Age of Industry

Pre-Industrialization

Majority of Europeans were farmers Rely on the seasons and religion to measure time Small families (1 in 3 children died before 1 yr. old Average life expectancy of 40 yrs Only 25% of Europeans lived in towns

Village Life: Controlled by wealthy landowners Village commons for farming, hunting, grazing, etc. Limited transportation (difficult and unprofitable) Daily activities revolved around farming traditions Inconsistent harvests (abundant or disastrous)

Early Industry

Many worked in mines during “off-season” Provided steadier income than just farming

Domestic System: network of workers who produced commodities at home Each did a specific job Set their own hours/breaks Became the foundation for the Industrial Rev.

Enclosure Movement: British farmers were allowed to fence off private property Did away with the “village commons” Farmers were forced to move to cities to find work

Great Britain Leads the Way

Successful farmers were able to invest in growing industry (provided capital) Landowners profited from farming, overseas

commerce, and slave trade Industry provided to avenues of investment

(entrepreneurs - investors) Parliament passed laws to help businesses

Natural Resources: Network of rivers (power and transportation) Supplies of iron and coal Large population for workforce

Growth of Textile Industry

High demand for cooler, lighter clothesDomestic system could not meet demandAdvances in Machinery

James Hargreaves: invented “spinning jenny” Richard Arkwright: developed the water frame Samuel Crompton: combined water frame and

spinning jenny into a “spinning mule”Producing more cloth

Edmund Cartwright: developed the power loom Eli Whitney: invented the cotton gin (1793);

interchangeable parts James Watt: designed the steam engine (1760s)

Growth of Big Business

Industrial capitalism: continually expanding factories or investing in new businesses

Mass Production: Frederick Taylor: division of labor (specific jobs) Henry Ford: assembly line to mass produce cars

Organizing Business: Partnerships: 2 or more entrepreneurs able to raise

more capital than individually Corporations: businesses owned by stockholders

Business Cycles: Businesses concentrated on production of

particular products “Boom”, “Bust”, and “Depression”

Science and Industry

Communication Samuel Morse: inventor of the telegraph (1830s) Alexander G. Bell: invented the telephone (1876) Guglielmo Marconi: invented wireless telegraph

Electricity Michael Faraday: concept of electricity (1831) Thomas A. Edison: developed phonograph and

incandescent light bulb – cheap electric lightingEnergy and Engines

Rudolf Diesel: oil-burning combustion engine Wright brothers: first successful flight with

motorized airplane (1903) – 100 miles by 1908

A New Society

Rise of Middle Class “Rags to Riches” – humble beginning to success Middle Class gained wealth, power, and size Strong belief in education – take over family

business Men = workplace; Women = home and children Magazines offered new ways to shop and advertise

Lives of Working Class Farm laborers became industrial laborers Needed to make money not food to survive All members of working class families worked

At the Mercy of the Machine

Workplace became very dangerous Owners wanted higher profits – lower costs Combination of monotony, heavy machines led to

injury and death 10 to 14 hour work days, unventilated rooms Women and children forced to work long hours

Rise of Unions Workers representation: higher wages, less hours Combination Acts (1799 & 1800): Parliament banned

labor unions 1820: Parliament agreed to allow collective

bargaining

CULTURAL CHANGES IN THE CULTURAL CHANGES IN THE ECONOMICS, SCIENCES, AND ARTS ECONOMICS, SCIENCES, AND ARTS

BETWEEN 1750 AND 1915BETWEEN 1750 AND 1915

Cultural Revolution

BeethoveBeethovenn

MonetMonet DickensDickens

Capitalism

Laissez-faire – economy in which the govt. maintains a “hands-off” approach 1800s – business owners support laissez-faire Physiocrats – French thinkers; valued land above all

else in the economyAdam Smith – The Wealth of Nations (1776)

Economy works best when supply and demand are not influenced by the government

Thomas Malthus – Anglican minister An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)

David Ricardo – “iron law of wages” Wages would not increase with economic competition

A Better Society

Evangelicalism – joined personal faith with social improvement (late 1700s – early 1800s)

William Wilberforce – member of Parliament 1807: passed a bill ending British slave trade 1833: Slavery abolished in British Empire

Lord Shaftesbury – promoted laws to limit the working hours of women and children 1830s-1840s: Parliament passed the Factory Laws

Utilitarianism – Society should work for “the greatest happiness of the greatest number” John Stuart Mill – “freedom of thought and discussion

promoted social progress…” – On Liberty (1859)

Rise of Socialism

Socialism –the means of production should be owned and controlled by society

Robert Owen – “competition causes social problems” – cooperation replaces competition Model industrial society – New Lanark

Karl Marx – promoted communism Influenced by Engels’ The Condition of the Working

Class in England “changing ideas were the major force in history” History advances through conflict Stages of economic life:

primitive, slave, feudal, capitalism, communism

Scientific Advances

Evolution – theory that all plants and animals descend from a common ancestor Theodor Schwann (cell theory) Charles Darwin (survival of the fittest)

Genetics: science of heredity Gregor Mendel (gene theory)

Medicine: finding cures for disease Edward Jenner: vaccine for smallpox (cowpox) Louis Pasteur: discovered bacteria; it could be killed

(pasteurization) Surgery: first use of anesthetics (ether/chloroform)

Physics: Atomic theory: all matter is made up of atoms John Dalton: elements are made up of unique atoms,

different from other elements Marie & Pierre Curie: discovered radium which is a

radioactive element that emits energy Max Planck: theorized that energy is released in

quantaSocial Sciences:

Sociology – study of human behavior in groups Psychology – study of behavior in individuals Ivan Pavlov – actions could be changed by training Sigmund Freud – unconscious mind govs. behavior

Pop Culture

Improved Living Conditions Higher life expectancy (infant death rate dropped) Medical advances enabled a longer, healthier life More variety/quantity of food (refrigeration)

Seeking a Better Life Emigration: leaving one’s homeland to settle elsewhere Immigration: settling permanently in a foreign land Expansion of Transportation (railroads & steamboats)

Growth of Cities (urbanization) Many migrated from rural areas to cities Families grew larger to provide for a higher income City populations outgrew housing accommodations

Education

Early 1800s – govt. began running schools Train in citizenship and nationalism Improve children’s chance for a better life

Education for Women Mary Lyon – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (MA) 1874: Parliament allowed women to become doctors

Results of Education Made books and magazines popular Growth of museums and libraries

Revolution in the Arts

Growing middle-class created larger audienceRomanticism: human emotion and imagination

over reason – inspired by Rousseau Artists portrayed/celebrated simple life (of peasants) Ch. Baudelaire – “Romanticism is precisely situated… in a

way of feeling.” (not subject or truth) Music: Beethoven and Tchaikovsky Literature: Victor Hugo’s Hunchback of Notre Dame

Realism – portray life realistically – G. Courbet Literature: Dickens’ Hard Times; Tolstoy’s War & Peace Symbolism: world of shadowy images evoked by symbols

– focus on the exotic and the spirit

New Trends in Painting

Impressionism – focused on the momentary impression of the subject on their senses Claude Monet: idealized women & children in outdoor

settingsPostimpressionism – formed independent styles

to express the chaos around them Georges Seurat: pointillism (3-D effect) Vincent Van Gogh: brilliant colors & distorted form