedition: From St. Louis to Pacific Ocean– Explore all areas– Record all findings– Create Maps/Routes– Interact with Natives

Lewis & Clark

• Sacajawea: Native-American woman helps Lewis & Clark navigate the Rocky Mountains and communicate with Natives

Zebulon Pike

• Led 2nd expedition into new territory• 1805: Discovered Leech Lake in Minnesota.

Thought it was the source of the Mississippi River

• 1806: Explored the Arkansas River, Red River, Pikes Peak [Colorado] & was captured by Spanish in New Mexico.

END

War With Tripoli

War With Tripoli

• Threats from Overseas• Impressment– British Navy ships kidnapping Americans and seize

cargo

• Barbary States– Pirates attack American traders– Demand tribute from America to stop!

War with Tripoli

• Naval Blockade– U.S. Marines blockade Tripoli, defeat the small

nation– U.S. Navy leader Stephen Decatur becomes

national hero

Jefferson Foreign Policy

• Embargo Act [1807]: Bans trade with ALL foreign nations– War: Britain vs. France 1803– Trade: America trades with BOTH sides, and

makes BOTH sides angry!– Jefferson created Embargo Act

Jefferson Foreign Policy

• Nonintercourse Act– Allowed Americans to trade with other foreign

nations– NOT with England and France

END

James Madison

• 4th President of the United States• Nation in trouble with Britain– Native-American: Britain supplies weapons for

attacks– Impressment: Kidnapping sailors/ships– Trade Laws: Still in effect– War Hawks: Wanted war with Britain

Conflict with Native-Americans

• 1791: Little Turtle Fight• 1794: Wayne vs Miami’s • 1795: Treaty of Greenville• 1803: Ohio Becomes a State• 1808: Battle of Tippecanoe

War Hawks

• Group of politicians pushing for war– Led by Henry Clay [Kentucky]– Nationalistic feelings– Wanted revenge for Impressment– Wanted to conquer Canada

War Hawks

• STOP: Seizure of American ships & sailors• STRONG: Show American strength to foreign

countries• SEIZE: Take Canada from Britain• SEIZE: Take Florida from Spain • STOP: Native-American uprising in West

War of 1812

War of 1812

• NYC Harbor: British ships attack American ships

• 1812: Congress declares WAR!• Britain blockades American ports

War of 1812

• War at Sea– USS Constitution [Old Ironsides]– American Captain Isaac Hull– Defeats British ship The Guerriere

War of 1812

• War out West• Canada:– U.S. General William Hull invades Canada [Detroit,

Niagara River, Montreal]– British General Isaac Brock wins ALL battles– Canada did not WANT freedom from Britain

War of 1812

• Battles• Battle of Thames– American soldiers defeat Indian Federation

• Battle of Horseshoe Bend– General Andrew Jackson defeats Creek Indians in

South

War of 1812

• Battle of Washington D.C. [1814]– British attack and burn White House– Dolley Madison saves many important documents

and art work from the wreckage

War of 1812

• Battle of Baltimore– Americans stop British at Fort McHenry– Soldier Francis Scott Key writes Star-Spangled

Banner after witnessing victory

War of 1812

• Battle of New Orleans– Andrew Jackson defeats British and becomes a

national hero

War of 1812

• Treaty of Ghent– Rush-Bagot Agreement [1817]: NO warships in

the Great Lakes [America]– Positives: War is over, New National Heroes

[Jackson, Hull, Decatur]– Negatives: NO mention of impressment,

neutrality violations and NO settlement of the Canadian/U.S. border issues

War of 1812

• “Nothing was adjusted…Nothing was settled” John Quincy

Adams

END