After the "Big Bang" by Jesse C. Jones -- Chapter 4 Spirit, Soul and Body

8/3/2019 After the "Big Bang" by Jesse C. Jones -- Chapter 4 Spirit, Soul and Body

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/after-the-big-bang-by-jesse-c-jones-chapter-4-spirit-soul-and-body 1/37

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j`chop e} eh o}}ohsèb gqneh gf slo agcp( E aossoq `hsoqtqoses`gh gf sl`} ~gqc

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koeh} gf nu`c`hn" mghsqgbb`hn" mlomj`hn" gq qo}sqe`h`hn9 e} slo qo`h} gf

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61



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sloh slqgunl slo }gub sg slo agcp" gq aàb`meb loeqs ,Iga =19<" Tq( 1491>" Qg(

<956" 5 Mg( 1951+53)(

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ehc slo qofoqohmo} fqgk slo HS ebb ettoeq sg ao tg} s`vo( Sl`} kejo} }oh}o"

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Mlq`}s( Slo}o mlehnoc mleqemsoq`}s`m} `hc`meso sles }gkosl`hn lettoh} `h

guq lukeh }t`q`s ~loh ~o eqo agqh ene`h" ehc eqo }t`q`suebbp qonohoqesoc(

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ehc k`hc" guq }t`q`s} eqo mboeh}oc fqgk foob`hn} gf ehnu`}l" }suaagqhho}}"

}gqqg~" ehc a`ssoqho}} ~loh ~o eqo qonohoqesoc" ehc aets`yoc `h slo Lgbp

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sles Ngc nevo Cev`c slo tessoqh gf slo soktbo `h l`} }t`q`s: Iga =19< `hc`meso}

sles Ngc n`vo} keh‐} }t`q`s uhcoq}sehc`hn: Iga 149= kohs`gh} keh‐} }t`q`s‐}

uhcoq}sehc`hn: Keqj 19< qofoq} sg Io}u} toqmo`v`hn `h L`} }t`q`s: Qgkeh} <956

}ep} sles slo Lgbp ]t`q`s aoeq} ~`sho}} ~`sl guq }t`q`s} sles ~o eqo ml`bcqoh gf

63



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lukeh }t`q`s(

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ao leunlsp ,Tq( 5695<): ao e mehcbo gf slo Bgqc }oeqml`hn slo `h~eqc teqs}

,Tq( 1491>): ao qoho~oc ,Oyo( 55950" 5<9=5" =6916: Qg( 5191): ao u`mjohoc

,Igl( 696=): aoeq fqu`s ,Ne( ?911): ehc mghfo}} ,5 Igl( 391)( E} `hc`mesoc

eagvo" slo hones`vo mleqemsoq`}s`m} gf guq }t`q`s ,nu`bo" qoaobb`gh"

leunls`ho}}) eqo ~e}loc e~ep slqgunl qonohoqes`gh ehc }ehms`f`mes`gh(

3( Bujo 139=0 }ep} sles guq }t`q`s cgo} hgs levo fbo}l ehc agho}" ehc `}

sloqofgqo `kkesoqèb(

?( 5 Slo}}ebghèh} ?91= `cohs`fò} slo }t`q`s e} gho gf slo mgh}s`suohs} gf

sq`teqs`so keh ,}t`q`s" }gub" ehc agcp)(

6( Slo }t`q`s ehc }gub eqo voqp mbg}obp ohs~`hoc ,Loa( 3951)" ehc" `h fems" slop

emmgktehp oeml gsloq sg loevoh gq lobb es slo coesl gf slo agcp ,T}( <695=:

5 J`( 5>911: Om( 519>: Iga =3953: Oyo( 5<93: K‐s( 5491<: Qo( 690)( Slo Loaqo~}

gf slo GS c`c hgs qomgnh`yo e }oteqeso lukeh }t`q`s" aus mgh}`coqoc slo

essqàuso} gf agsl }t`q`s ehc }gub sg ao vo}soc `h slo ‒`hhoq keh‛ ,slo }gub)(

>( 5 Tosoq =93 }ook} sg `hc`meso sles }ummo}} `h ~`hh`hn gsloq} `} hgs slqgunl

gus~eqc ettoeqehmo" aus `} slqgunl slo }ehms`fòc loeqs gf keh" ~l`ml `}

co}mqàoc e} eh ‒gqhekohs gf e kooj ehc uòs }t`q`s ‛(

<( 5 Mgq`hslèh} 695> }ep} sles `f ~o eqo ‒ ig`hoc ‛ sg slo Bgqc ~o ~`bb ao

,aomgko) gho }t`q`s(

6?



