AGA2012__ World Cafe programme overview

Annual General AssemblyFood, Farmers and Markets

World CafesProgramme overview

00 02

Station AVan Kleffenszaal

GAFSP - ONE program with TWO windows to promote competitive and inclusive food systems

Laura Mecagni, International Finance Corporation & Yurie Tanimichi Hoberg, World Bank

How infrastructure development contributes to food security

Josephine Mwangi-Mutuura, African Development Bank

Agricultural cooperatives as a business model for devel-opment

María Larrea Loriente, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Spain

Green growth, South-South and policy progress: “State of play” for recommenda-tions from the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change

Christine Negra, CCAFS Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change

Station BMulti-purpose room

Findings from the confer-ence on value chains for transforming smallholder agriculture held 6-9 November 2012 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Lamon Rutten, Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation CTA

Putting the “Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsi-ble Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security” into practice at country level: Challenges for continuing international cooperation

Marylaure Crettaz, Swiss Agency for Develop-ment and Cooperation and Jorge Muñoz, World Bank

Nutrition-sensitive agriculture

Yurie Tanimichi Hoberg, World Bank

On common ground: Plat-form priority areas and emerging messages - Build-ing on the Joint Donor Concept

Karim Hussein,Platform consultant

Station CRoom 1D29

Inclusive business mod-els for food and nutrition security at the Base of the Pyramid

Myrtille Danse & Nicolas Chevrollier, Base of the Pyramid Innovation Center

Seas of Change: Innovation and exchange for scaling inclusive agri-food markets

Joost Guijt, Wageningen University

The New Alliance and GrowAfrica

David Hegwood, United States Agency for Interna-tional Development

Leaping & learning: Link-ing African smallholders to markets for better food security. What development partners need to know

Iris Krebber, Department for International Development & Steve Wiggins, Overseas Development Institute

Session overview

Session Ia // 14:35-15:10

Session Ib // 15:15-15:50

Session IIa // 16:20-16:55

Session IIb // 17:00-17:35

00 02

Station DRoom 1D91

Mobilising Aid for Trade to enhance CAADP implementa-tion and private sector initiatives - How to strengthen bridging between agriculture, trade and environment?

Sven Walter, Global Mechanism & Francesco Rampa, European Centre for Develop-ment Policy Management

Leveraging production through financial services

Bruce Dick, Rabobank

Resilience to external and inter-nal shocks while seizing economic opportunities in the emerging and changing circumstances

Parvindar Singh, Common Fund for Commodities

Scaling-up access to credit for rural development in Haiti

Matthew Straub, Canadian International Development Agency

Station EVan Kleffenszaal lounge

Women’s collective action in agricultural markets: The missing link for empowerment?

Sally Baden, Oxfam

Value chains - Generating local value added: Linking farmers through innovative approaches

Waltraud Rabitsch, Austrian Development Agency

Results measurement in the development of agricultural value chains

Jim Tanburn, Donor Committee for Enterprise Development

New world food system

Eric Smaling, Senator and Professor at the University of Twente

Station FRoom 1D41

Scaling-up sustainable trade through global private-public collaboration

Ewald Wermuth, Sustainable Trade Initiative

Promoting farmer entrepreneur-ship through partnering

Hedwig Bruggeman, Agri-ProFocus

0102 03

World Cafe Session Ia // No. 1 // 14:35-15:10GAFSP - ONE program with TWO windows to promote competitive and inclusive food systems

Laura Mecagni, International Finance Corporation & Yurie Tanimichi Hoberg, World Bank

IntroductionThe Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) addresses the need for more and better public and private investment in agriculture and related sec-tors to improve the income and food security of poor and vulnerable people in low-income countries. It is a multilateral financing mechanism that allows the rapid targeting and delivery of additional funding to public and private entities for support of strategic plans for agricul-ture and food security. With over $1.3 billion in pledges, it is imperative to leverage synergies between the two windows and maximise the impact of GAFSP invest-ments on the ground.

Objectives of the session1. Introduce GAFSP and its two distinct funding windows

as an innovative multi-lateral financing instrument that is now fully operational

2. Provide a forum for sharing experiences from public-private partnerships for fostering food security

3. Help to pin-point areas for closer international col-laboration and for leveraging synergies more widely in realising competitive but inclusive global food systems

The Public Sector WindowThis window provides a pooled source of additional donor financing targeted at scaling-up assistance to agriculture and food security by financing medium to long-term investments that will reduce risk and vulner-ability, and ultimately raise incomes and food and nutri-tion security of poor households in the poorest coun-tries. It supports technically sound, country-owned, and country-led agriculture and food security investment plans, thereby improving the sustainability prospects of donor financed investments.

The Private Sector WindowThe other window demonstrates new and innovative financing aimed at increasing the commercial poten-tial of small and medium sized agri-businesses and farmers by bringing them into the local, national, and global value chains. It supports private initiatives that help increase productivity, improve market access, sup-port innovation, and develop new ideas in financing and technology development, as well as projects that reduce information asymmetries between small end users of capital and financial institutions and reduce risks as-sociated with financing small holders/companies in the agribusiness sector.

Agenda1. Overview of the Program as a whole (Yurie)2. Status and update on the public sector: Announce

new call for proposals and discuss examples from the field (Yurie)

3. Status and update on the private sector window: Discuss funding mechanism, pipeline, and examples from the field (Laura)

4. Discuss working in partnerships with public, private, recipient, donor, and CSO stakeholders.

MaterialsHand-outs brought by speakers

0202 03

World Cafe Session Ia // No. 2 // 14:35-15:10Findings from the conference on value chains for transforming smallholder agriculture held 6-9 November 2012 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Lamon Rutten, Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation CTA

Key messages:1. There are many different definitions for value chains,

but at a minimum, a value chain requires a structured link of producers to consumer demand. So it is not just establishing the nature of demand and informing the producers of this, but also, enabling producers to meet this demand by organising, when neces-sary, the supply of inputs, and providing a structure for conveying the products to consumers in the form desired by the latter. Implicit to this is that there has to be an enabler, an entity that drives the creation of a value chain. In most cases, this will be a private sector entity; NGOs, government bodies and develop-ment agencies can be facilitators. It also implies that there are economic opportunities not just for farm-ers, but also for providers of services (inputs, finance, post-harvest handling, packaging etc.); a proper value chain approach therefore cannot focus exclusively on farmers.

2. For the private sector, it is generally much easier

to work with a few large farmers than with a large number of smallholders. For value chains to be smallholder-inclusive, the organising power of coop-eratives and NGOs can be critical; many of the most successful experiences are trilateral.

3. Organised value chains can enable producers to meet demand, and can improve their returns from their activities. The larger opportunities lie in developing national and regional value chains (in particular to meet the demand in rapidly-growing urban areas) and South-South trade. For example, in countries like Côte d’Ivoire or Mali, the size of the local food market is already more than double the size of agri-cultural exports.

4. There are already strong, well-organised value chains for food commodities, but they tend to originate in developed markets and end in developing country urban markets (large and small). To a large extent, the challenge is to permit producers in, say, Africa to plug into these value chains. This requires creating the conditions that permit producers to meet the exi-gencies of urban demand, in terms of price, quality, timeliness and conditions of sale.

