Age of exploration_and_isolation_website (3)

Age of Exploration and Isolation1400-1800

Chapter 3

Section 1

Europeans Explore the East

Traditional Eurasian Trade Routes

Europeans Begin to Explore the East

• Beginning in 1400’s, desire to explore called 3 G’s (Gold, God, Glory)

A. Other countries wanted trade controlled by Italy and Arabs for three centuries

• Spices most valued item• Quicker route to Asia meant they could take

out middleman (Arabs, Italians)B. New technology – compass, faster ships, astrolabe, better mapmaking skills made traveling by ship easier, safer• Most new technology came from Muslims

and ChineseC. Sparked by Renaissance curiosity and sense of adventureD. Desire to spread Christianity• Europeans saw this as their sacred duty to

convert others

Europeans Explore the EastPortugal Leads the WayA. Leader in developing and applying new sailing technologyB. Had strong government support led by Prince Henry

(Henry the Navigator)C. 1419 Henry established a sailing school for sailors, ship

makers, navigators to perfect their trade• By 1460 Portugal was the first country to establish trading

outposts along the coast of Africa and push into the Indian Ocean

• Traded Africans European goods for gold and ivory

Europeans Explore the East• Portuguese needed to reach

Asia by sea and had to sail around the southern tip of Africa

• 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope and explored the southeast coast of Africa

• 1497 Vasco da Gama sailed to Calicut, India and returned to Portugal with silk, spices and gems that was worth 60 times more than the cost of the voyage

• His voyage gave Portugal a direct sea route to Asia

Europeans Explore the East• Spain Also Makes Claims• 1492 Spain sent Christopher Columbus to find a

route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic• Columbus thought he reached the Indies, really

opened the way for European colonization of the Americas

• Immediate impact was that it increased tension between Spain and Portugal


• 1494- Treaty of Tordesillas Pope stepped in to keep peace between two countries

• Line drawn from North to south across globe dividing eastern and western hemispheres

• Portugal gets everything east of Line of Demarcation

• Spain given all lands west of Line of Demarcation

Europeans Explore the East• Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean• Portugal took control of the spice trade from Muslim

merchants after da Gama’s voyage1. 1509 extended control over region by defeating

Mughal navy off the coast of India2. 1510 Portuguese capture port city of Goa, India; it

became center of their trading empire3. 1511 Portuguese seize control of Strait of

Malacca, gave them control of the spice Islands• Portugal began to break the Muslim domination of

Eastern trade• Brought back goods at 20% of the prices charged

by Arab and Italian traders• More Europeans could afford items

Europeans Explore the East• Success of Portugal attracted other European

countries• 1521 Spain claimed Philippine IslandsDutch Traders• Around 1600 the Dutch and English became a

sea powers• English and Dutch began to take away Portuguese

power• Each country formed an East India Company• Each company had power to print money, make

treaties and raise armies• Dutch East India Company most powerful in

region• 1619 Dutch establish trading post in Java and

took Straits of Malacca and Spice Islands from Portugal

• Dutch began to expand across the region and their capital in Europe, Amsterdam became a leading commercial center

• By 1700 Dutch controlled most trade in Indian Ocean

Dutch Trading Empire in the 1700’s


British and French Traders• By 1700 English and French began to gain a

foothold in region• English focused on India and developed a

successful business in the cloth trade (established British East India Company)

• France tried to establish a foothold in India but was not as successful

• European countries took control of port cities but their influence did not extend beyond the ports

• Their influence was not felt by most people in Asia

Section 2

China Limits European Contact

China Limits European Contacts China was the dominant power in Asia and

Europeans wanted to trade with themMing Dynasty 1368-1644 Ming Dynasty ruled China Korea and Southeast Asia paid tribute (payment by

one group to another to show submission) to Ming emperors, China expected Europeans to do the same

Hongwu was the first Ming emperor after he defeated the Mongols in 1368

A. Reformed agriculture by increasing rice production, encouraged growing cash crops (cotton, sugarcane) and encouraged fish farming

B. Encouraged a return to Confucian traditions and moral standards

C. Improved government by returning to a merit based government system

When problems developed Hongwu became a ruthless tyrant executing all of his enemies

China Limits European Contacts

• After death of Hongwu his son Yonglo took over

• He moved royal court to Beijing (built the Forbidden City)

