After the Drought: The 2012 drought, Russian farmers, and the challenges of adapting to extreme...

7/28/2019 After the Drought: The 2012 drought, Russian farmers, and the challenges of adapting to extreme weather events

1/26

FQNHO EHUB UWRGP UB]WBOCBS 3=85

www.fxnho.frj

Efoc`kb ahrvbstbr fpbrhtfr, Uaùkfvf v`ddhjb, Hdthy Irh`, Bhstbrk U`cbr`h (fkb fn Suss`hs ohlfr jrh`k prfgue`kj rbj`fks), Ohy 3=88. Fxnho /

Dyucfv Uaeahkfvh

HNWBS WAB GSFRJAWWab 3=83 grfujat, Suss`hk nhrobrs, hkg tab eahddbkjbs fnhghpt`kj tf bxtrbob wbhtabr bvbkts

Bxtrbob wbhtabr bvbkts hrb cbefo`kj `kerbhs`kjdy efoofk `k

Suss`h, hkg tab 3=83 grfujat efkn`robg ta`s trbkg. Afwbvbr, Suss`h

st`dd ahs fkdy h sohdd kuocbr fn spbe`nè hjrèudturhd hghptht`fk

obhsurbs `k pdheb. Wa`s ehsb stugy hkhdysbs tab iby g`nnèudt`bs tahtsohdd-sehdb nhrobrs nhebg hs h rbsudt fn tab 3=83 grfujat hkg

g`seussbs pfss`cdb hghptht`fk obhsurbs, waèa efudg cb usbg tf

efknrfkt tabsb. @t hrjubs taht edòhtb eahkjb hkg tab hcsbkeb fn

hghptht`fk pfdè`bs hrb erbht`kj nffg sbeur`ty prfcdbos hkg h

d`vbdàffg er`s`s nfr sohdd-sehdb nhrobrs. Upbe`nè hkg wbdd-gbs`jkbg

hghptht`fk pfdè`bs efudg s`jk`nèhktdy hobd`frhtb tab prfcdbos

nhebg cy tab Suss`hk hjrèudturhd sbetfr, hkg oust cb `ktrfguebg hs

sffk hs pfss`cdb.


2/26

3

8 @KWSFGREW@FK

Bxtrbob wbhtabr bvbkts hrb cbefo`kj ofrb hkg ofrb efoofk `k

Suss`h.Wab 3=83 suoobr grfujat, waèa ehob sf sffk hntbr tab

gbvhstht`kj grfujat fn 3=8=, `s lust fkb efkn`roht`fk fn ta`s trbkg.

Heefrg`kj tf tab 3=83 hkkuhd rbpfrt fn tab Nbgbrhd Ubrvèb nfr

Aygrfobtbfrfdfjy hkg Bkv`rfkobkthd Ofk`tfr`kj (Sfsaygrfobt),83=83

shw h rbefrg kuocbr fn bxtrbob wbhtabr bvbkts (N`jurb 8). @k tab pbr`fg

Ohy tf Lukb 3=83, tab kuocbr fn bxtrbob wbhtabr bvbkts `kerbhsbg cy >2

pbr ebkt efophrbg w`ta tab shob pbr`fg `k 3=88, hkg wbrb rfujady fk phr

w`ta tab kuocbr fn bvbkts taht feeurrbg `k tab shob pbr`fg `k 3=8=.3

N`jurb 8< Kuocbr fn bxtrbob wbhtabr bvbkts cy ybhr, 800>3=835

Cdub< prbgètbg bvbkts9 rbg< ukprbgètbg bvbkts.

Zaht `s bspbe`hddy wfrry`kj hcfut ta`s trbkg `s afw vudkbrhcdb hkg

ukprbphrbg nfr suea bxtrbob wbhtabr efkg`t`fks tab Suss`hk hjrèudturhd

sbetfr hppbhrs tf cb.@k 3=83, fnnè`hddy, 33 rbj`fks sunnbrbg erfp dfssbs,

w`ta h sthtb fn bobrjbkey gbedhrbg `k 3= fn tabsb.7Wab dfssbs `keurrbg

wbrb vbry s`jk`nèhkt< tab ybhrs jrfss jrh`k ahrvbst whs :=.0o tfkkbs,

37.: pbr ebkt dfwbr tahk `k 3=88 (07.3o tfkkbs).2Hs wbdd hs jrh`k, tabrbwbrb gberbhsbs `k prfguet`fk vfduobs nfr sujhr cbbt, sukndfwbrs,

pfthtfbs, hkg vbjbthcdbs.>

Wabsb erfp dfssbs ahg ht dbhst twf kbjht`vb sfe`f-befkfoè bnnbets taht

hrb hdrbhgy ikfwk hcfut. N`rst, tab gfobstè prèb fn jrh`k hkg,

efksbqubktdy, fn crbhg siyrfeibtbg (N`jurbs 3 hkg 5). Wab rbsudts fn

Fxnhos quhd`tht`vb ofk`tfr`kj fn tab sfe`hd òphets fn nffg prèb vfdht`d`ty

`kgèhtb taht ta`s ahs hdrbhgy ahg kbjht`vb bnnbets fk pffr pbfpdb `k

Suss`h.:


3/26

5

N`jurb 3< Zafdbshdb jrh`k prèbs, 3=88851

^brtèhd hx`s< SRS/tfkkb9 afr`zfkthd hx`s< ofktas LhkuhryGbebocbr

N`jurb 5< Syb crbhg hkg wabht crbhg prèbs, 3=83850

Ubefkg, tabsb dfssbs ahvb ehusbg s`jk`nèhkt g`rbet hkg `kg`rbet befkfoè

ghohjb tf nhrobrs `k tab hnnbetbg rbj`fks, ohi`kj ofrb nhros

ukprfn`thcdb hkg pusa`kj sfob tf tab vbrjb fn chkiruptey.8=

Dbhrk`kj hcfut tab bxpbr`bkebs fn hnnbetbg nhrobrs `s iby tf gbs`jk`kj hkg

òpdbobkt`kj bnnbet`vb pfdè`bs taht efudg cbttbr bkhcdb tab Suss`hk

hjrèudturhd sbetfr tf prbphrb nfr, hkg hghpt tf, bxtrbob wbhtabr bvbkts

`kedug`kj grfujats, waèa, uknfrtukhtbdy, hrb `kerbhs`kjdy cbefo`kj tab

kfro `k Suss`h.


4/26

7

Cfx 8< ]fdèy efktbxthjrèudturhd hghptht`fk pfdè`bs `k tab Suss`hk

Nbgbrht`fk

Eurrbktdy, Suss`hs hghptht`fk pfdèy nrhobwfri `s chsbg fk lust twf

gfeuobktstab Edòhtb Gfetr`kb fn tab Suss`h Nbgbrht`fk, hgfptbg `k

3==0,88

hkg tab @opdbobktht`fk ]dhk fn tab Edòhtb Gfetr`kb, hgfptbg `k

3=88.