5. Value chains provide good opportunities to financiers, as they can use the strongest point in the chain to an-chor their financings to all the value chain partners. However, this is not a traditional mechanism in de-veloping country banks, and there is much scope for enhancing the understanding of value chain finance.

6. Governments’ main role is in the provision of physi-cal infrastructure, and a proper legal, regulatory and policy framework, including for intra-regional trade. However, some parts of trade-related infrastructure (e.g. grading systems, commodity exchanges) can best be organised by the private sector, and in such cases governments should facilitate private sector investment rather than try to control these activities.

Further information: http://makingtheconnection.cta.int/

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World Cafe Session Ia // No. 3 // 14:35-15:10Inclusive business models for food and nutrition security at the Base of the Pyramid (BoP)

Myrtille Danse & Nicolas Chevrollier, Base of the Pyramid Innovation Center

Question to audienceHow can we contribute to scalable inclusive business models in small-scale agriculture in developing and emerging regions, so that it not only contributes to food security but also can spur economic growth in develop-ing countries and lift millions out of poverty?

Role of the private sectorIn recent years, there has been increased attention for understanding the poor as value-demanding consum-ers, resilient and creative entrepreneurs, producers, business partners and innovators which operate not detached from, but merely at the “base” of the economic pyramid (the BoP). Also, there is a growing interest in private sector development and in programmes that support the creation of new business models for provi-sion of services in the BoP markets where around 500 million smallholder farmers operate.

Business interventionsCurrently, five business interventions can be identified in practice, that aim to achieve social impact, financial sustainability and, potentially, scalable food and nutri-tion security strategies: 1. Farmer development services2. Secured sourcing schemes3. BoP intermediaries4. Food product adaptation5. Hybrid market creation

On one extreme, there are companies focusing on in-cluding smallholders in the value chain to improve qual-ity and volume of production. For example, DADTCO, a social enterprise, develops mobile small-scale cassava processing units in Nigeria allowing first processing close to farms. On the other extreme, there are compa-nies developing new nutritious products for low income consumers, such as Danone which ventured with Gra-meen in Bangladesh to create Grameen Danone Food Ltd that produces an ultra-low cost fortified yoghurt for small children distributed by entrepreneurial Bangla-deshi ladies.

Inclusive business challenges: Obstacles to link smallholders to markets and to integrate them into value chainsSmall farms face major disadvantages with respect to accessing modern market supply chains:• Low volumes of produce to sell• Variable quality• High transaction costs• Poor market infrastructure• Limited ability to meet the high credence requirements of many high value outlets

Further, it is becoming clear that a major obstacle is caused by a financing “missing middle” between micro finance and the regular financial instruments available to support companies developing products and ser-vices for the BoP. Potentially ground-breaking initia-tives - from local entrepreneurs as well as innovative MNEs and SMEs in industrialised economies - remain without financing at the early stage of entrepreneurial development, because impact investors have difficulties assessing in a satisfactory manner the risks involved, and entrepreneurs are insufficiently able to present themselves as “investment-ready”.

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World Cafe Session Ia // No. 4 // 14:35-15:10Mobilising Aid for Trade to enhance CAADP implementation and private sector initiatives - How to strengthen bridging between agriculture, trade and environment?

Sven Walter, Global Mechanism of the UNCCD & Francesco Rampa, European Centre for Development Policy Management

BackgroundECDPM and the GM are both supporting CAADP imple-mentation in order to mobilise finance for sustainable land management through the promotion of synergies between CAADP Regional Compacts/National Invest-ment Plans and other relevant environmental and trade-related processes such as TerrAfrica and Aid for Trade (AfT).

CAADP plays a crucial role in improving coordination among various players on agriculture strategy develop-ment, and mobilising expertise and resources to support them. While initially focused on increasing public invest-ment in agriculture and donor support to public expend-iture, it has been noticed that a real transformation of the African agriculture will depend on its capacity:• To develop more efficient agriculture markets and

boost intra-Africa trade• To use public resources to leverage private invest-

ment, both foreign and domestic

Challenges in building the enabling conditions to boost intra-Africa trade and capitalise on private investments1. Weak coordination between agriculture and trade

institutions in planning and developing coherent national and regional strategies in support of efficient agriculture markets

2. Limited scale and coordination of the blossoming number of private sector initiatives established to boost agricultural trade through catalysing the pri-vate sector, and the communication between private sector partners, country and regional partners.

Target support to boost intra-Africa trade and private sector investment in agriculture• Promoting institutional transformation across

agriculture and trade institutions through improved coherence of agriculture and trade development plans in defining regional and national priorities for the development of effective agriculture markets and value chains

• Strengthening the operational capacity of stakehold-ers to develop and implement joint value chain sup-port projects/programmes

Key questions for discussion1. How can GDPRD members strengthen coherence

between CAADP, AfT and other relevant processes to promote the sustainable trade in agriculture products in Africa?

2. How can GDPRD members support the increased operational capacities of African stakeholders, and in particular the private sector, at all levels (national, re-gional, continental) to promote key agricultural value chains?

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World Cafe Session Ia // No. 5 // 14:35-15:10Women‘s collective action in agricultural markets: The missing link for empowerment?

Sally Baden, Oxfam

Supporting women small-scale farmersDevelopment actors increasingly emphasise the impor-tance of “investing in women” to ensure food security and sustainability - as well as equity - in agricultural and rural development. In this context, collective action is potentially a critical - if poorly understood and un-derused - mechanism for women small-scale farmers to increase their engagement in agricultural markets. Women small-scale farmers face gender specific - as well as more general - barriers to engaging in markets in addition to their better documented production con-straints such as land, credit and inputs. Women produc-ers are often poorly represented in formal collective action. So, to what extent does collective action provide benefits to women in agricultural markets? What strat-egies of support are effective to realise these benefits?

During 2010-2012 Oxfam and partners, supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, set out to answer these questions, via stakeholder dialogue and quan-titative and qualitative research in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Mali. This work, which has just been completed, provides an evidence base on women’s market oriented collective action and its economic and empowerment benefits in a range of agricultural subsectors, as well as on the strategies of development actors to support this.

Objective of the sessionThis session will share insights from the research as well as views and related experiences of participants, to draw out key points to guide future policy and practice. We will debate some key messages including: • Support to formal collective action such as agricul-

tural marketing cooperatives is beneficial for women who have some assets and limited household respon-sibilities. Younger and poorer women need invest-ment in assets and/or more flexible organisation and support.

• Collective action in markets provides significant eco-nomic benefits to women who participate in groups, compared to those not in groups, engaged in the same markets.

• Economic benefits of collective action are accom-panied by increases in decision making control over some areas, but do not translate into broad based empowerment.

Strategies to support women’s collective actionsTo leverage the potential of collective action to overcome gender specific constraints to women’s engagement in agricultural markets, development actors need to adopt explicit strategies, or risk further exacerbating rural gender inequalities as they strive to engage farm-ers in markets. Some effective strategies of support to women’s collective action in markets are: • Focus on high value subsectors where control of land

assets is not a critical constraint• Strategic use of new technologies as focus of collec-

tive action to promote women’s entry into growing sectors

• Raise awareness of benefits of women’s market engagement and gain buy in of men - in companies, organisations, households and communities - for women’s participation in collective action

• Enable existence of informal as well as formal collec-tive action and promote links between them

• Cultivate women’s leadership capacities (including in women-only groups) and “gender responsive” leader-ship in mixed organisations.