• Also had a curiosity of the outside world• 1405 began seven voyages of

exploration and trade under commander Zeng He

• Expeditions traveled long distances, many ships, many people and huge ships

• Trips were used to show Chinese superiority, because of voyages 16 countries sent tribute to China

• Chinese officials complained that voyages wasted money and after 1433 China began a period of isolation

China Limits European Contacts• Trade policies of 1500’s reflected

isolation• To keep influence of outsiders to a

minimum • Only the government could conduct

trade through 3 ports- Canton, Macao and Ningbo

• European demand for goods led to smuggling

• Helped improve economy of China- led to increase in manufacturing of ceramics and silk making

• Commerce and manufacturing seen as lower class jobs and not held in high regard in China, kept China from industrializing

• Government supported agriculture• Taxes were low on agriculture and high

on manufacturing

China Limits European ContactsQing Dynasty• By 1600 Ming rule began to weaken, government corruption, civil

strife, famine and high taxes led to rebellion• 1644 Manchus from northeast China seized power and ruled until

1900• People resisted rule by non-Chinese Manchus 1. Kept order by keeping traditional social structure and restoring

Chinese prosperity2. Expanded China into Taiwan, Central Asia, Mongolia and Tibet3. Lowered taxes and reduced government expenses4. Welcomed Jesuits into royal court to learn about European life5. Kept policy of isolation from foreign trade

China Limits European Contact

• Foreign countries that wished to trade with China had to trade only in special ports and pay tribute

• The Dutch accepted the Chinese restrictions and the Chinese accepted the Dutch as trading partners

• The Dutch brought silks, porcelain, and tea

• By 1800 tea made up 80% of shipments from China to Europe

• The British refused to follow the Chinese trade restrictions

• China rejected their offers by sending a letter to the king of England that they did not need the British

China Limits European Contact• 1600s and 1700s were a time of peace and

prosperity in China and the lives improved for most Chinese people

Most Chinese were farmers and under the Qing irrigation and the use of fertilizer increased

Also new crops from the were introduced by European traders (corn, sweet potatoes)

Food production increased and the population exploded

Chinese families favored sons over daughters• Sons were in charge of religious rituals, and

raised their own families in their parents homes• As their parents grew older they help them farm• Females were not as valued but they did have the

responsibilities of children’s education and managing family finances

Section 3

Japan Returns to Isolation

Japan Returns to Isolation• 1300’s Japanese unity was shattered

by warring shoguns • By 1467 the country was separated

into hundreds of separate domains• 1467-1568 known as period of

“warring states”• Samurai took control of feudal states

and offered peasants protection for their loyalty

• Warrior chieftains known as daimyo and used samurai as warriors

• Emperor in Kyoto was just a figurehead with no power

• Daimyo lived in fortresses and fought each other for control of land

Japan Returns to Isolation• Many daimyo tried to seize and

control power• Oda Nobunga –was the first to use

soldiers with muskets to defeat rival samurai (1575)

• Toyotomi Hideyoshi- took control and tried to conquer Korea, when he died the troops returned to Japan (1590)

• 1600 Tonkugawa Ieyasu takes control of country by defeating his rivals and earning the loyalty of other daimyo

• He moved the capital to Edo (Tokyo)• Kept daimyo tamed and helped

centralize power in Japan• To keep daimyo in check he made

them live in the capital every other year and when they were gone they had to leave their families behind as hostages, had them help build his castle in Edo

• Founded Tokugawa Shogunate that held power until 1867

Japan Returns to Isolation• Japan enjoyed over 250 years of stability under

Tokugawa shoguns• Farmers produced more food and population rose, even

though they lived lives of miserySociety was very structureda. Ruler was shogun and supreme military commanderb. Below him was the landholding daimyo who controlled

samurai warriorsc. Artisans and peasants were next with merchants at the

bottom• 4/5 of society were peasants• Merchants became more important as the economy

expanded• Confucian ideas ruled society and the ideal citizen

depended on agriculture not commerce• However the farmers paid the most in taxes, many

abandoned land and moved to cities for economic opportunity

• Mid 1700’s Japan shifted from a rural to an urban society • Edo was the largest city in the world

Japan Returns to Isolation• Contact Between Europe and Japan• Europeans began to arrive in the 1500’s• 1543 first Europeans were shipwrecked

Portuguese sailors and merchants soon followed with clocks, tobacco, firearms

• Japanese welcomed traders and missionaries

1. Europeans introduced new technologies and ideas

2. Japanese merchants eager to expand their markets welcomed Europeans

3. Daimyo welcomed traders for their guns to gain an advantage over their rivals

• Guns changed the tradition of the Japanese warrior whose principal weapon was the sword