83

Wab Gfetr`kb rbefjk`zbs tab òphet fn edòhtb eahkjb hkg bxtrbobwbhtabr bvbkts fk g`nnbrbkt sbetfrs fn Suss`hs befkfoy, `kedug`kj

hjrèudturb, hkg sbts fut h jbkbrhd nrhobwfri nfr hghptht`fk hkg o`t`jht`fk

pfdè`bs. Wab @opdbobktht`fk ]dhk futd`kbs iby het`v`t`bs, rbspfks`cdb

bxbeut`vb hutafr`t`bs, hkg òpdbobktht`fk tòbd`kbs nfr tafsb het`v`t`bs. Wwf

fn tab 58 het`v`t`bs d`stbg `k tab @opdbobktht`fk ]dhk efkebrk hghptht`fk nfr

tab hjrèudturhd sbetfr

) hkg nho`dy/sucs`stbkeb nhros

(dèakfb pfgsfckfb iafzyh`stvf,wafsb het`v`t`bs hrb rbjudhtbg cy NbgbrhdDhw 883 fn 8= Ludy 3==5, Fk sucs`stbkeb nhros

8:).Wab nfrobr ehtbjfry

`kedugbs nhros bkjhj`kj `k efoobre`hd het`v`t`bs, w`ta kf ofrb tahk 8==

bopdfybbs hkg tfthd `kefob kft bxebbg`kj SRS 7==o (1.5o) h ybhr. Wab

dhttbr ehtbjfry `kedugbs kfk-efoobre`hd nhros ohkhjbg cy `kg`v`guhds hkg

tab`r nho`dy obocbrs taht hrb usbg pròhr`dy nfr sucs`stbkeb purpfsbs.

Wa`s phpbr `s chsbg fk hk hkhdys`s fn sbefkghry ghth hkg tab rbsudts fn h

quhd`tht`vb stugy ehrr`bg fut cy Fxnho hkg `ts phrtkbrs `k Nbcruhry tf

Ohrea 3=85 w`ta tab phrtè`pht`fk fn 2> fwkbrs hkg bopdfybbs (51 obk

hkg 81 wfobk) fn sohdd-sehdb nhros `k s`x rbj`fks hnnbetbg cy tab 3=83grfujat (sbb Hppbkg`x 3). Nfur fn tab rbj`fks bxho`kbgHdth`,

^fdjfjrhg, Sfstfv, hkg Uthvrfpfdwbrb rbj`fks wabrb hk bobrjbkey

s`tuht`fk whs gbedhrbg. @k tab ftabr twf rbj`fksHstrhiahk hkg ]bkzh

tab s`tuht`fk gur`kj suoobr 3=83 whs er`tèhd cut kf bobrjbkey whs

gbedhrbg.81


6/26

>

3 CHEIJSFRKG

3.8 DFUUBUHeefrg`kj tf bstòhtbs nrfo tab O`k`stry fn Hjrèudturb, 0,75: nhros herfss

tafsb rbj`fks wabrb hk bobrjbkey whs gbedhrbg `keurrbg dfssbs hs h

rbsudt fn tab 3=83 grfujat.80@t `s òpfrthkt tf kftb taht `k ofst fn tab

hnnbetbg rbj`fks, nho`dy/sucs`stbkeb nhros wbrb kft thibk `ktf heefukt ht

hdd wabk dfssbs wbrb ehdeudhtbg. Ofrb tahk 7= pbr ebkt fn tab 0,75:

hnnbetbg nhros wbrb dfehtbg `k tab nfur rbj`fks wabrb Fxnho efkguetbg `ts

rbsbhrea.

G`rbet dfssbs bstòhtbg cy rbj`fkhd jfvbrkobkts hofuktbg tf SRS 38ck

(751o).3=G`rbet dfssbs rbpfrtbg cy tab nbgbrhd jfvbrkobkt hntbr hkbxpbrt bvhduht`fk wbrb SRS 87.3ck (307o).38Wab O`k`stbr fn Hjrèudturb

tfdg phrd`hobkthr`hks taht tab jhp cbtwbbk tab rbj`fkhd hkg nbgbrhd

bstòhtbs whs cbehusb nbgbrhd bxpbrts usbg `khgbquhtb bvhduht`fk

obtafgs.33Wa`s dbg tf dfwbr dbvbds fn efopbksht`fk cb`kj hwhrgbg. Hdsf,

g`rbet hkg `kg`rbet dfssbs efoc`kbg wbrb bstòhtbg cy tab rbj`fks ht SRS

72ck (05:.2o), cut `kg`rbet dfssbs wbrb kft thibk `ktf heefukt wabk

efopbksht`fk whs hddfehtbg. Zaèabvbr n`jurbs nfr bstòhtbg dfssbs hrb

heebptbg, `t sbbos taht tab hetuhd dfssbs `keurrbg cy nhrobrs nhr bxebbgbg

tabo.Wa`s `s suppfrtbg cy ghth fk erfp rbvbkub dfssbs rbebktdy rbdbhsbg

cy Sfsstht, tab Nbgbrhd Uthtb Utht`stès Ubrvèb.

@knfroht`fk nrfo fpbk sfurebs fk dfssbs `k tab rbj`fks wabrb kf

bobrjbkey whs gbedhrbg `s qu`tb sehreb, sf `t `s g`nnèudt tf bstòhtb tab

bxtbkt fn ghohjb ehusbg cy tab grfujat `k tafsb rbj`fks, hkg bspbe`hddy

tab kuocbr fn nhros hnnbetbg. Afwbvbr, nrfo tab ghth hvh`dhcdb fk erfp

rbvbkub dfssbs (Whcdb 8),`t `s edbhr taht tab s`tuht`fk `k tafsb rbj`fks whs,

`kgbbg, sfobwaht dbss er`tèhd tahk `k rbj`fks wabrb hk bobrjbkey whs

gbedhrbg.

Whcdb 8< Hnnbetbg rbj`fks hkg bxtbkt fn befkfoè ghohjb35

Sbj`fkKuocbr fn

hnnbetbg nhros

Hnnbetbg hrbh,

abethrbs

Fnnè`hd bstòhtbs fng`rbet dfssbs

`keurrbg hs h rbsudtfn 3=83 grfujat,SRS tafushkgs

G`nnbrbkeb `k erfprbvbkub

3=88/3=83 (htefksthkt

prèbs*), %

]ftbkt`hd erfprbvbkub dfssbs nfr3=83 (ht efksthkt

prèbs*), SRStafushkgs

Hdd Suss`hk

rbj`fksK/H K/H K/H 11 3=7,787,2==

3= bobr-

jbkey

rbj`fks

0,75: 2,2==,527.51 87,388,1>=.85 :5.0 8>:,582,7:1.>

Hdth` rbj`fk 3,=:: :80,108.51 8,805,=05.22 :5.0 83,81=,:08.:^fdjfjrhg

rbj`fk8,217 27=,:=7.3 8,2>2,858.2> 1:.3 >,7>2,850


7/26

:

Sfstfv rbj`fk 522 0=,=5: 370,281.77 17.2 82,=53,31:.2

Uthvrfpfd

rbj`fk8>= :8,=>>.75 380,121.77 :3.= 3=,520,=23

Hstrhiahk

rbj`fkK/H K/H K/H 8=>.> -::8,>>2.7

]bkzh rbj`fk K/H K/H K/H 0>.0 >=1,518.3

* Efksthkt prèbs, heefrg`kj tf tab obtafgfdfjy usbg cy Sfsstht, hrb tab prèbs fn tab prbv`fus ybhr,

`k ta`s ehsb, 3=88.37

3.3 EFO]BKUHW@FK

Hppbhds nfr suppfrt nrfo tab rbj`fks ahg hdrbhgy cbjuk `k bhrdy suoobr 3=83,32

hkg tab fnnè`hd ghohjb bstòhtb whs efopdbtbg `k bhrdy Fetfcbr. Ht tab bkg fn

Kfvbocbr 3=83 tab nbgbrhd jfvbrkobkt hddfehtbg hk hgg`t`fkhd SRS >ck `k

suppfrt tf hnnbetbg rbj`fks, g`scursbg tf rbj`fkhd jfvbrkobkts k w`ktbr 3=8385.