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World Cafe Session Ia // No. 6 // 14:35-15:10Scaling-up sustainable trade through global private-public collaboration

Ewald Wermuth, Sustainable Trade Initiative

BackgroundGovernments and NGOs strive for public goods, such as poverty reduction, economic empowerment of producers and safeguarding the global environment. For compa-nies supply security and the license to operate have be-come serious challenges. IDH merges these public and private interests in a common action agenda that aims at mainstreaming global sustainable production. Through bundling of forces of the private and public sectors, IDH convenes a large sustainable sourcing commitment in the sector, the know-how and enabling environment power of the public sector for market transformation. Thus, contributing to domestic private sector develop-ment and delivering impact on the Millennium Develop-ment Goals (MDG) 1, 7 and 8.

Key emerging lessons• Transformation PPP models must be scalable to cre-

ate meaningful impact on a global scale. The inclu-sion of millions of smallholder producers is essential. Training in Good Agricultural Practices is key to increase livelihoods of farmers, as we see in tea.

• Public and private partners must collaborate to reach scale. Governments have a role to play in creating an enabling environment that supports sustainable market transformation. Laws and regulations (includ-ing fiscal) that either reward sustainable practices or push laggards towards more sustainable practices , can help create a level playing field. Public procure-ment can help create more market demand and has a spill over effect. International lobby can support the cooperation with governments in developing and emerging economies.

• Market transformation should become a self pro-pelling mechanism. To make sustainable market transformation self sufficient, the embedding in, or building on local structures is a prerequisite. This calls for the inclusion of local governments, local NGOs and local companies in the process of market transformation.

• PPP market transformation needs the involvement of NGOs. Both in the role as implementer as in the role of watch dog.

• Donors should be clear on what they seek to achieve through private sector partnerships.

Key discussion points• How can sustainable change (both social and environ-

mental) become self-perpetuating?• Limitations and strengths of certification and stand-

ards - IDH supports to go beyond certification• Donor alignment: How can we improve linkages?• Involving the domestic markets in our theory of

change

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World Cafe Session Ib // No. 7 // 15:15-15:50How infrastructure development contributes to food security

Josephine Mwangi-Mutuura, African Development Bank

Why infrastructure development is a basic re-quirement for food security• Road networks that connect food production farms

to market centres• Reduce the cost of production and food distribution

(including cost of inputs) • Increase farmers’ incomes and incentive to produce • Connect regions of food surplus to regions of food

deficit, thus eliminating pockets of hunger • Reduce postharvest losses and increase food avail-

ability• Connect farmers to road and rail corridors and

hence regional markets• Improve productivity through irrigation and access

to inputs• Reduce crop destruction by floods through flood

control infrastructure, and use of collected water for irrigation

• Enable food processing to increase shelf live and add value (power generation)

• Provide information on markets

Conditions of the majority of the African population, especially in sub-Saharan Africa• Live in the middle of nowhere with no connectivity to

main roads, telecommunication, power• Carry goods on their heads and backs, and on don-

keys • Their crops rot in the fields• Experience extreme hunger due to drought and

perishing property in floods

Characteristics of infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa• Very low connectivity density (in terms of paved

road network), estimated at 16.8 km/1000 sq. km compared to 37 km/1000 sq. km in the rest of the world’s Low Income Countries; although roads carry the bulk of freight and passengers (80-90 per cent on average)

• Very low rail road connectivity estimated at about 2.8 km/1000 sq. km. compared to 3.4 km/1000 sq.km for the rest of the low income countries

• Minimal water storage capacity and distribution in-frastructure for agriculture, domestic and industrial use, resulting in gross underutilisation of Africa’s abundant water resource

• Limited irrigated agriculture – less than seven per cent of agriculture land is irrigated

• Lowest power generation capacity in the world while it is estimated by some that about 93 per cent of continents economically viable hydropower potential remains unexploited

Some of the reasons for these deficiencies• High cost of infrastructure development in Africa

and the associated services that are several times more expensive than elsewhere– High tariffs and cost of doing business– Governance issues– Inadequate competition– Underdeveloped construction industry– Lack of political will

Results• Population concentration in high agricultural

productive areas with high rainfall due to lack of alternatives such as irrigation facilities

• Poor water management and wastage that could be used for irrigation

• Poor returns to agriculture as farmers cannot access markets, resulting in serious rural-urban migration that constrains provision of services and food in urban areas

• High cost of transportation of goods due to poor road and rail network

• Very high postharvest loses of agricultural pro-duce, sometimes up to 40 per cent for luck of transport and storage facilities and link to mar-kets,

• Disincentive to produce food and other agricultural products for lack of markets, and input supply, causing hunger and food insecurity

• Pockets of food deficit and pockets of food surplus and waste at national and regional level that could be eased by free and cheap movement of food

Acknowledging the importance of infrastructure to address food security, the African Development Bank has in recent years focused on infrastructure development in Africa, with the expectation that other development partners would complement these ef-forts through support of other agricultural production aspects such as research and extension, credit provi-sion, farmer mobilisation, etc.

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World Cafe Session Ib // No. 8 // 15:15-15:50Putting the “Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security” into practice at country level: Challenges for continuing international cooperation

Jorge Muñoz, World Bank & Marylaure Crettaz, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

The Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Gov-ernance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and ForestsThe Tenure Guidelines were endorsed in May 2012 by the Committee on World Food Security. Developed in an inclu-sive and participatory process, they are the first interna-tional instrument on the governance of land, fisheries and forests, recognising that secure tenure rights and equitable access to land, fisheries and forests are crucial to achieve food security of vulnerable rural poor populations, as well as to manage natural resources in a sustainable manner.

Country-level implementationThe World Bank is actively engaged with multiple part-ners in supporting the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines at the country level through wide-spread dissemination, capacity building, financial support to policies and projects that enhance the governance of land tenure according to these guidelines. The Bank considers these Guidelines as a major international instrument to guide specific policy reforms, since it provided an agreed framework for action, broad participation, and monitoring outcomes.

Supporting land surveyingThe World Bank supports and recommends government policies that implement systematic land surveying and titling programs that recognise all forms of land tenure. At the same time, respect for customary and traditional land rights should be looked at dynamically, focusing on the shortcomings (e.g. women’s access to land) and striking a balance between what needs to be preserved and what needs to be changed.

Why modern, efficient and transparent land tenure policy is vitalLand tenure policy reduces poverty, and promotes growth and sustainable development. Security of property rights is central to preserving livelihoods, maintaining social stability, and increasing incentives for investment and for sustainable, productive land use. The Bank’s support at the country level is in the form of investment projects, techni-cal assistance, research, training, and dissemination of best practices.

Connection to GrowAfricaThe World Bank is an active participant in Grow Africa which is a partnership platform to accelerate investments for sustainable and inclusive growth in African agriculture. In addition, the Bank and several partners have developed the Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF), a

diagnostic tool to assess the status of land governance at country level in a participatory process that draws on local expertise and existing evidence rather than on advice from outsiders.