• Cannons changed the way castles were built

• Fortified castles attracted merchants and artisans and caused the growth of towns across Japan

Japan Returns to Isolation• 1549 first missionaries came to Japan• Catholic Jesuits, Franciscans and Dominican

missionaries came to convert the Japanese• By 1600 they had converted over 300,000

Japanese• Missionaries teachings went against traditional

Japanese beliefs and by 1612 Christianity was banned and Tokugawa Shoguns focused on ridding the country of them

• 1637 situation came to a head after rebellion led by Christians

• All Christian missionaries were kicked out of China and all Japanese had to demonstrate faithfulness to some branch of Buddhism

Japan Returns to Isolation• Persecution just one part of attempt to control foreign ideas• Shoguns did not like the introduction of European ways, but

they wanted European trade• 1639 Japan sealed the borders of the country except one port,

Nagasaki (a man made island in the harbor)• Only Dutch and Chinese were allowed to trade there• Tokugawa shogunate had a monopoly on all trade for over 200

years• During this time Japan remain basically closed to outsiders and

Japanese were forbidden to leave• During this time Japan developed a self-sufficient country free

from European intervention

Dejima

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SPAIN BUILDS AND AMERICAN EMPIRE

SECTION 1

SPAIN BUILDS AND AMERICAN EMPIRE

1492- seeking an alternate trade route to Asia Christopher Columbus “discovers” America and accidently brings together peoples of the Americas, Europe and Africa

Spain’s rulers financed three more trips with more men and ships and began to found colonies (lands controlled by another nation)

1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed modern day Brazil for Portugal By the early 1500’s Europeans had figured out that the land was not Asia but a new

continent 1519 Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the southern end of South America and

across the Pacific (along the way claiming the Philippines for Spain) In 1522 when they returned to Spain only 18 men and one ship were left, first voyage

to circumnavigate the globe

SPAIN BUILDS AN AMERICAN EMPIRE

Spanish were first European explorers and settlers of the Americas

Made Spain a very wealthy country and their culture influenced the cultures of North and South America that exists today

Spanish explorers known as conquistadors came to the Americas to follow rumors of gold and silver

They stayed and carved out colonies in regions that would become Mexico, South America and the United States


Spanish Conquests in Mexico 1519 Hernando Cortes and 600 men landed in

Mexico They heard of wealthy Aztec empire and its capital

Tenochtitlan Cortes marched inland and was welcomed by the

Aztec emperor Montezuma, who thought the Spaniards were gods

Aztecs soon figured out the intentions of Cortes and drove the Spaniards out of the capital

1521 Cortes and the Spaniards defeated the Aztecs even though they were greatly outnumbered

Reasons for Spanish victorya) Made allies with groups that did not like Aztecsb) Spanish had superior weaponsc) Diseases like measles, smallpox, typhus; that the

Native Americans had no natural immunity to

EFFECTS OF OLD WORLD DISEASE

Native Americans had no natural resistance to diseases that were common in Europe Asia and Africa

Killed up to 90% of Native American population across North and South America within the first 100 years of European contact

Made it easier for Europeans to conquer the Americas because Native American did not have the numbers to resist

Caused fear and confusion among native groups

When many European explorers reached new areas they found empty villages and towns


Spanish Conquest in Peru 1532- Francisco Pizarro takes

army of 200 into the heart of the huge Incan empire in South America

They kidnap their ruler Atahualpa and demand a ransom of gold (even though the Inca had an army of 30,000), after they received their gold they strangled the Inca king

This demoralized the Inca people and the Spaniards quickly seized control of their empire


By the middle of the 1500’s Spain had created a huge American empire

Drew from techniques learned during the reconquista (when the Spanish drove the Muslims from Spain)

Spanish imposed their culture on the people they conquered in the Americas

Most Spanish settlers were men so they had relationships with native women

Result of relationships was the creation of a mestizo (mixed Spanish and American) population

Spanish also forced native population to work for them

System called encomendia where the Indians farmed, ranched and mined for their Spanish landlords, often they were abused or mistreated

PORTUGUESE EMPIRE IN AMERICA

•One area that remained outside of European influence was Brazil• Region was given to Portugal because of Treaty of Tordesillas and claimed by Brazil in 1500• Colonists settled coastal areas and built huge sugar plantations• The demand for sugar was great in Europe and made huge profits for Portugal