Wa`s nukg`kj whs `ktbkgbg tf abdp nhrobrs waf ahg dfst tab`r erfps, tf

o`t`jhtb tab bnnbets fn tab grfujat, hkg tf prbphrb nfr tab kbw sbhsfk.3>

Afwbvbr, hs wbdd hs hrr`v`kj dhtb, `k sfob rbj`fks tab sucs`g`bs wbrb

kfthcdy sohddbr tahk tab fnnè`hd bstòhtbs fn g`rbet dfssbs ohgb cy tab

O`k`stry fn Hjrèudturb bhrd`br `k tab hutuok (Whcdb 3).

Whcdb 3< Nbgbrhd jfvbrkobkt sucs`g`bs tf rbj`fks hnnbetbg cy tab 3=83

grfujat hkg fnnè`hd bstòhtbs fn g`rbet dfssbs `k tafsb rbj`fks3:

Sbj`fkU`zb fn sucs`gy,

SRS tafushkgs

Fnnè`hd bstòhtbs

fn g`rbet dfssbs,

SRS tafushkgs

Hdth` rbj`fk 783,:>3.== 8,805,=05.22

^fdjfjrhg rbj`fk 515,15>.:= 8,2>2,858.2>

Sfstfv rbj`fk 7=8,201.:= 370,281.77

Uthvrfpfd rbj`fk 5=2,528.2= 380,121.77

Wfthd (3= rbj`fks) >,===,===.== 87,388,1>=.85

Wa`s g`serbphkey hkg tab nhet taht, heefrg`kj tf sfob hkbegfthd

bv`gbkeb,31tab sucs`g`bs g`g kft rbhea hdd tafsb waf kbbgbg tabo, wbrb

hofkj tab iby g`nnèudt`bs nhebg cy nhrobrs gur`kj tab 3=83 grfujat hkg `ts

hntbrohta. Afwbvbr, ta`s whs fkdy fkb fn tab `ssubsrh`sbg cy`ktbrv`bwbbs. Wab`r bxpbr`bkebs sujjbst ohky ftabr eahddbkjbs, hs wbdd

hs sujjbst`fks nfr kbw strhtbj`bs tf abdp hghpt Suss`hk hjrèudturb tf

bxtrbob wbhtabr bvbkts.


8/26

1

5 EFKUBXRBKEBU

Grhw`kj fk tab n`kg`kjs fn Fxnhos ktbrv`bws, ta`s sbet`fk futd`kbs tab iby

`ssubs taht nhrobrs nhebg k gbhd`kj w`ta cfta tab oobg`htb hkg dfkj-tbro

efksbqubkebs fn tab 3=83 grfujat.

5.8 GSFRJAWU HKG NHSOBSU

SBU@D@BKEB

Fkb fn tab ofst strì`kj pf`kts taht ehob up `k tab hkswbrs fn

`ktbrv`bwbbs herfss hdd s`x rbj`fks whs taht, wa`db tab 3=83 grfujat whs

`kgbbg bxtrbob, `t whs hdsf lust fkb ofrb `k h sbr`bs fn grfujats strbtea`kjfvbr tab phst tarbb tf s`x ybhrs (gbpbkg`kj fk jbfjrhpaèhd dfeht`fk). Wa`s

nhet `s iby tf ukgbrsthkg`kj tab g`nnèudt`bs nhebg cy nhrobrs `k 3=83 pbfpdb `k s`x g`nnbrbkt rbj`fks

safwbg taht tab bxtbkt fn erfp dfssbs whs qu`tb g`nnbrbkt cfta w`ta`k hkg

cbtwbbk rbj`fks. Za`db `k sfob ehsbs ta`s whs ebrth`kdy rbdhtbg tf

g`nnbr`kj edòhtb efkg`t`fks, `k ohky ehsbs `t whs tab rbsudt fn hghptht`fk

tbeak`qubs usbg cy nhrobrs. Wa`s whs bspbe`hddy hpphrbkt `k s`tuht`fks

wabrb dfssbs `keurrbg cy kb`jacfur`kj nhros g`nnbrbg qu`tb sucsthkt`hddy,

fr wabrb nhrobrs ahg vbry g`nnbrbkt y`bdgs `k g`nnbrbkt hrbhs fn tab`r nhros.

Wab jbkbrhd prfcdbo fn ofst hghptht`fk tbeak`qubs, afwbvbr, `s tab`r

dfkj-tbro n`khke`hd hnnfrghc`d`ty.

Nfr bxhopdb, `k Hstrhiahk rbj`fk, hdd tafsb nhrobrs taht Fxnho thdibg tf

usbg rr`jht`fk systbos,hkg ta`s whs tab oh`k rbhsfk way taby g`g kft

sunnbr suea c`j dfssbs hkg way kf sthtb fn bobrjbkey whs gbedhrbg `k tab

rbj`fk. Afwbvbr, wa`db nhrobrs `k Hstrhiahk ohkhjbg tf shvb ofst fn

tab`r erfps tarfuja ktbks`vb whtbr`kj, ta`s s`jk`nèhktdy kerbhsbg tab`r

bxpbksbs. Ohky fn tabo tfdg Fxnho, kbxt ybhr taby hrb pdhkk`kj tf rbgueb

tab hrbhs ukgbr eudt`vht`fk. ^hdbry` C., waf whs ukhcdb tf phy chei gbcts

gub tf `kerbhsbg bxpbksbs, sh`g taht `k 3=85 kf erfps wfudg cb sfwk ht

hdd.

@k ]bkzh rbj`fk, waèa hdsf hvf`gbg gbedhr`kj hk bobrjbkey, `t whs erfp

g`vbrs`nèht`fk taht abdpbg ohky nhrobrs tf dò`t tab`r pftbkt`hd dfssbs.

Ubvbrhd nhrobrs tfdg Fxnho taht taby ahg pdhktbg sukndfwbrs, h erfp taht s

cbefo`kj `kerbhs`kjdy ofrb su`tbg tf tab eahkj`kj edòhtb efkg`t`fks `k

tab`r rbj`fk. Afwbvbr, hs h kuocbr fn nhrobrs pf`ktbg fut, tab oh`k

dò`tht`fk fn ta`s obhsurb `s taht tab eurrbkt ohribt bkv`rfkobkt fntbk

ohibs `t ukprfn`thcdb tf jrfw erfps ftabr tahk wabht.

Hkftabr iby hghptht`fk obhsurb obkt`fkbg cy ohky fn tafsb nhrobrs dbss

hnnbetbg cy tab grfujat whs dbhv`kj sfob dhkg nhddfw. Nfr bxhopdb,

Hdbxhkgbr F. nrfo Sfstfv rbj`fk sh`g taht, tahkis tf ta`s obhsurb, a`s

y`bdg fn wabht whs 5,2== ij/abethrb wa`db a`s kb`jacfurs wbrb hcdb tf

hea`bvb fkdy 1==8,=== ij/abethrb. Afwbvbr, hs sbvbrhd fn tab

sohddafdgbrs `ktbrv`bwbg rbefjk`zbg,ta`s hghptht`fk obhsurb efudg fkdy

cb usbg cy obgùo hkg dhrjb nhros taht efudg hnnfrg tf dbhvb sfob fn tab`r

dhkg nhddfw gur`kj tab jrfw`kj sbhsfk.