For the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), the Tenure Guidelines’ implementation represents a unique opportunity to address land governance issues at global, regional and country levels, through various instru-ments and modalities.

Key messages• The implementation of the guidelines will allow working

with a wide-range of stakeholders.• Through the Multi-donor Trust Fund established by FAO,

countries can use the Tenure Guidelines as yardstick to guide their land governance systems and institu-tions in a responsible manner. They can benefit from technical assistance and tools currently finalised by FAO (implementation guides, e-learning modules, etc.). The FAO-led initiative will also promote capacities through scientific and technical partners at national and regional level and finally ensures proper monitoring of the im-plementation of the Tenure Guidelines. SDC’s financial contribution to the trust fund will be complemented with contributions from other donors (Belgium, Germany, and others were reportedly finalising their contribu-tion. Synergies between the Land Policy Initiative of the African Union-Economic Commission for Africa and African Development Bank, on the one hand, and the Tenure Guidelines implementation need to be sought in a systematic manner. Specific attention will be given in 2013 by SDC to the implementation of the AU Declara-tion in Niger where SDC has been actively supporting in the last couple of decades the implementation of the “Code rural”.

• The Tenure Guidelines approach and content currently serve as reference for an informed policy dialogue between SDC offices at country level and governments (Benin, Laos), for shaping on-going or new programmes (Mekong region, Great Lakes) and supporting countries interested in implementing comprehensive land policies and reforms.

Key questions1. What are your institutions doing to facilitate an effective

implementation of the tenure guidelines?2. What kind of partnerships and coordination at country

level should the donor community help put in place?

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World Cafe Session Ib // No. 9 // 15:15-15:50Seas of Change: Innovation and exchange for scaling inclusive agri-food markets

Joost Guijt, Wageningen University

The coming decades require unprecedented change in global agriculture and food systems to maintain secure supplies and assure food security. Agriculture offers the best opportunity for the estimated two billion people living in smallholder households to work and trade their way out of poverty. Significant impact on poverty and food security requires change at scale, both scaling up successful approaches and implementing new ap-proaches with scale built-in to the initial design.

The Seas of Change InitiativeSince 2011, the Seas of Change initiative focuses on the question of, “What works when scaling inclusive agri-food markets?” Initial research and interaction with several hundred leading business and development practitioners point to many inclusive business initia-tives. Yet, few are having an impact at scale, and there is a marked lack of learning and synthesis across these initiatives.

A longer-term applied research, innovation and ex-change programme is being developed to assist busi-nesses to directly tackle their operational challenges and actively and effectively share innovative practices. This will be complemented by support for multi-actor collaboration on strategic issues.

Overall programme objectiveTo help drive an inclusive approach to agricultural devel-opment that can draw 20-30 per cent more small-scale producers into long term commercially viable markets, create significant numbers of new and fair employment opportunities in the sector and stimulate small and medium enterprise

Core functions of the Wageningen UR Center for Development Innovation and the Sustainable Food Lab Identifying and understanding innovative practices and trends• Proactively sharing experiences among leading firms

and development organisations• Adapting and applying in different contexts• Rigorously assessing impact.

Key business and policy bottlenecks are the focus. Engaged practitioners are main partners and target group – champions leading practical work on inclusive markets from influential organisations in both the pri-vate and public sectors.

The three pathways of impact1. Improved programs led by committed, senior

practitioners - reaching deep2. More commitment and activity within practitioners’

own organizations - reaching in3. Advocacy and advice to wider industry groups - reach-

ing out

The three interlinked components that feed into the strands of reaching deep, in and out1. Organisational support: Support for individual busi-

nesses or clusters of businesses.2. Collaborative research on strategic issues3. Coordination and exchange hub

Current priority research and capacity building themes identified by practitioners • Business models for working with large numbers of

small-scale suppliers• Scaling inclusiveness • Measuring performance and impact of inclusive agri-

food markets, certification• Pre-commercial financing and public private partner-

ships• Agri-clusters as drivers of rural vitality• The role of small-scale suppliers and business in

future food supply • Transitions out of agriculture and subsistence level

safety nets

Critical masses of interest and questions emerging around the following topic/region combinations• Effective Approaches to Inclusive Markets, regional

meeting: Philippines, 2013• Inclusive Business Models and PPPs: Eastern Africa

mid-2013• Performance Measurement Practitioners Meeting

(part II): Washington, DC, December 2013• Sharing concept and findings with goal setting plat-

forms: on-going• Aligning public and private investments and pre-com-

mercial finance pathways (2013 and 2014)• G20 Meeting, connecting to food security agenda:

Australia, November 2014• SFL summit: May 2014

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World Cafe Session Ib // No. 10 // 15:15-15:50Leveraging production through financial services

Bruce Dick, Rabo Development

Key messages• Rabobank’s cooperative background and historical

roots in the food and agricultural sector has fostered a passion when talking about food, farming and markets.

• Rabo Development, a division within Rabobank Group, has a mission of increasing access to financial services in developing countries that have substantial potential in the food and agri sector.

Our business model• Strategic investment in local financial institution• Board, Management and Advisory Services to

accelerate development and capacity building

Some of the challenges in rural financing in developing economies• Enabling environment is suspect• Lack of scale at farm level• Agriculture often not viewed as economic activity• Poor or non-existent supply chain organisation• Agricultural policy framework absent/distorted• Poor financial literacy

The way forward • Reaching small and emergent farmers, utilising co-

operative principles and banking experience.– The agricultural cooperative model provides an

excellent model to connect small and– Emerging farmers and develop national rural

economics. Provides a voice to its members, gains economics of scale and a financing vehicle for financial institutions.

– Connecting farmers to other actors in the value chain, e.g. inputs, production, processing, marketing, service providers etc.

– Connecting farmers to financial service providers

ConclusionCooperative models, professionalising banking and un-locking agricultural potential can enhance food produc-tion and help in alleviating poverty.

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World Cafe Session Ib // No. 11 // 15:15-15:50Value chains - Generating local value added: Linking farmers to markets through innovative approaches

Maria-Waltraud Rabitsch, Austrian Development Agency

Switching the focus of value chain developmentMany strategies in addressing value chain development are primarily addressing those farmers, who already have access to markets and also have sufficient surplus to sell in an acceptable quality. Thus, market-oriented interventions in general fail to sufficiently integrate smallholder farmers and other vulnerable groups in value chains. Even when they are targeted, it has been acknowledged that the poor and vulnerable can benefit less than the slightly wealthier farmers.

Biases against involving the poorBiases exist at different levels, as the involvement of the more poor and vulnerable is more demanding and chal-lenging: They are less visible and articulated and more difficult to reach. Moreover, supporting the poor and vulnerable is still partially considered as “politically and economically not worthwhile”, resulting in less empha-sis of these groups in the framework of national policies and budget allocation.

Quite often the specific needs, interests and priorities of small-scale farmers are not sufficiently taken into ac-count. In this respect, ADCs experiences show that inse-cure access and user rights to natural resources, access to financial resources as well as inadequate social and economic services are restricting factors. It is especially difficult for smallholder farmers to take up the associat-ed risks when entering value chains, because they have to invest in new and/or improved varieties for example.

