Age of Discovery Mr. Stikes. SSWH10 The student will analyze the impact of the age of discovery and...

Age of Discovery

Mr. Stikes

• SSWH10 The student will analyze the impact of the age of discovery and expansion into the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

• a. Explain the roles of explorers and conquistadors; include Zheng He, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, James Cook, and Samuel de Champlain.

• b. Define the Columbian Exchange and its global economic and cultural impact.

• c. Explain the role of improved technology in European exploration; include the astrolabe.

Why?

• Reasons for the Age of Discovery:– Economic

• Monopolies– Muslim, Italian

• Goods from Asia:– Pepper– Cinnamon– Silk

Why?

• “Gold, Glory, God”

– Gold: make money

– Glory: become famous

– God: spread Christianity

Famous Explorers

• Zheng He• Prince Henry the

Navigator• Bartholomew Dias• Christopher

Columbus• John Cabot

• Vasco da Gama• Pedro Cabral• Ferdinand Magellan• Henry Hudson• James Cook• Samuel de Champlain• Jacques Cartier

Zheng He (1371-1435)

• Chinese

• Eunuch who served the Ming Dynasty in China

• Muslim?

Zheng He (1371-1435)

• Completed 7 voyages throughout the Indian Ocean

– #1 – 1405-7 – 317 ships with over 27,000 men, visited Java in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and India

– #2 – 1407-9 – similar route/fleet

– #3 – 1409-11 – more concentrated in SE Asia

Zheng He (1371-1435)

• Completed 7 voyages throughout the Indian Ocean

– #4 – 1413-15 – reached as far as E. Africa

– #5 – 1416-19 – returned to Arabia, E. Africa

– #6 – 1421-22 – returned to Arabia, E. Africa

– #7 – 1430-33 – Records destroyed

Zheng He (1371-1435)

Zheng He (1371-1435)

• Purpose:– Tribute– Trade

• Brought back riches, including wild animals (giraffes, zebras, ostriches)

• After 1433, China turned inward– Why?

Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)

• Portuguese, son of King Dom João I and Phillipa of Lancaster

• Commissioned sea voyages to Africa and India

• Claimed four major island groups in Atlantic

Bartholomew Dias (c.1450-1500)• Portuguese

• Voyage (1487-1488)– Passed Cape of

Good Hope – First European?

• Died on voyage to Brazil w/ Cabral

Cape of Good Hope

Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)• Italian (from Genoa)

• Sailed for Spain

• First documented voyage across Atlantic since the Vikings (≈ A.D. 1000)

• Believed in sea route to Asia

• Incorrect beliefs:– Asia stretched farther east (about 30° more)– Japan was 1,500 miles of Asian coast– Size of earth

• Believed the Canary Islands were only 2,500 miles from Japan

Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)

• Gained support of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile– Why?

• Portuguese control of sea route around Africa• Small gamble = big reward

• Promised titles and land if he could find the way


• First Voyage (1492-1493)– Three ships: Niña, Pinta, Santa Maria

– Landfall in the Bahamas, October 12, 1492• “San Salvador”

– Observed natives they called “Indians”

– Visited the Bahamas, Cuba and Hispaniola


• Second Voyage (1493-1496)– Founded colony on Hispaniola, explored

southern Cuba

– Isabella ordered the “Indians” converted to Christianity

• Third Voyage (1498-1499)– Explored Trinidad & Venezuela, arrested due

to chaos in Hispaniola


• Third Voyage (1502-1504)– Explored Central America

– Marooned on Jamaica, rescued and returned to Spain


Columbus Meeting the Native Americans

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

• Solves dispute between Portugal and (Castilian) Spain– Splits world into Portuguese and Spanish

spheres of influence

• Mediation by Pope Alexander VI– Original line: set by Inter Caetera

(Papal bull of 4 May 1493)

• Later modified by Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)

John Cabot (c.1450-1499)• Italian (Venice), sailed for England

• 1497 – “discovered” North America– Newfoundland (probably)

Vasco da Gama (c.1469-1524)

• Portuguese

• First European to sail to India around Africa (1497-1499)– Visited Calicut, principal spice trading port in

India– Trip as a failure?

Pedro Cabral (c.1467-1520)• Portuguese

• Discovered Brazil (1500)– Accident

Ferdinand Magellan (c.1480-1521)

• Portuguese

• Sailed for Spain

• First European to sail around southern tip of South America (1520)

• First to circumnavigate the world (1519-1522)


• 5 ships left Spain (20 September 1519)

• Killed in fighting with natives in the Philippines (1521)

• Voyage continued with only one ship (the Victoria) on under Juan Sebastian Elcano, reaching Spain on 6 September 1522

Jacques Cartier (1491-1557)• French

• Discovered St. Lawrence River (1534)

Sain

t Law

renc

e R

iver

Samuel de Champlain (c.1570-1635)

• French explorer

• Searched for Northwest Passage

• Founded Quebec (1608)

• Discovered that European methods weren’t useful in America– Solution: Befriend native peoples

Henry Hudson (1611)

• Sailed for both England and the Netherlands

• Claimed land for the Dutch East India Company– Including New Netherlands (New Amsterdam,

present day New York)

James Cook (1728-1779)

• British explorer of the Pacific Ocean, “commonly regarded as the greatest sea explorer of all time”*

* Oxford Companion to World Exploration, “Cook, James”

• 3 Major Voyages to Pacific:– #1 – Endeavor – 1768-1771 –

circumnavigated New Zealand, visited Australia

– #2 – Resolution – 1772-1775 – charted southern Pacific

– #3 – Resolution – 1776-1780 – search for NW Passage, discovered Hawaii, killed in Hawaii (1779)


DID YOU KNOW: James Cook was the first European to describe a kangaroo.


Green = First voyage, Red = Second Voyage, Blue = Third Voyage, Blue Dotted = 3rd Voyage After Death of Cook. Map courtesy of wikimedia.org.

• Demonstrated that there could be no Northwest Passage or inhabitable Southern Continent

• Shows the merging of science with sea exploration


Technology and Exploration

• Astrolabe:– Measures angle (altitude) of sun and starts– Used to determine latitude

• Compass:– Magnetic– Determines direction

Perfected by the Arabs

Perfected by the Chinese


• Hourglass:– Determines time

• Maps:– Drawn by Cartographers– Much improved– Ptolemaic grid system


• Sails:– Used Arab triangular sails– Multiple masts– Stern based rudder


• Caravel– Incorporated

new tech.– Size:

≈ 65 feet ≈ 130 tons

Columbian Exchange

• The exchange of goods and people from Europe, Asia and Africa (the “Old World”) to the Americas (the “New World”)

Global Impact of Columbian Exchange

• Movement of peoples and cultures

• Exchanges of ideas

• European room for growth

Cultural Impact of Columbian Exchange

• Shelter for poor & outcasts

• Impact on natives– Positives– Negatives

• “Melting Pot”

Age of Discovery Mr. Stikes. SSWH10 The student will analyze the impact of the age of discovery and...

Documents

Transcript of Age of Discovery Mr. Stikes. SSWH10 The student will analyze the impact of the age of discovery and...