Ftabr tbeak`qubs taht abdpbg nhrobrs tf shvb phrts fn tab`r ahrvbst `k

suoobr 3=83 `kedugbg sahgfw`kj9 tab hppdèht`fk fn abrcè`gbs9

whtbr-shv`kj pdfuja`kj tbeak`qubs9 tab usb fn nbrt`d`sbrs9 a`ja-tbeabqu`pobkt9 hkg a`ja-quhd`ty grfujat-rbs`sthkt sbbgs.

5.5 XRBUW@FKHCDB CBKBN@WU FN

A@JA JSH@K ]S@EBU

Hs obkt`fkbg hcfvb, tab prèb fn jrh`k siyrfeibtbg `k w`ktbr 3=8385.

Afwbvbr, tab `ktbrv`bws sujjbstbg taht vbry nbw nhrobrs wbrb hetuhddy

hcdb tf cbkbn`t nrfo ta`s. Wab oh`k rbhsfk whs taht ofst fn tabo g`g kft

ahvb ouea tf sbdd. Ufob nhrobrs (nfr bxhopdb, Kìfdhy C. nrfo Uthvrfpfdrbj`fk) ahg hdrbhgy sfdg ofst fn tab`r jrh`k `k tab hutuok, wabk prèbs

wbrb st`dd efophrht`vbdy dfw. Hdsf, sfob nhrobrs pf`ktbg fut taht tab


10/26

8=

`kerbhsbs `k jrh`k prèbs wbrb kft prfpfrt`fkhtb tf tab `kerbhsbs `k prèbs

fn hjrèudturhd kputs,waèa nurtabr gberbhsbg tab`r prfn`ts. Nhrobrs waf

ahg d`vbstfei dfst bvbk ofrb gub tf a`ja jrh`k prèbs,s`keb tab prèb fn

nfggbr hdsf wbkt up wa`db tab prèb fn obht rboh`kbg sthcdb.30

Cfx 5< Bxpfrt chks hrb chg nfr nhrobrs

Kfthcdy, tarbb fn tab nhrobrs `ktbrv`bwbg, waf wbrb hcdb tf stfeip`db jrh`k

hkg sbdd `t dhtbr `k tab ybhr, sfob fn `t nfr bxpfrt, pf`ktbg fut taht tab hcsbkeb

fn hk bxpfrt chk `k 3=83 whs h vbry pfs`t`vb prèb nhetfr. Sfstfv nhrobr

Kìfdh` ]. sh`g, Wahki Jfg, dhst ybhr fur jfvbrkfrs ahg ofrb sbksb tahk tf

`ktrfgueb hk bxpfrt chk. @k 3=8= wabk tab bxpfrt chk whs `ktrfguebg tab

wabht prèb wbkt gfwk tf SRC 7, hkg kf fkb whktbg tf cuy bvbk ht taht

prèb. Zb ahg tf cfrrfw ofkby w`ta erhzy `ktbrbst rhtbs tf efvbr fur

bxpbksbs.

5.7 EF]@KJ UWSHWBJ@BU

Za`db sfob nhrobrs wbrb hcdb tf o`kò`zb tab`r dfssbs, hkg h ahkgnud

wbrb bvbk hcdb tf cbkbn`t nrfo a`jabr jrh`k prèbs, tab ohlfr`ty Fxnho

spfib tf nhebg sucsthkt`hd erfp dfssbs. @k frgbr tf gbhd w`ta tabsb dfssbs,

ohky nhrobrs wbrb nfrebg tf hgfpt h rhkjb fn efp`kj strhtbj`bs, waèa

nurtabr ukgbro`kbg tab`r rbs`d`bkeb.

Wab n`rst efp`kj strhtbjy whs tf rbgueb tab`r kuocbr fn bopdfybbs fr

fnnbr tabo ukph`g dbhvb. Nfr bxhopdb, Hdbxhkgbr G., nrfo tab Hdth`

rbj`fk, ahg tf rbgueb tab kuocbr fn bopdfybbs fk a`s nhro nrfo := tf8=. @k a`s fwk wfrgs< @ ahvb tf n`rb tabo cbehusb @ gf kft ahvb bkfuja

ofkby tf phy tabo h shdhry, hkg kft cbehusb tabrb `s kf wfri fk tab nhro.

Wab sbefkg efp`kj strhtbjy whs tf thib fut hgg`t`fkhd dfhks. Za`db

sfob nhrobrs wbrb hcdb tf jbt dfhks nfr tab kbw ahrvbst`kj sbhsfk

nrfo chkis, hs taby ahg gfkb cbnfrb, ftabrs wafsb erbg`t a`stfry g`g

kft hddfw tabo tf gf ta`s ahg tf turk tf erbg`t ef-fpbrht`vbs. Fk

hvbrhjb tab dfhks fnnbrbg cy erbg`t ef-fpbrht`vbs ehrry ouea a`jabr

`ktbrbst rhtbs tahk tafsb fnnbrbg cy chkis, ohi`kj `t bvbk ahrgbr nfr

nhrobrs tf rbphy tabo. Nfr bxhopdb, @sdyho H., nrfo Uthvrfpfd rbj`fk,

ahg tf thib h dfhk nrfo h erbg`t ef-fpbrht`vb w`ta hk `ktbrbst rhtb fn 7=pbr ebkt.

Wab ta`rg strhtbjy, waèa ohky nhrobrs wbrb efks`gbr`kj nfr tab kbxt

sbhsfk, whs tf rbgueb tab`r hrbh fn eudt`vhtbg dhkg `k frgbr tf rbgueb

efsts fn dhcfur, whtbr, hkg hjrèudturhd `kputs.

Wab nfurta strhtbjy whs tf rbgueb d`vbstfei kuocbrs, b`tabr cy sbdd`kj

fr sdhujatbr`kj hkòhds, `k frgbr tf hvf`g hgg`t`fkhd efsts nfr nfggbr,

waèa ahg cbefob vbry bxpbks`vb.


11/26

88

5.2 @KURSHKEB

Wab hghptht`fk strhtbjy fn thi`kj fut erfp `ksurhkeb hppbhrbg, b`tabr tf

ahvb kft wfribg wbdd fr kft tf ahvb cbbk usbg ht hdd cy tab nhrobrs wafo

Fxnho `ktbrv`bwbg. H kuocbr fn iby nhetfrs ohgb nhrobrs rbduethkt tf

`ksurb tab`r erfps==) tf prbphrb nfr tab

kbw sfw`kj sbhsfk. Ubrjby G.s nhro `k ^fdjfjrhg rbj`fk rbeb`vbg ouea

dbss efopbksht`fk tahk whs k`t`hddy prfo`sbgSRS 5>=,=== (hrfukg

:,2==) `kstbhg fn SRS 5o (hrfukg >3,2==).

Ofrbfvbr, gur`kj tab prfebss fn hddfeht`kj efopbksht`fk tab rbj`fkhd

jfvbrkobkts pr`fr`t`zbg nhrobrs waf fwkbg d`vbstfei. Hs h kuocbr fn

`ktbrv`bwbbs pf`ktbg fut, ta`s rbsudtbg `k vbry ukbquhd hddfeht`fks.Nfr

bxhopdb, Hdbxhkgbr U., nrfo ^fdjfjrhg rbj`fk, tfdg Fxnho taht ab

rbeb`vbg SRS 8.5o, wa`ea efopbkshtbg a`o nfr hcfut 7= pbr ebkt fn a`s


13/26

85

dfssbs, cut ab cbd`bvbg taht ab fkdy rbeb`vbg sf ouea cbehusb ab ahg

d`vbstfei. A`s kb`jacfur, waf sunnbrbg efophrhcdb erfp dfssbs, cut g`g kft

fwk hky d`vbstfei, rbeb`vbg fkdy SRS 31=,===.