Social and institutional capacities neglectedIt has also been learned that market-oriented approach-es focus too much on technical aspects of value chains. In this respect, main emphasis is given towards improv-ing agricultural production and productivity through training and extension services, linking to markets and businesses especially by providing access to relevant information and business development services as well as the establishment of basic infrastructure).

Innovative and inclusive partnership models at local level as effective approachesThese have to be based on transparent arrangements and regulations as well as explicitly defined roles and responsibilities of all actors involved along the whole value chain. ADCs experiences show that a multi-stakeholder approach, placing special emphasis on the empowerment of poor and vulnerable groups in order for them to have more equal access to required assets, information and innovation is crucial.

Further success criteria• Further success criteria are related to more balanced

power relations• Common understanding and trust• Mutual accountability• Possibilities for joint learning amongst all stakeholder• Strong social networks and relationships between

farmers, processors, traders, service providers

In ADCs point of view, organisational development and enhancing negotiation capabilities of smallholder farm-ers and cooperatives enabling them to receive better prices for their products and better services also need to be addressed. Finally, farmers and farmer’s organisa-tions need to be empowered to be able to advocate for a more favourable policy environment and to participate in decision-making processes.

ADA has just started a small research project dealing with the documentation of change processes which are resulting in long-term enhancement of value added. This includes an analysis regarding enabling respec-tively disenabling framework conditions, capacities and resources for such processes. This analytical work should result in recommendations in terms of ap-proaches and methodologies as well as appropriate supporting mechanisms. ADC would be happy not just to share these results (to be expected end of 2013) with interested other parties, but also to join forces in such analytic work, information sharing and joint learning.

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World Cafe Session IIa // No. 12 // 16:20-16:55Agricultural cooperatives as a business model for development

María Larrea Loriente, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Spain

BackgroundThe agriculture sector is the principal source both of income and food in rural areas. It is mainly a private activity collecting most labour force in rural areas and particularly between women. Agriculture developed by smallholders may contribute to economic growth and thus to reduce hunger and poverty, as 75 per cent of people suffering from abject poverty live in rural areas.

Challenges for smallholders• Agriculture is an economic activity with its own singu-

larities: Production uncertainty (droughts, floods and plagues), the nature of supply (difficulties for stocking perishable food) and demand of food (cheaper food does not mean more sales)

• Little or no access to credits, inputs and/or natural resources, insecure access to markets and little market information

• Moreover, food production is expected to increase more than 70 per cent to satisfy the world’s population needs in 2050, when the world would have nine billion inhabit-ants

What can small farmers do to improve exploitations productivity and have the opportunity to upscale their production and improve their incomes?• Sustainable development deserves a sound private sec-

tor, and cooperatives and social economy initiatives are surely the most accessible way for smallholder produc-ers, and among them women, to business venture and to private sector.

• Cooperatives are a business model with social con-science. A participatory and inclusive business model that empower most vulnerable by improving their devel-opment opportunities and by the promotion of small-holder farmers’ role concerning private investments.

• Fostering the participation of vulnerable groups in activities generating income and wealth. Cooperatives and other kind of social economy enterprises provide a way of access to decent work and formal economy to vulnerable groups by promoting self-employment and facilitating job placements.

• Agricultural cooperatives may foster smallholder farmers’ access to markets by empowering them and promoting market-oriented training and education.

The particular case of Spain• In Spain, 62 per cent of farms had fewer than five

hectares of land and the majority of producers are small farmers. In this regard, Spanish cooperatives have a long tradition, but during the 1980s - through the crea-tion of a legal framework - they were fostered.

• Agricultural cooperatives have helped small farmers to get better organised when it comes to buying agri-cultural inputs, to have better capacity of negotiation against big agroindustry companies, and going beyond the production stage by working on product processing.

• Though there are still big challenges ahead, it goes without saying that cooperatives are an essential tool for small farmers to face these challenges.

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World Cafe Session IIa // No. 13 // 16:20-16:55Nutrition-sensitive agriculture

Yurie Tanimichi Hoberg, World Bank

Nutrition-sensitive agriculture aims to maximise impact on nutrition outcomes for the poor, while minimising the unintended negative nutritional consequences of agricultural interventions and policies on the lives of the poor, especially women and young children. The issue is highly relevant to inclusive food systems. Agriculture can be geared to produce foods with the nutrients necessary for healthy, active, and productive lives. ARD projects can also affect water quality, disease occurrence, and food safety, which are each important for health and nutrition.

Guidance for mainstreaming nutritionThe World Bank’s Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD) department is developing guidance for Bank teams for mainstreaming nutrition into Bank operations, including the following actions:• Incorporate nutrition-sensitive analysis and activi-

ties into ARD project design and food security policy dialogue

• Measure the progress of activities affecting nutrition periodically through relevant output indicators and through outcome indicators at baseline, mid-term, and project completion – and potentially more regu-larly on an on-going basis

• Ensure that agriculture projects and policies do not cause unintended harm to nutrition

We would benefit from learning about other agencies’ guidelines as well as their modalities for making them operational.

Key references• World Bank ARD/Human Development Network Eco-

nomic and Sector Work Addressing Nutrition through Multi-Sectoral Approaches (see Module C on ARD), forthcoming.

• www.securenutritionplatform.org: Knowledge Platform aims to bridge knowledge gaps between agriculture, food security, and nutrition. This platform offers a space to exchange experiences and to dis-seminate and gather information.

Agenda1. Introduction of the World Bank’s approach to nutrition

sensitive agriculture2. Group discussion

MaterialsHand-outs brought by speaker

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World Cafe Session IIa // No. 14 // 16:20-16:55The New Alliance and GrowAfrica

David Hegwood, United States Agency for International Development

Increasing private sector investment is indispensable to the growth of African agricultureUnfortunately, despite the growth of private sector invest-ment in developing countries, almost none of it has been going to poverty-reducing agricultural development in Af-rica. Global and local firms frequently complain about the same barriers to investment, including corruption, ineffec-tive policies, and a lack of access to donor programs that could help make projects in developing countries feasible.

New Alliance for Food Security and NutritionLaunched at the G8 Camp David Summit in May, 2012, the New Alliance aims to mobilise private sector investment as a catalyst for long-term economic growth by creat-ing a more favourable private sector investment climate. The New Alliance brings together donors, private sector companies, and developing countries to expand investment opportunities in African agriculture by matching commit-ments from the private sector with commitments from African countries to implement serious market-oriented reforms.

Country Cooperation FrameworkEach New Alliance country develops a Country Coopera-tion Framework outlining key commitments by countries, donors and the private sector. New Alliance countries commit to serious market-oriented policy reforms. Donors commit to align financial and technical assistance with CAADP investment plan priorities. Private sector compa-nies commit to make investments, frequently in the form of partnerships between large continental or multinational firms and smaller local firms.

Companies committing to agricultural investmentsSince Camp David, more than 70 global and local com-panies have committed $3.5 billion in investments in agriculture to New Alliance countries. Private sector participants include Cargill, DuPont, Rabobank, Syngenta, and Unilever, which are already engaging with the New Alli-ance countries, shaping their investment plans to benefit smallholder farmers, and defining the next steps in their investment process.

African countries with Country Cooperation FrameworksGhana, Tanzania and Ethiopia were the first three countries to conclude Country Cooperation Frameworks. At UNGA, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire and Mozambique became members of the New Alliance. Additional countries are expected to conclude Country Cooperation Frameworks and become New Alliance members in 2013.