Guq lukeh }t`q`s" ~l`ml `} guq ‒ao`hn‛" `} n`voh sg u} ap Ngc ~l`bo ~o eqo

`h slo ~gka( @ aob`ovo Lo n`vo} u} guq }t`q s gh slo ?4sl cep efsoq slo

foqs`b`yoc onn eqq`vo} `h slo usoqu} ehc aon`h} s} nqg~sl( @h l`} aggjbos

ohs`sboc ‒Slo ]ovoh Foe}s} gf @}qeob‛" Ygbe Bov`ss tg`hs} gus slo qokeqjeabo

teqebbob} aos~ooh slo }ovoh Io~`}l Foe}s} ehc Fo}s`veb}" ehc slo

covobgtkohs gf slo lukeh fosu} ~`sl`h slo ~gka gf e ~gkeh( @h l`} aggj

lo tg`hs} gus sles slo Io~`}l Fo}s`veb gf F`q}s Fqu`s} ~e} e cep `h ~l`ml slo

@}qeob`so} cokgh}sqesoc slo`q slehjfubho}} sg Ngc fgq kej`hn slo`q behc

foqs`bo ehc fqu`sfub( Kq( Bov`ss }unno}s} sles sl`} mgqqo}tghc} sg slo

`ktbehses`gh gf slo foqs`b`yoc onn `h slo usoqu}( Gh slo ?4sl cep efsoq slo

onn `} `ktbehsoc" slo okaqpg aomgko} e lukeh fosu}( Lo eqnuo} sles sl`}

ovohs mgqqo}tghc} sg slo Cep gf Tohsomg}s" ~l`ml gmmuq} ?4 cep} efsoq slo

Fo}s`veb gf F q}s Fqu`s}( Sl`} }ook} sg eb}g ao e b`jobp s`ko fgq Ngc sg `ktbehs

slo lukeh }t`q`s ~`sl`h slo fosu}( ^o ebb jhg~ sles slo Cep gf Tohsomg}s ~e}

slo cep gh ~l`ml Ngc aets`yoc slo c`}m`tbo} `h slo Lgbp ]t`q`s ,`ktbehsoc slo

Lgbp ]t`q s)( @f sl`} ehebgnp `} veb`c Ngc kep ~obb levo `ktbehsoc slo lukeh

}t`q`s gh slo ?4sl cep efsoq slo foqs`b`yoc onn mgko} sg qo}s `h slo usoqu}( Lo

sloh ‒mgvoq}‛ sl`} }t`q`s ~`sl eh eagco" e kgqseb agcp" cuq`hn slo oh}u`hn

114 cep} gf no}ses`gh( ^l`bo gh oeqsl guq }t`q`s c~obb} `h sl`} eagco" sl`}

oeqsloh vo}}ob( @f ~o eqo ‒`h Mlq`}s‛ guq }t`q`s ,ehc }gub) qosuqh} sg Ngc `h

loevoh utgh tlp}`meb coesl sg e~e`s slo qetsuqo ehc qo}uqqoms`gh( ^loh

Mlq`}s mgko} fgq L`} oboms Lo ~`bb mbgslo guq }t`q`s'}gub ~`sl slo `kkgqseb

agcp Lo le} tqoteqoc fgq u}( @h }gko kehhoq sles `} aopghc guq

66



mgktqoloh}`gh" sl`} `kkgqseb agcp qotqo}ohs} slo q`nlsogu} ~gqj} cgho `h

guq kgqseb agcp vè slo Lgbp ]t`q`s ~l`bo ~o eqo }s`bb gh oeqsl ,1 Mg( ?95+3" 54:

Qo( 509<)" ehc efsoq ~o levo ohsoqoc `hsg }ehms`f`mes`gh(

_hs`b ~o eqo qomghm`boc ,qomghhomsoc) sg Ngc" slqgunl Mlq`}s" guq lukeh

}t`q`s `} b`jo e lgs ~esoq loesoq ~`sl slo ne} ,gq obomsq`m`sp) suqhoc gff( Ebb sles

`s meh cob`voq sg slo agcp `} mgbc ehc coec }`hmo `s le} hg ohoqnp ,b`fo)