N`khddy, ht tab tòb tab `ktbrv`bws wbrb efkguetbg `k Nbcruhry 3=85, h

kuocbr fn nhrobrs waf ahg hppd`bg nfr efopbksht`fk ahg st`dd kft rbeb`vbg

h rbspfksb, waèa obhkt taht ohky fn tabo ahg tf sthrt tab kbw sfw`kj

sbhsfk w`tafut tab suppfrt taby sf urjbktdy kbbgbg.

5.: BQWSBOB ZBHWABS HKG WAB

NRWRSB FN NHSO@KJ

Hntbr hdd tab eahddbkjbs taht nhrobrs nhebg gur`kj hkg hntbr tab 3=83

grfujat, nfr qu`tb h nbw fn tabo tab nuturb fn tab`r nhros hkg tab nuturb fn

hjrèudturb `k tab`r rbj`fks dffibg qu`tb jrò.

@n suea edòhtb prfebssbs efkt`kub, n ofrb grfujats thib pdheb, @osurb taht 0= pbr ebkt fn nhros w`dd edfsb. @o kft thdi`kj hcfut fkdy fur

g`strèt

^dhgò`r C., Hdth` rbj`fk

Hkftabr ybhr dìb Y3=83_ hkg sohddafdgbrs w`dd sòpdy ebhsb tf bx`st

hdtfjbtabr.Fdbj I., Sfstfv rbj`fk

@ ta`ki taht hkftabr 3tf 5 ybhrs dìb 3=83, hkg @ w`dd j`vb up fk

nhro`kj. Hkg ofst fn oy efddbhjubs w`dd gf tab shob. Zaht `s tab

sbksb k fpbrht`kj ht h dfss6

Shiaobt G., Utvhrfpfd rbj`fk

@ts jf`kj nrfo chg tf wfrsb nrfo ybhr tf ybhr. Zb gfkt ahvb tab

ahrvbst taht wb usbg tf ahvb cbnfrb. Wab wbhtabr ahs cbefob

afttbr, hkg tabrbs hdofst kf rh`k.

Bdbkh D., ^fdjfjrhg rbj`fk

Uuea aft wbhtabr w`dd`kbv`thcdy `kndubkeb bvbryta`kj, tab y`bdg w`dd

gberbhsb. Zb w`dd cb dfs`kj ahrvbst. Uuea aft wbhtabr ahs kft cbbk

typèhd hkg `s kft nhvfurhcdb nfr fur rbj`fk. @n tab edòhtb efkt`kubseahkj`kj `k ta`s g`rbet`fk, `t w`dd fkdy cbefob wfrsb.

Ohr`h W., Hstrhiahk rbj`fk

Afwbvbr, kft hdd tab nhrobrs wbrb sf pbssò`stè, hkg ohky w`dd efkt`kub

tab`r wfri hkg chttdb hjh`kst tab wbhtabr nfr hs dfkj hs taby ehk.

Zb hrb try`kj kft tf j`vb up. Zb hrb try`kj tf usb ofrb ofgbrk

tbeakfdfj`bs Y_ waèa hrb, fn efursb, bxpbks`vb, cut bnnbet`vb. Zb

w`dd hdsf usb ofgbrk sfrts fn sbbgs, waèa hrb ofrb rbs`sthkt. Uf,

wb w`dd try tf surv`vb.

Bdbkh W., ^fdjfjrhg rbj`fk


14/26

87

@t `s g`nnèudt. Zb hrb `k tab zfkb fn a`ja-r`si hjrèudturb, hkg k ta`s

aft wbhtabr, w`ta h pdhjub fn jrhssafppbrs `t `s g`nnèudt kft fkdy tf

crbhtab, cut hdsf tf wfri. Cut wb wfkt dbhvb tab dhkg, cbehusb `t `s

fur dhkg. Fn efursb, wb wfkt cb hcdb tf hnnfrg h dft hkg w`dd kbvbr

cbefob rèa, cutJhd`kh G., ^fdjfjrhg rbj`fk

Afwbvbr, waht uk`tbg cfta jrfups whs tab`r ebrth`kty taht, tf bksurb h

nuturb nfr hjrèudturb `k tab`r rbj`fks, h kuocbr fn pucdè pfdèy obhsurbs

kbbg tf cb thibk urjbktdy.

Fkdy sthtb suppfrt hkg efopbksht`fk ehk shvb us. Cut, k hky ehsb,

@ ho kft jf`kj tf j`vb up oy wfri9 @ w`dd efkt`kub tf sbhrea nfr whys

fut nrfo suea s`tuht`fks hkg w`dd efkt`kub oy nhvfur`tb pursu`t. @ ehkt

d`vb w`tafut dhkg kfw, hdtafuja @ ahvb fkdy rbebktdy efob tf hjr`-

eudturb.

Whtyhkh E., Hdth` rbj`fk


15/26

82

7 NHSOBSU ^F@EBU

hkkfukebg taht rbj`fkhd jfvbrkobkts wfudg cb bxpbetbg tf efktr`cutb

up tf 2= pbr ebkt fn `ksurhkeb nbbs, cut ahs kft ybt cbbk òpdbobktbg

`k hdd rbj`fks.58

Erfp `ksurhkeb safudg cb hvh dhcdb nfr hdd typbs fn nhro, `kedug`kj tafsb

ohgb up fn sohdd pdfts fn dhkg.

Nrhug efoo ttbg cy ksurhkeb efophk`bs safudg cb theidbg, `k frgbr tf

òprfvb nhrobrs trust `k tabo.

7.3 SBGRE@KJ ]S@EB ^FDHW@D@WP]rèb vfdht`d`ty `s fur oh`k bkboy. Zb gf kft ikfw waht wb w`dd cbhcdb tf sbdd fur ahrvbst nfr, fr wabtabr wb w`dd cb hcdb tf cuy nubd. Hddta`s ahs vbry kbjht`vb òphets fk hjrèudturb.

Hkhdtfdy` U., Hdth` rbj`fk

Ohky fn tab nhrobrs `ktbrv`bwbg pf`ktbg fut taht h prèb rbjudht`fk pfdèy

whs kbbgbg waèa wfudg ohib prèbs nfr tab`r prfgueb dbss vfdht`db. Wa`swfudg hddfw dfkj-tbro n`khke`hd pdhkk`kj, waèa taby sbb hs iby tf tab

susth`khc`d ty fn tab`r nhros, bspbe`hddy `k tab nheb fn h eahkj`kj edòhtb.

@n tabrb whs hk frjhk`zht`fk, bvbk `n `t whs h sthtb fkb, waèa wfudg

juhrhktbb tab prèb fn fur prfgueb ht h ebrth`k dbvbd, @ wfudg cb

ahppy. @k taht ehsbwabtabr `k h grfujat fr wabkbvbrwb efudg

wfri, wfri, hkg wfri.

Hcgudh I., Hstrhiahk rbj`fk

@k tab prbv`fus tarbb ybhrs wb nbdt tab shob, wb ahg prfcdbos w`tasbdd`kj fur prfgueb. Kfw wb ahvb dfst >= pbr ebkt fn tab ahrvbst

cbehusb fn tab grfujat, hkg `k tab prbv`fus ybhrs wb dfst cbehusb fn

tab prèb wabk sbdd`kj jrh`k. Jrh`k efst SRS 5,2==5,>== pbr tfkkb.