Commitment to mutual accountabilityThe New Alliance is committed to mutual accountability of all partners. It intends to build on the accountability work of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Pro-gram and L’Aquila Food Security Initiative, which respec-tively track the commitments, investments and impacts of African governments and donors. A Leadership Council is to drive and track implementation and will report to the G8 and African Union on progress toward achieving the com-mitments under the New Alliance, including commitments made by the private sector.

GrowAfricaGrowAfrica and the New Alliance share a common per-spective on mobilising private sector investment in agricul-ture. The African Union, NEPAD, and the World Economic Forum convened GrowAfrica in 2011 to help countries take advantage of the work on CAADP investment plans to begin attracting private sector investment. GrowAfrica works with countries to prepare investment blueprints and to connect countries with investors. The complementarities between GrowAfrica and the New Alliance will create posi-tive momentum for accelerating private sector investment.

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World Cafe Session IIa // No. 15 // 16:20-16:55Resilience to external and internal shocks while seizing economic opportunities in the emerging and changing circumstances

Parvindar Singh, Common Fund for Commodities

Role of commodities in developmentCommodities remain crucial to individual livelihoods, as well as national economic well-being and development of commodity dependent developing countries thus also for food security. Commodity sector can deliver the key Millen-nium Development Goals (MDGs) by increasing basic food supplies, enhancing incomes and creating employment in the rural areas, improving terms of trade leading to better living standards, and greater gender equality, contributing to women’s empowerment.

Vulnerability of commodity producersCommodities are a link to markets thus producers are vulnerable to markets and face income volatility.• Volatility sources in physical commodity markets:

Uncertainties about production, e.g. weather, pests, and calamities. Low elasticity of demand: small variation in availability means large variation in price. Demand for physical commodity determined by fundamental consumption, hence self-stabilizing. Long-time lags in production capacity response, so may have price cycles

• Volatility mostly affects the poor: The adverse impact of price fluctuations falls on the least efficient and poor market player, i.e. weakest commodity producers.

Solutions need to address vulnerability of commodity producers• Exposure to volatility• Mitigate the impact and enhance ability to cope

Known practical measures include1. Market development2. Value-chain development3. Diversification and value-addition4. Enhancing productivity and food Security5. Advocacy, building partnerships and dissemination

While commodity producers face many threats, there are also many opportunities1. Developing entrepreneurship to provide goods and

services to the emerging and growing urban areas2. Upgrading production techniques and commercialising

commodity production and processing3. Improving access to markets by technological up

gradation4. Understanding and creating access to new markets5. Understanding and creating access to new market

structures - emerging super markets6. Information and knowledge dissemination using mod-

ern ICT techniques

Key Challenges• Aging population engaged in agriculture• Increasing feminisation of rural areas• Agriculture losing its economic attractiveness because of

perceived lack of remunerative economic opportunities

Intervention areas• Improving the competitiveness of commodities and en-

hancing the cost effectiveness of commodity production; for trade and to enhance self-sufficiency

• Introducing new technologies, encouraging use of appropriate inputs, higher quality seeds and planting materials, and reducing wastage

• Expansion of processing of primary products - moving up the value addition chain

• Diversification of production-reducing the dependency on a few commodities

• Providing appropriate risk management tools

These are to be implemented through partnerships and coalitions.

Uniqueness of CFC• Exclusive focus on commodities• Projects are mainly Aid for Trade and identified and

implemented without formal governmental involvement• Normally involve a counterpart contribution by any

entity with a direct interest in the project

The CFC works with diverse partners and builds coalitions to foster local ownership and leadership.

Solutions are case specific• The case of productivity - food security: CFC investing in

rice food security programmes in LAC and Africa. The introduction of innovative agronomic practices of irri-gated rice cultivation led to immediate increase of aver-age rice yields by two tons/ha in the major rice growing areas of Brazil/ Venezuela. This technology package is now being introduced via private sector rice producer associations in all other major rice producing countries in Latin and Central America.

• When market access is the problem: Sorghum produc-tion in West Africa is a subsistence farming activity involving small farmers who produce for their own domestic needs. They have no access to commercial markets. A public private project partnership of CFC with international breweries in West Africa led to the substitution of imported grains with locally produced sorghum. CFC Sorghum Project got 2010 MDG Award.

Key messageWhat matters is not the scale, but precise targeting of interventions keeping constraints in view.• The commodity sector is interlinked across sectors,

industries and ministries. There is a need for policy coherence to obtain maximum leverage from commodi-ties and focussed national, regional and international cooperation.

• Building Partnerships and engaging all stakeholders including private sector from early stages with clear and measurable outputs leads to sustainable results.

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World Cafe Session IIa // No. 16 // 16:20-16:55Results measurement in the development of agricultural value chains

Jim Tanburn, Donor Committee for Enterprise Development

The situationDespite great interest in results, relatively little information is available on what is being achieved in the development of agricultural value chains. Even self-reported results are rare, and may not always be credible.

For example, “project reports provide a substantial amount of anecdotal evidence for the positive outcomes and impacts of value chain initiatives. Some of the out-comes appear to be very positive. Beyond this, there was little systematic impact evaluation evidence across the 30 projects... This lack of systematic impact assessment is understandable ... but it is a problem” (Value Chains, Donor Interventions and Poverty Reduction, Humphrey and Navas-Alemán, IDS, 2010).

Meanwhile, many practitioners believe that they are achieving great results, but lack a credible channel through which to communicate those results.

The solution: The DCED StandardProviding a practical framework, programmes can monitor progress towards their objectives - based on clarity and agreement around the programme logic. “The develop-ment community’s failure to learn is not a failure of evalu-ation or measurement more broadly, but instead a failure of strategic clarity” (Jodi Nelson, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation).

The process of clarifying the results chain or logic, on its own, can already deliver substantial improvements in ef-fectiveness - since all partners can understand the basis for the whole programme. For example, in a training in-tervention, it is often useful to agree the behaviour change anticipated as a result of the training, and then to estimate projections of the hoped-for improvement in business performance as a result of that behaviour change.

Once clarified, the results chain can be used to design an appropriate and tailored monitoring system. Implement-ers can work with this system to verify whether events are unfolding in the way they had hoped. They can then make changes in the course of the project to maximise effective-ness, based on the feedback grained. Credibility of the system can be assured through a DCED audit, if desired.

Individual steps of the DCED Standard1. Articulating the results chain / logic / theory of change2. Defining the indicators of change, based on that results

chain3. Good measurement practice4. Building a ‘story’ around attribution5. Looking for wider change in the system or market6. Relating the measured results to programme costs7. Reporting results (internally and externally)8. Managing the monitoring system day-to-day

The point of the sessionThere is rapidly growing interest to articulate and under-stand the results chain or logic of programmes; some people are also using terms like the theory of change and the causal model to refer to very similar ideas. Systems similar to the Standard (if any) are likely to become in-creasingly widely-used, and indeed requested by donors. Jim Tanburn will outline actual experiences with the DCED Standard since 2009, and hopes that others will bring their own, related experiences to share. The emphasis will be on practical experience rather than elegant theory - since the challenge is not to develop better theories, but to make a difference to the way that programmes are managed in the field.