Spain’s American colonies made it the richest and most powerful nation in the world during the 1500’s

Spain built a powerful navy and army to control and protect their empire

By the end of the 1500’s Spain pushed into what is now the US

1540-1541 Francisco Coronado explored the Southwest in search of a city of gold, did not find any

Catholic priests followed the conquistadors to convert natives

Priests used to explore and colonize North America Catholic priests set up missions across the

Southwest and California where towns grew up around them (Santa Fe, San Diego, San Francisco)


Opposition to Spanish Rule Spanish priests pushed for better treatment of

Native Americans Criticized harsh treatment of native Americans

under the encomendia system 1542 Spanish government ended encomendia

system and began to use African slaves for labor

Native Americans began to resist Spanish colonizers as well

Spanish burned sacred Native American objects, banned Indian religious practices and built Catholic churches on top of Indian religious centers

1680 Pope, a Native American ruler led a rebellion against Spanish rule and pushed them back into New Spain

It took the Spanish 12 years to take the area back

EUROPEANS SETTLE NORTH AMERICA

SECTION 2


Other European nations wanted to obtain valuable colonies in the Americas

By the early 1500’s England, the Dutch and French began to obtain colonies in North America

Wanted to find a more direct route to Asia through fabled “Northwest Passage”

Countries did not find route but stayed and established colonies


New France French explorers discover what is

today New York harbor, St. Lawrence River

1608- Samuel de Champlain took colonists and established Quebec the base of France’s New World empire, known as New France

1673 French explorers Marquette (priest) and Joliet (fur trade and trapper) explored the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River

1683 LaSalle another Frenchman claimed the entire Mississippi River valley for France


• By the early 1700’s New France covered much of what is now the Midwestern US and eastern Canada• Empire was immense but sparsely populated• Catholic priests came to convert Native Americans• The main economic activity was the fur trade not

settlement and occupying territory


English Arrive in North America1607 first permanent English

settlement in Jamestown, Virginia

They came looking for goldLife was hard 6 out of 10

colonists died of disease, hunger or Indian attack in the first few years

Outlook improved greatly after the “discovery” of tobacco as a cash crop


1620 group known as Pilgrims settle a second English colony in Plymouth, Mass.

1630’s Puritans a second English group settled in Mass.

Both groups came for the religious freedom the colonies would provide

Both colonies grew rapidly because of the number of families that came to the colonies, unlike Jamestown that was settled by a mostly single, male population


The Dutch found New Netherland Dutch founded colonies in region

along the Hudson River and Manhattan Island (now known as New York)

Built trading posts and formed the Dutch West India Company

Colony in North America known as New Netherland

Opened to a variety of settlers Germans, French, Scandinavians

Colonizing the Caribbean On the islands of the Caribbean

European countries built huge sugar and cotton plantations

Used African slaves for labor on plantations


The Struggle for North America French, English and Dutch wanted to expand their

colonies in North America and they battled each other for colonial supremacy

New Netherland separated England's colonies in North America

1664 drove the Dutch out and renamed colony New YorkEngland battles France English wanted to push further west into continent and

they were blocked by the French 1754 dispute over land claims in the Ohio Valley region

led to a war between the two countries Known in North America as the French and Indian War It was part of a larger conflict called the Seven Year’s

War that involved fighting in Europe, North America, the West Indies and India

1763 the British defeat the French and the French gave up their holdings in North America

Britain became the supreme power in North America


European colonization brought disaster to Native Americans French and Dutch had a cooperative relationship with Native Americans

Helped with fur trapping and traded furs for European items like guns, hatchets, mirrors, beads

English wanted to populate colonies and they clashed with Native Americans over issues of land and religion Land: Wanted to push natives off their lands to build

towns and grow crops Religion: English considered natives as heathens and as a

threat to their “godly” society


Native American and English hostility grew 1622 Colonists in Jamestown and the Powhatan tribe

fought 1675- One of the bloodiest colonial conflicts was known

as King Philipp's War Chief Metacom (King Philipp) tried to unite Native

Americans against English settlers After a year the colonists defeated the Indians and put

an end to Native American resistance in the English colonies

More destructive than European guns was disease that devastated the population

One effect of the loss was a severe labor shortage across the colonies, so the colonists turned to another labor source African slaves

THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

SECTION 3


The Causes of African Slavery Slavery had existed in Africa for centuries Muslim societies took prisoners of war

and made them slaves In Muslim culture slaves had legal rights

and could move up in society Europeans needed a cheap labor source

to replace Native Americans in their New World colonies, they turned to African slaves1. Many had been exposed to Old World

diseases and had developed an immunity2. Africans had experience in farming3. Less likely to escape and easier to find in

unfamiliar New World


Atlantic Slave Trade developed over the next three centuries , turned into a massive enterprise

Over that time 9.5 million Africans had been sent to the Americas

Spanish imported Africans to their plantations and gold and silver mines

Portuguese imported over 40% of the slaves to the Americas

Used on their Brazilian sugar plantations


As Europeans established colonies their demand for cheap labor grew

From the late 1600’s to 1807 the English were the largest carriers of slaves to the New World

400,000 slaves were brought to Britain's North American colonies

African rulers cooperated with European slave traders

European traders waited in ports on the coast of Africa and waited for Africans to bring enslaved peoples to them

They were exchanged for gold, silver, guns and other manufactured goods

Some African rulers were opposed to this slave trade


Triangular Trade Network Africans slaves were part of a

trade network that: A. Europeans transported

manufactured goods to the African coast

B. Africans were transported across the Atlantic to the Caribbean Islands, South America or the English colonies

C. Merchants purchased goods (sugar, rice, tobacco, rum, coffee)for slaves and took them back to Europe to be sold


Voyage that brought slaves to the New World called the “middle passage”

Cruelty, sickness and death characterized journey

Slave traders packed Africans into ships

Almost 20% died on the trip across the ocean


Slavery in the AmericasSlaves auctioned off to the

highest bidderWorked long days and

sometimes suffered brutal treatment

Developed a way of life based on cultural heritage, kept alive music, stories and religion of ancestors

Slaves found ways to resist, did not work as hard or ran away or revolted


Had a profound impact on Americas and AfricaAfrica1. Many African culture lost generations of their fittest

members (young and able) to the slave trade2. Families were torn apart3. The slave trade introduced guns to the continent of AfricaThe Americas/ New World4. Slave contributed to the growth of the Americas through

their labor and their expertise in agriculture5. They brought their culture (music, art, food, religion) and it

became mixed with the cultures of the New World6. Many nations today have mixed race populations and

significant African- American populations

THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AND GLOBAL TRADE

SECTION4


Colonization of the Americas caused voluntary and involuntary migration of people and the introduction of goods from each continent

Exchange resulted in new business and trade practices in Europe

Columbian Exchange- global transfer of foods, plants and animals during the colonization of the Americas

Ships brought back items to Europe never seen before, many became food sources for the Europeans

Two most important were potatoes and corn Both were inexpensive to grow and supplied nutrition Both played a significant role in boosting the world’s population

Europeans introduced: livestock animals to the Americas (cows, sheep, pigs, horses), foods from Africa were introduced (bananas, peas, yams), grains from Europe (wheat, rice)

Disease was part of the Columbian exchange


Global TradeNew wealth and overseas trade led to new business

practicesGrowth of capitalism (an economic system based

on private ownership and owned to make a profit) No longer were governments the sole owners of great

wealth Many merchants gained wealth and used money to invest in

other enterprises and businesses flourished Increase in gold and silver from New World led to an

increase in the money supply and things began to cost more for average Europeans


Another type of business venture was the joint stock company

Investors purchased shares of stock in a company to combine wealth for a common purpose During 1500 and 1600’s common purpose was to colonize the

Americas Took large amounts of money to establish and build colonies Colonies were risky investments and if many people invested

they only risked a small loss A joint stock company was responsible for establishing

Jamestown


The Growth of Mercantilism Mercantilism was a new economic policy adopted by

European countries at this time Countries power depended on its wealth, allowed

countries to purchase goods and develop strong navies for trade

Goal was to attain as much wealth as possible Nation could increase its wealth in two ways:

Obtain as much gold and silver as possible Establish a favorable balance of trade by selling more that they

purchased Ultimate goal was to not depend on other countries for

goods so they had to establish colonies to provide what they did not have

Colonies also provided a market for good to be sold


Economic Revolution Changes European Society

1. Spurred the growth of towns2. Led to the rise of a merchant class who

controlled great wealth3. Led to the creation of national

identities and helped expand the power of European monarchs

4. Majority of Europeans remained poor

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