Uf, chsèhddy, wb wfribg nfr nrbb `k hdd tarbb ybhrs. Y_Ht tab of-

obkt, `k hjrèudturb, wb gfkt ahvb hky sbeur`ty. @k 3=85, `n tab

ahrvbst `s jffg, taby w`dd grfp tab prèb tf SRS 5,=== pbr tfkkb, sf

`ts hdsf jf`kj tf cb h grfujat, cut fkb taht kf fkbs jf`kj tf sbb.Bdbkh D., Hdth` rbj`fk

Wab oh`k whys `k waèa prèb vfdht`d`ty efudg cb rbguebg, heefrg`kj tf`ktbrv`bwbbs, `kedugbg.3=)52

sf taby ohyahvb d`ttdb bnnbet.


18/26

81

Wab systbo fn nhro sucs`g`bs safudg cb gbs`jkbg `k whys taht ohib `t

pfss`cdb nfr sohdd hkg obgùo-s`zbg nhros tf heebss tabo. Sbg thpb

hkg h dhei fn knfroht`fk hrb tab oh`k fcsthedbs tf jbtt`kj sucs`g`bs nfr

sohdd nhros taht dhei hgo`k`strht`vb ehphe`ty, hs wbdd hs tòb hkg

auohk rbsfurebs.

Hntbr grfujats, nhrobrs kbbg sucs`g`bs nfr sbbgs tf cb hcdb tf sthrt h

kbw sfw`kj sbhsfk.

Zb kbbg ht dbhst h d`ttdb c`t fn httbkt`fk nrfo tab sthtb. @n taby

suppfrt us, `.b. cy prfv`g`kj sbbgs, wb w`dd cb hcdb tf sfw9 `n taby

gfkt wb wfkt.

^dhgò`r C., Hdth` rbj`fk

Wab systbo fn nhro sucs`g`bs safudg kedugb sucs`g`bs nfr bkbrjy- hkg

rbsfureb-bnnè`bkt tbeakfdfj`bs. Uuea tbeakfdfj`bs wfudg hddfw nhrobrs

tf shvb fk efsts hkg wfudg taus abdp tf efopbkshtb nfr dfssbs ehusbg

cy bxtrbob wbhtabr bvbkts.

Hnnfrghcdb dfhks hkg sucs`g`bs fk dfhk `ktbrbst rhtbs hrb iby tf

sueebssnud hghptht`fk. @k kerbhs`kjdy vfdht`db edòhtb efkg`t`fks, wabrb

nhrobrs hrb `kerbhs`kjdy uksurb wabtabr kbw ahrvbsts w`dd hddfw tabo

tf phy chei bx`st`kj dfhks, suea sucs`g`bs fntbk gbtbro`kb wabtabr fr

kft taby ehk pdhkt nfr h kbw sbhsfk.

Nhrobrs hdsf futd`kbg h kuocbr fn ftabr hrbhs wabrb tab `kvfdvbobkt fn

pucdè hutafr`t`bs s opfrthkt nfr sueebssnud edòhtb hghptht`fk. Wabsb

`kedugbg nhrobrs nrfo s`x rbj`fks hnnbetbg cy tab

3=83 grfujat rbvbhdbg afw `kerbhs`kjdy vudkbrhcdb taby hrb cbefo`kj tf

suea wbhtabr safeis hkg afw eahddbkj`kj `t `s nfr tabo tf hghpt tf

eahkj`kj edòhtb efkg`t`fks. Cut ht tab shob tòb ohky fn tabo hrb

gbtbro`kbg tf stèi tf tab`r thsi, wbdd hwhrb taht taby w`dd ahvb tf gf taht

ukgbr kbw edòhtb rbhd`t`bs. Wf sueebssnuddy hghpt hkg surv`vb, taby kbbg

tab sthtb tf turk `ts nheb tfwhrgs tabo.

@n tab sthtb kbbgs nhrobrs, kbbgs jrh`k, `t safudg hpprfhea bvbry-fkb fclbet`vbdy hkg abdp. Kft lust j`vb h prfo`sb hkg tabk kft nudn`d t,cut abdp efkerbtbdy. @n taby gf kft kbbg hjrèudturb, tabk taby ehkefkt`kub trbht`kj us hs taby ahvb gfkb sf nhr. Zb hrb kft lust bk-trbprbkburs waf cuy hkg sbdd. Zb hrb wfri`kj tfwhrgs tab sthtbsjfhd fn bksur`kj nffg sbeur`ty, hkg tabrbnfrb wb safudg cb trbhtbgg`nnbrbktdy. Gfkt lust j`vb us ofkby nfr surv`v`kj.

Ubrjby G., ^fdjfjrhg rbj`fk


20/26

3=

H]]BKG@Q 8< OBWAFGFDFJP

Wab shopdb efks`stbg fn 2> pbfpdb, hkg whs nfrobg tarfuja h

efoc`kht`fk fn skfwchdd hkg efkvbk`bkeb shopd`kj tbeak`qubs. Wab

`ktbrv`bws wbrb efkguetbg cy Fxnhos dfehd KJF phrtkbrs hkg lfurkhd`sts

nrfo tab S@H kbws hjbkey.

@ktbrv`bw qubst`fkkh`rb. Ahvb yfu ohkhjbg tf jbt efopbksht`fk nfr tab dfssbs6:. G`g yfu rbeb`vb suppfrt nrfo rbj`fkhd/oukè`phd cugjbts gub tf tab

hckfrohd grfujat efkg`t`fks fn 3=836

1. (@n tab nhro `ksurbg tab erfp)< Zbrb yfu hcdb tf jbt `ksurhkeb

phyobkts6

0. Ahs tab grfujat hnnbetbg tab prèbs fn yfur prfgueb6

8=. @n wb efophrb tab s`tuht`fks taht yfur nhro nhebg `k 3=83 hkg `k 3=8=,

waht sò`dhr`t`bs hkg g`nnbrbkebs ehk yfu kftb6

88. Afw, `k yfur fp`k`fk, w`dd edòhtb eahkjb hnnbet tab hjrèudturhd

prfguet`fk fn yfur nhro6

83. Zaht safudg cb gfkb tf o`kò`zb tab kbjht`vb ophet fn suea

pabkfobkh hs tab 3=83 grfujat fk yfur nhro hkg tab nhros fn yfur

efddbhjubs6


21/26

38

H]]BKG@Q 3< D@UW FN]HSW@E@]HKWU

Kf Sbj`fk Khob Wypb fn nhro hkg eudt`vhtbg hrbh Wypb fn prfgueb

8 Hdth` ^dhgò`r C. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 8,3== abethrbs Jrh`k hkg d`vbstfei

3 Hdth` Hdbxhkgbr G. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 0,=== abethrbs Jrh`k

5 Hdth` Fdjh I. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb hkg nho-`dy/sucs`stbkeb nhro, :8= abethrbs

Jrh`k

7 Hdth` Dugo`dh I. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 2,7== abethrbs Jrh`k

2 Hdth` Bdbkh D. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, K/H Jrh`k

> Hdth` Hkhtfdy` U. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 2,>== abethrbs Jrh`k hkg d`vbstfei

: Hdth` Whtyhkh E. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 8== abethrbs Jrh`k