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World Cafe Session IIa // No. 17 // 16:20-16:55Promoting farmer entrepreneurship through partnering

Hedwig Bruggeman, Agri-ProFocus

About Agri-ProFocusAgri-ProFocus is an international partnership of agricul-tural professionals and their organisations, companies and knowledge institutes. Originating from the Netherlands, Agri-ProFocus is now active in 12 African countries and will soon also venture into Bangladesh and Indonesia. The partnership is facilitated by a small dedicated team.

Examples from the fieldThe mission of Agri-ProFocus is to promote farmer en-trepreneurship by creating spaces and opportunities for multi-stakeholder action and learning. • Ethiopian Learning Alliance• Support Programme for Promoting Rural Entrepre-

neurship (APEA), Niger• Gender in Value Chains Community (Book and Practi-

cal Toolkit)• Initiative for the Promotion of Rural Entrepreneurship

(IPER), Rwanda

Agri-Hubs in AfricaThe local communities in African countries, which we call Agri-Hubs, are our greatest asset. Agri-Hubs have individ-ual membership bases from 100 to 1500 local profession-als in the agricultural sector. In addition, a range of local as well as international companies and organisations are active participants in and contributors to the Agri-Hubs. By having such a broad and (inter)active network, Agri-ProFo-cus offers its members and other parties access to:• Useful contacts en entries in the local agricultural

sector• Cooperation opportunities and potential business

partners (for which we can do brokering)• Information about access to new markets and market

opportunities• Access to innovation communities with fresh ideas• Specific knowledge about countries and value chains• Access to/ assistance with applying for subsidies

of the Dutch government for joint programmes and public-private partnerships

• Feedback on new products directly from a potential consumer/ beneficiary base.

• Shortly summarised: Agri-Hubs open doors!

Agriculture in Africa is currently considered ‘booming’ and there are lots of opportunities for investment as well as for improving the livelihoods of millions of farmers and their dependants. What do we do with those opportunities?

Facts and figures about the Agri-Hubs• Countries: Benin, Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mo-

zambique, Niger, DR Congo (East), Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia; each with an online platform.

• Largest Agri-Hub: Uganda (1,515 professionals, 430 associated organisations)

• Largest joint programme: Ethiopian Food Security and Rural Entrepreneurship Fund (€6.6 million, of-fering biannual tenders for innovative agricultural products and services)

• Successful intervention: Agri-ProFocus organises Agri-Finance Fairs in various countries, where farm-ers and banks meet, exchange and make deals on the ground. Fairs and similar events have already been organised in Kenya (3), Uganda (4), Rwanda (2), Mali, Niger, Mozambique and Ethiopia (2).

• Successful matchmaking: Agri-ProFocus and Agri-Hub Ethiopia linked TGT (an Ethiopian mechanisation company) to Dutch Rumptstad. TGT has started to import two-wheel Rumptstad tractors and we help them to find funding for on-farm testing and local as-sembly.

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World Cafe Session IIb // No. 18 // 17:00-17:35Green growth, South-South and policy progress: “State of play” for recommenda-tions from the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change

Christine Negra, CCAFS Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change

Key messagesEstablished in 2011 by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) with support from the Global Donor Platform for Rural Development, the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change has:• Outlined a comprehensive set of science-based policy

actions to achieve food security in the context of climate change. Over 22,000 report downloads.

• Reached priority audiences through presentations (COP 17, Planet Under Pressure, SBSTA, ICSU, Rio+20, Hanoi CSA conference, COP18, etc.), briefings, op-eds and other communication tools. Nearly 16,000 views of the ‘safe space’ video. ARDD4 learning events built around the recommendations.

• Created new knowledge and influenced policy. Commis-sioners led studies on food price and eating patterns and injected messages into policy venues.

• Received significant media attention. The New York Times editorial page lauded the Commission, which was also covered in 37 different news outlets.

• Brokered multi-sector engagement. Dialogues with over 100 decision makers about “who can do what” to advance the recommendations.

• Articulated the role for scientists. Peer-reviewed journal articles grounded and showcased the Commission’s recommendations including a Science Policy Forum.

Assessing the “state of play” related to selected Commission recommendations1. National progress toward green growth that includes

agriculture and climate change– Innovative public and private action around the world is testing the green growth concept through context-specific projects and policy.

2. Integrated national policy interventions for climate change, agriculture and food insecurity– Policy advancements in New Zealand, Ethiopia and Brazil illustrate holistic approaches.

3. South-south knowledge exchange at the food security-climate change nexus– Knowledge-sharing interactions and shared invest-

ments are addressing sustainable technologies and methods in food production and land management.

4. Prevention of food price spikes and effective response to food access crises– Activity within the G20 and WTO, investments in early

warning and updates in crisis response are reshaping the landscape for food reserves, market transparency and trade.

5. The fight against hunger and how climate change is factored in

– Global and regional platforms and public-private partnerships are addressing food availability, access and utilization with increasing recognition of climate change risks.

6. Information resources for human dimensions of food security and climate change– New initiatives are promoting integrative measure-

ments of agriculture, ecosystem services and human well-being.

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World Cafe Session IIb // No. 19 // 17:00-17:35On common ground: Platform priority areas and emerging messages - Building on the Joint Donor Concept

Karim Hussein, Platform consultant

Common ground in the Platform to dateTwo main policy documents establish the common ground among donors on rural development concepts and pro-gramming principles: 1. The 2006 Joint Donor Concept on Rural Development2. The 2009 Joint Donor Principles for Agriculture and

Rural Development Programmes

At its meeting in September 2012, the Board of the Platform decided to update the Joint Donor Concept. The concept principles are still valid, but do not fully reflect the changing context for agriculture, rural development, food security and nutrition since 2008. Harmonising policy concepts and establishing common ground on priorities is a key function of the Platform and is therefore relevant to this AGA.

Consultation processStarting in November 2012, Platform members were con-sulted by SDC and IFAD on priorities and key messages to establish common ground on core Platform topics. A draft was shared with members in late 2012 following a task team meeting hosted by Sida in December. Comments, suggestions and further inputs were taken into account in mid-January. 17 inputs were received from Platform members and in addition the strategy documents of seven further countries were reviewed.

The update will be a living resource to be adjusted over time, to reflect new donor thinking, emerging challenges and priorities for a rapidly changing global development context.

Nine areas of common ground on agriculture, rural development, food security and nutrition1. Aid and development effectiveness and results in ARD

and FSN (an overarching priority)2. Climate change and resilience;3. Gender equity and youth4. Agricultural research for development5. Private sector development in ARD and FSN6. Nutrition and agriculture7. Pastoralism and livestock8. Postharvest losses/food waste9. Land and water management

This update will strengthen harmonisation between donors at the policy level as well as help to align the efforts of the Platform to engage in international processes and initiatives. As several agencies are drafting new policies or guidelines on ARD and FSN, it reflects these changes underway.

Aim of the session: Gather feedback, find key mes-sages, discussion questions• What processes will ensure this becomes a truly living

resource? Periodic reviews and updates? Use of interac-tive web-based tools? On-going update of an overview table of all donor strategies?