1 ^fdjfjrhgsiy`rbj`fk

Jhd`kh G. ]r`vhtb dò`tbg efophky, 3,7== abethrbs Jrh`k


Ubrjby G. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 5,=== abethrbs Jrh`k

8= ^fdjfjrhgsiy`rbj`fk

Oìah`d I. ]r`vhtb dò`tbg efophky, K/H Jrh`k


Bdbkh D. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, K/H Jrh`k, d`vbstfei,obdfks


Uvbtdhkh K. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, K/H Jrh`k, d`vbstfei


Hdbxhkgbr U. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 8,7== abethrbs Jrh`k, vbjbthcdbs,d`vbstfei

87 ^fdjfjrhgsiy`

rbj`fk

Bdbkh W. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 8== abethrbs ^bjbthcdbs


Hdbxhkgbr P. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 3,=== abethrbs Jrh`k hkg d`vbstfei

8> Sfstfvsi``rbj`fk

Oìah`d C. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 75= abethrbs Jrh`k

8: Sfstfvsi``rbj`fk

Hkhtfdy` J. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 0== abethrbs Jrh`k

81 Sfstfvsi``rbj`fk

Fdbj I. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 13= abethrbs Jrh`k hkg d`vbstfei

80 Sfstfvsi``rbj`fk

Kìfdhy ]. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 7,=== abethrbs Jrh`k, nfggbr, d`vb-stfei

3= Sfstfvsi``rbj`fk

^dhgò`r E. Lf`kt stfei efophky (Hjrfafdg`kj), K/H Jrh`k

38 Sfstfvsi``rbj`fk

Ohr`h U. Nho`dy/sucs`stbkeb nhro, K/H ^bjbthcdbs hkgpfudtry

33 Sfstfvsi``rbj`fk

D`dyh U. Nho`dy/sucs`stbkeb nhro, K/H ^bjbthcdbs hkgpfudtry

35 Sfstfvsi``rbj`fk

Bdbkh W. Nho`dy/sucs`stbkeb nhro, K/H ^bjbthcdbs hkgpfudtry

37 Sfstfvsi``rbj`fk

Hdbxhkgbr F. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 8,=== abethrbs Jrh`k

32 Sfstfvsi``rbj`fk

Hdbxby \. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 3,1== abethrbs Jrh`k hkg d`vbstfei

3> Uthvrfpfd irh` @sdyho H. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 3== abethrbs Jrh`k


22/26

33

3: Uthvrfpfd irh` Kìfdhy C. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 3== abethrbs Jrh`k

31 Uthvrfpfd irh` Shiaobt G. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 03 abethrbs Jrh`k

30 Uthvrfpfd irh` Ihg`rcbi I. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, >== abethrbs Jrh`k hkg d`vbstfei

5= Uthvrfpfd irh` @jfr I. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, >== abethrbs Jrh`k

58 Uthvrfpfd irh` D`g`yh U. Nho`dy/sucs`stbkeb nhro, K/H ]fthtfbs, vbjbth-cdbs, d`vbstfei, pfud-

try53 Uthvrfpfd irh` Sh`sh I. Nho`dy/sucs`stbkeb nhro, K/H ^bjbthcdbs hkg

abrcs

55 Uthvrfpfd irh` @jfr I. Lf`kt stfei efophky, :,=== abethrbs Jrh`k, pfthtfbs,vbjbthcdbs

57 Uthvrfpfd irh` Dyucfv O. Nho`dy/sucs`stbkeb nhro, K/H Nru`ts hkg vbjbthcdbs

52 Uthvrfpfd irh` Khthd`h U. Nho`dy/sucs`stbkeb nhro, K/H Nru`ts, vbjbthcdbs,pfudtry

5> Uthvrfpfd irh` Whtyhkh W. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 81= abethrbs Jrh`k

5: ]bkzh rbj`fk Ubrjby @. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 7,=== abethrbs Nfggbr, d`vbstfei,n`sa

51 ]bkzh rbj`fk Hkhtfdy` B. @kg`v`guhd nhro bktbrpr`sb, 8,=== abe-thrbs

Jrh`ks hkg d`vbstfei

50 ]bkzh rbj`fk ]btr U. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 1== abethrbs Jrh`k

7= ]bkzh rbj`fk Ubrjby D. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 8== abethrbs Nfggbr hkg d`vbstfei

78 ]bkzh rbj`fk Hdbxhkgbr E. @kg`v`guhd nhro bktbrpr`sb, 8,5== abe-thrbs

Jrh`k hkg d`vbstfei

73 ]bkzh rbj`fk Ubrjby G. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 3,5== abethrbs Jrh`k

75 ]bkzh rbj`fk Hdbxby I. @kg`v`guhd nhro bktbrpr`sb, 82= abethrbs Jrh`k hkg d`vbstfei

77 ]bkzh rbj`fk Kìfdh` I. @kg`v`guhd nhro bktbrpr`sb, 2== abethrbs Jrh`k

72 ]bkzh rbj`fk Hdbxhkgbr \. Lf`kt stfei efophky, 5,18: abethrbs Jrh`k hkg nfggbr

7> ]bkzh rbj`fk Kìfdh` K. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 07= abethrbs Jrh`k

7: Hstrhiahk rbj`fk Hdcbrt H. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 87= abethrbs ^bjbthcdbs

71 Hstrhiahk rbj`fk Kht`j C. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 1=8== abe-thrbs

^bjbthcdbs

70 Hstrhiahk rbj`fk Hkhtfdy` C. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 5==7==abethrbs fn eudt`vhtbg dhkg hkg 0==abethrbs fn whtbr

Obdfks hkg n`sa

2= Hstrhiahk rbj`fk ^hdbry` C. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, K/H ^bjbthcdbs

28 Hstrhiahk rbj`fk Hcgudh I. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 8,8== abethrbs Sèb, obgè, d`vbstfei

23 Hstrhiahkrbj`fk,

^hs`dy` U. ]r`vhtb dò`tbg efophky, 8,3== abethrbs Sèb, jrh`k, vbjbth-cdbs, pfthtfbs

25 Hstrhiahk rbj`fk Hpsahthr W. ]bhshkt nhro bktbrpr`sb, 72 abethrbs ^bjbthcdbs

27 Hstrhiahk rbj`fk Judkhrh W. ]r`vhtb dò`tbg efophky, 1== abethrbs Nfggbr hkg d`vbstfei

22 Hstrhiahk rbj`fk Ohr`h W. Uthtb bktbrpr`sb, K/H Nru`ts

2> Hstrhiahk rbj`fk Dbv W. ]r`vhtb dò`tbg efophky, :== abethrbs ^bjbthcdbs, obdfks,jrh`k


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35

H]]BKG@Q 5< HNNBEWBGSBJ@FKU

Kf. Sbj`fkKuocbr fn nhros

hnnbetbg

Hnnbetbg hrbh,

abethrbs

G`rbet dfssbs,

SRS tafushkgs

Suss`hk Nbgbrht`fk 0,75: 2,2==,527.51 8,7388,1>=.85

8 Sbpucdè fn Ihdoyi`h 87= 887,>:7.== 57:,>21.38

3 Uthvrfpfd rbj`fk 8>= :8,=>>.75 380,121.77

5 Sbpucdè fn Chsaifrtfsthk 8,215 2::,:35.> 8,:3>,8=7.71

7 Frbkcurj rbj`fk 8,785 8,=:5,>:1.== 3,535,=2>.10

2 Uhrhtfv rbj`fk 781 80=,772 7>:,=50.21

> Fosi Sbj`fk 3:: 315,287.>= 238,:37.>1

: Sbpucdè fn Whthrsthk >03 572,=1> 8,>=:,732.5:

1 Hdth` 3,=:: :80,108.51 8,805,=05.22

0 Eabdyhc`ksi rbj`fk 71= 230,2=0.2> 8,8>3,203.15

8= Kfvfs`c`rsi rbj`fk 2>5 38=,520.3= 7:3,32=.15

88 Rdyhkfvsi rbj`fk 35: 01,351 521,=:0.71

83 Wfosi rbj`fk 833 23,181.: 8:3,275.1>

85 Ibobrfvf rbj`fk 811 83>,882.2= 551,055.:=

87 Iurjhk rbj`fk 270 520,>1=.8= 001,=22.55

82 ^fdjfjrhg rbj`fk 8,217 27=,:=7.3 8,2>2,858.2>

8> Sfstfv rbj`fk 522 0=,=5: 370,281.77

8: Sbpucdè fn Iahihss`h 72 87,2:=.== 30,233.:3

81 Sbpucdè fn Wuvh 7: 3,583.== 2,782.00

80 Cryhksi rbj`fk 532 >5,055.88 31>,3>0.01

3= Eabeabk Sbpucdè 583 52,001.== 8>:,217.38


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37

KFWBU

Hdd RSDs dhst heebssbg Ubptbocbr 3=85.

8Nbgbrhd Ubrvèb nfr Aygrfobtbfrfdfjy hkg Bkv`rfkobkthd Ofk`tfr`kj fn tab Suss`hk Nbgbrht`fk (SFUAPGSFOBW)

(3=85) Sbpfrt fk tab spbe`nès fn edòhtb fk tab tbrr`tfry fn tab Suss`h Nbgbrht`fk `k 3=83, Ofsefw/%G=%07%G=%CB%G=%CH%G=%CC%G=%C=%G=%C7%3=%G=%CB%3=

%G=%CH%G=%CC%G=%C1%G=%CE%G=%C=%G8%13%G=%C2%3=%G=%H=%G=%H7%3=%G=%C3%3=3

=83.pgn

3@c`g.

5@c`g., p.>7

7O`k`stry fn Hjrèudturb fn tab Suss`h Nbgbrht`fk (3=83) Fk eurrbkt s`tuht`fk `k tab hjrèudturhd sbetfr fn tab Suss`h

Nbgbrht`fk k Ubptbocbr 3=83,attp.312.ato

2Hjbkey nfr befkfoe `knfroht fk (]S@OB) (3=85) SFUUWHW hsebrth`kbg tab ghth fn jrh`k erfps `k tab Suss`hk

Nbgbrht`fk `k 3=83:=.0o tfkkbs, attp8:8=121.atod

>Ubb kftb 7:Fxnhosofk`tfr`kj s eurrbktdy cb`kj opdbobktbg k Suss`h hkg tab Ufuta Ehuehsus efuktr`bs (Hrobk`h, Hzbrch`lhk,

Jbfrj`h). Sbsudts fn tab ofk`tfr`kj k Suss`h hrb bxpbetbg tf cb rbdbhsbg k w`ktbr 3=87 upfk tab efopdbt`fk fn tab

bkg pahsb.

1O`k`stry fn Befkfoè Gbvbdfpobkt (3=85) Fk tab s`tuht`fk fn tab jrh`k ohribt, 1 Hpr`d3=85.

attp153/OBSWVKBZ3=85=78>153VpV=8=

.ato

0Hutafrs ehdeudht fks, chsbg fk Suss`hk Nbgbrhd Ubrveb fn Uthtstès (Sfsstht),

attp


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32

O`k`stry fn Hjrèudturb fn tab Suss`hk Nbgbrht`fk (kftb 81)

37Sfsstht, Obtafgfdfjèhd ju`gbd`kbs fk ehdeudht`fk fn tab vfduob hkg kgbx fn hjrèudturhd prfguet`fk.

attp Ludy 3=83, ^bst`.ru,

attpO`k`stry fn Hjrèudturb fn tab Suss`h Nbgbrht`fk (3=83) Nhros ghohjbg cy tab suoobrgrfujat w`dd jbt suppfrt `k

Gbebocbr, 35.88.3=83.attp5/30:3=1>/

5=@knfroht`fk hjbkey Kbws fn tab Nbgbrht`fk (3=83) Obgvbgbv ahs prfo`sbg erfp ksurhkeb, 8> Ohy 3=83,

attp-83-=1-=0.atod

58Ubb Kftb 30.

53]bhshkt kbws obg`h jrfup (3=85) O`k`stry fn Hjrèudturb fn tab Suss`h Nbgbrht`fk `s efks`gbr`kj `kerbhs`kj tab

vfduobs fn pbr abethrb sucs`g`bs , 31 Lhkuhry 3=85, attp Ohrea 3=85, attp


26/26

Fxnho @ktbrkht`fkhd Ubptbocbr 3=85

Wa`s ehsb stugy whs wr`ttbk cy Ghr`h Riafvh. Fxnho heikfwdbgjbs tab

hss`sthkeb fn Efksthkt`kf Ehshs-Cubkhs, Hkkh Efdd`ks, Wò Jfrb, Lfak Ohjrhta

hkg Lfkhtahk Ohzd`ha `k `ts prfguet`fk. @t `s phrt fn h sbr`bs fn phpbrs hkg rbpfrts

wr`ttbk tf `knfro pucdè gbchtb fk gbvbdfpobkt hkg auohk`thr`hk pfdèy `ssubs.

Nfr nurtabr `knfroht`fk fk tab `ssubs rh`sbg `k ta`s phpbr pdbhsb b-oh`d

guiafvhMfxnho.frj.ui.

Wa`s pucdèht`fk `s efpyr`jat cut tab tbxt ohy cb usbg nrbb fn eahrjb nfr tab

purpfsbs fn hgvfehey, ehoph`jk`kj, bgueht`fk, hkg rbsbhrea, prfv`gbg taht tab

sfureb `s heikfwdbgjbg `k nudd. Wab efpyr`jat afdgbr rbqubsts taht hdd suea usb cb

rbj`stbrbg w`ta tabo nfr òphet hssbssobkt purpfsbs. Nfr efpy`kj `k hky ftabr

e`reuosthkebs, fr nfr rb-usb `k ftabr pucdèht`fks, fr nfr trhksdht`fk fr hghptht`fk,

pbro`ss`fk oust cb sbeurbg hkg h nbb ohy cb eahrjbg. B-oh`d

pfdèyhkgprhetèbMfxnho.frj.ui.

Wab `knfroht`fk `k ta`s pucdèht`fk `s efrrbet ht tab tòb fn jf`kj tf prbss.

]ucd`sabg cy Fxnho JC nfr Fxnho @ktbrkht`fkhd ukgbr @UCK 0:1-8-:1=::-528-5`k Ubptbocbr 3=85. Fxnho JC, Fxnho Afusb, Lfak Uo`ta Gr`vb, Efwdby, Fxnfrg,

FQ7 3LP, RI.

FQNHOFxnho `s hk `ktbrkht`fkhd efknbgbrht`fk fn 8: frjhk`zht`fks kbtwfribg tfjbtabr `k

07 efuktr`bs, hs phrt fn h jdfchd ofvbobkt nfr eahkjb, tf cu`dg h nuturb nrbb nrfo

tab `klustèb fn pfvbrty

After the Drought: The 2012 drought, Russian farmers, and the challenges of adapting to extreme...

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