• Not all members place the same emphasis on each priority area, e.g. water; land; pastoralism. Here, does “common ground” reflect Platform priorities or the low-est common denominator?

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Creating an enabling rural investment climateIn broad terms, agricultural development in Sub-Saharan Africa requires an enabling rural investment climate, plus investment in rural public goods and agricultural research and extension. But many smallholders also need more and better links to markets - for outputs, inputs and services. They participate in markets less than expected given the potential gains from selling specialised produce, or from buying inputs that allow higher productivity.

Pressing questions for smallholdersA plethora of pilot and commercial experiences are taking place across the continent that aim to widen and enhance links to markets. Commercial companies, NGOs, official donors and government agencies have all promoted and supported schemes to increase these links; varying by crop and intended market, class of smallholder contacted, degree of external support, and focus on output or input markets (or both).

Only a minority of these experiences have been objectively reviewed and documented. Yet in the last two or three years, a dozen studies have tried to examine samples of these cases and distil the lessons. Our work, looking at 30 cases across Africa, is one such effort.

Key emerging lessons1. Governments have to ensure an enabling investment

climate - although it does not have to be perfect, and to invest in rural public goods.

2. Business models must confer realizable benefits for all in the supply chain, not least smallholders. Time and again, the markets that smallholders can supply with-out unreasonable demands or risks these turn out to be domestic and regional, rather than export markets. Fortunately, the former markets are growing quickly and increasingly demanding higher value produce.

3. Supply chains may not be accessible to all marginal smallholders, at least not in the short term. Market relations have their demands and their risks: They are not suitable for all smallholders, not the most marginal. However, this does not mean that these, who often make up half or more of current smallholders, should be abandoned; it only suggests that there are simpler interventions, such as raising yields of home-consumed food crops, that are more appropriate for them.

4. Processes, not models, matter most when linking small farmers to markets. Many templates exist for linking smallholders to markets, through spot market deals to varying degrees of contracting, or through farmer associations and co-operatives. In differing conditions they may work or fail. When looking for lessons, what to scale up, these forms are not the place to look.

Success storiesWhat matters more are the processes and approaches that lead to the formation of effective links between smallhold-ers and markets:• Working within current capacity, competence and trust

amongst the supply chain participants. With time, of course, capacity, competence and trust will develop, thereby allowing more sophisticated linkages.

• Adjusting to changing circumstances: markets will change as customer preferences shift, as other suppli-ers compete and as logistics advance. Effective links will thus not be set in stone.

• Learning from experience - and mistakes - to correct actions through time. Most successful linkages have emerged by adaptation, sometimes from failed initial ideas; almost all have faced unexpected obstacles, but leaders have been resourceful and determined to over-come them.

Food for thought for donorsSome reviews criticise donors for over-emphasising high value export crops, short time horizons and for tending to over-support initiatives to ensure success at any cost - including that of sustainability. • Can you support processes that will take time, perhaps

ten years, where adjustments will need to be made as experience accumulates, and where some initiatives will fail?

• How can the need for flexibility, patience and rigorous learning be made compatible with donor requirements for reliable plans, targets, milestones and the reassur-ance that outcomes will be achieved?

• How much are you prepared to invest in monitoring and evaluating, and adjusting programmes as lessons are learned? These require much time and attention from agency staff, while disbursements of funds may be small and slow.

World Cafe Session IIb // No. 20 // 17:00-17:35Leaping & learning: Linking African smallholders to markets for better food security. What development partners need to know

Iris Krebber, Department for International Development & Steve Wiggins, Overseas Development Institute

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World Cafe Session IIb // No. 21 // 17:00-17:35Scaling-up access to credit for rural development in Haiti

Matthew Straub, Canadian International Development Agency

Agriculture in HaitiAgriculture, once a mainstay of the Haitian economy, still offers one of the most promising paths to sustainable pov-erty reduction and stability in Haiti. The agriculture sector is the main source of income for two-thirds of Haitians, and generates 25 per cent of Haiti’s gross domestic product. Despite its potential contribution, the development of this sector in Haiti has been extremely challenging. Haitian producers typically farm less than one hectare of land, and lack access to inputs, services and infrastructure. Further-more, limited government resources and a poor national policy framework for agriculture have failed to encourage investment in agriculture, instead exposing Haitian farm-ers to international market forces without adequate safety nets. As a result, Haiti production covers less than 50 per cent of the country’s demand, leaving Haitian consumers exposed to the high price volatility of food imports. Malnu-trition affects between two to three million Haitians, who live primarily in rural areas.

Renewed investment in agricultureSince the 2010 earthquake, the Haitian Government has shown some enthusiasm for renewed investment in agri-culture, and in late-2010 released its National Agriculture Investment Plan, which seeks to build coherence across investments in the sector. As a key donor in the agriculture sector, Canada has aligned its efforts with this investment plan, with continued emphasis on its tradition area of strength in providing access to financial services.

Credit and insurance, in particular, are vitally important to encourage farmers to invest more and to reenergise the agricultural sector by making it more competitive and attractive to outside investors. The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) has long supported work to improve access to financial services by developing Haiti’s cooperative movement, and providing financial products for farmers.

Le LevierFounded in 2008 based on the cooperative model of Devel-opment international Desjardins, this network of 50 credit unions has rapidly expanded its membership, offering savings and credit services to over 437,000 Haitians. It has become the country’s dominant force in supporting the cooperative movement, and helped develop value chains for bananas, coffee, sugar cane, beans, vegetables corn and rice. Haitian women comprise 147,000 of the network members.

Its deep roots in communities across Haiti enabled Le Levier to take an active and effective part in reconstruction efforts following the 2010 earthquake, providing an array of financing mechanisms, lines of credit, emergency funds for damaged cooperatives, and fund for employees and local communities.

Le Levier is providing inroads for programming in other sectors. For example, the Federation struck an agreement with 233 schools across Haiti to provide small loans that allow parents to send their children’s to school. This pro-gramme has translated into academic success for student beneficiaries, but has also provided parents, largely Haitian women, with their first loan experience.

While part of CIDA funding supports the operations of Le Levier, the ultimate goal is to move the network toward completely autonomy. In addition, the network is looking to expand its coverage in rural areas.

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World Cafe Session IIb // No. 22 // 17:00-17:35New world food system

Eric Smaling, University of Twente

Seven billion people currently eat, but both sides of the spectrum are troubled• One billion is malnourished• One billion is obese

Another two billion people are expected by 2050• 30 per cent more people• FAO, however, expects food needs to increase by 70 per

cent

There are roughly five avenues to realise sufficient food in 2050 1. Open up more currently non-agricultural land for food

production2. Increase food production per unit land and water3. Reduce food losses and waste4. Improve food distribution systems5. Change food habits

Not all of the above solutions are equally suitable or easy to achieve• What has worked well, where and when?• Which possible improvements are ‘low hanging fruit’?

How can we build a Food Security Council, a New World Food System?• Private sector commitment• National and regional policies• Farmer-consumer associations• International institutions• A new movement?

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Secretariat of theGlobal Donor Platform for Rural Developmentat GIZ OfficesGodesberger Allee 119, 53175 Bonn, Germany Download booklet as PDF.

AGA2012__ World Cafe programme overview

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Transcript of AGA2012__ World Cafe programme overview