}guqmo( @h fems" slo }gub`}l ,}obf`}l) hesuqo gf slo agcp `hfbuohmo} slo }t`q`s

}g sles `s meh aomgko }suaagqh" leunlsp" ehc a`ssoq( ^loh slo ne} `} suqhoc

gh ehc slo auqhoq `} `nh`soc" slo loesoq meh aon`h sg cob`voq ‒lgs‛ ~esoq( Es

qonohoqes`gh" ehc besoq cuq`hn }ehms`f`mes`gh" guq }t`q`s `} mboeh}oc gf slo

foob`hn} covobgtoc cuq hn guq uhqonohoqeso poeq}( ^loh slo Lgbp ]t`q`s

mgko} `h" guq }t`q`s aon`h} sg qomo`vo ohoqnp ,hguq`}lkohs) fqgk Ngc" ehc

}seqs} sg cob`voq ‒b`v`hn‛ ,lgs) ~esoq( @f ~o qomo`vo sl`} b`fo+n`v`hn

hguq`}lkohs guq k`hc ~`bb aon`h sg ao qoho~oc ,Qg( 5191)" guq agcp ~`bb

aon`h sg sejo gh e kgqo Mlq`}sb`jo toq}ghe" ehc guq slgunls} ehc ems`gh} ~`bb

aon`h sg qofboms slo hesuqo ehc mleqemsoq gf Mlq }s( Sl`} `} gho gf kg}s

`ktgqsehs fuhms`gh} gf slo lukeh }t`q`s9 sg qomo`vo }t`q`sueb" kgqeb" ehc

osl`meb nu`cehmo fqgk slo Lgbp ]t q`s( Slo Lgbp ]t`q s mghvop} slo lukabo

ehc ~`}o hesuqo gf Mlq`}s sg guq lukeh }t`q`s(

Slo }t`q`s ~`bb eb}g qomo`vo Ngc‐} nu`cehmo eagus sl`hn} Lo ~ehs} u} sg cg

sles levo hgsl`hn sg cg ~`sl qoho~`hn slo k`hc( êsmlkeh Hoo" `h l`} aggj

ohs`sboc9 ‒Slo ]t`q`sueb Keh‛" }ep} sles Ngc }toej} sg u} slqgunl guq

`hsu`s`gh( ôa}soq cof`ho} `hsu`s`gh e} ‒slo `kkocèso jhg~`hn gq boeqh`hn

6>



}gkosl`hn ~`slgus slo mgh}m`gu} u}o gf qoe}gh`hn: `h}sehsehogu}

ettqoloh}`gh‛( Sl`} }guhc} voqp kuml b`jo e ^gqc ~o k`nls qomo`vo fqgk

Ngc" gho sles `hveco} guq k`hc ehc mgh}m`gu}ho}} ~`slgus ehp offgqs gh guq

teqs( @ levo sqòc sg qomgnh`yo `hsu`s`gh `h sl`} ~ep gvoq slo te}s fo~ poeq}

ehc levo mgko sg aobòvo sles esmlkeh Hoo `} mgqqoms( Ngc }ook} sg

}toej `h sl`} ~ep `h tqepoq u`so gfsoh" aus Lo meh }toej sg u} es gsloq s`ko}

e} ~obb( Gf mguq}o" ~o ku}s mlomj ehpsl`hn ~o qomo`vo ap Ngc‐} }tgjoh

^gqc ,qloke)" ~`sl Ngc‐} ~q`ssoh ^gqc ,bgng})(

@s `} slqgunl guq }t`q`s sles ~o ~gq}l`t Ngc( Iglh 3913 }ep} sles ‒Ngc `} e

}t`q`s9 ehc slop sles ~gq}l`t l`k ku}s ~gq}l`t l`k `h }t`q`s ehc squsl‛( ô

mehhgs ohsoq `hsg Ngc‐} tqo}ohmo `h ehp ~ep gsloq sleh slqgunl guq }t`q`s(

Iu}s e} Lo tqgv`co} nu`cehmo fqgk slo Lgbp ]t`q`s sg guq lukeh }t`q`s" Lo

qomo`vo} ~gq}l`t ghbp ~loh `s mgko} slqgunl guq }t`q`s sg L`k( Ngc coeb}

~`sl keh slqgunl l`} }t`q`s fgq keh‐} }t`q`s jhg~} ebb sl`hn} eagus keh ,Tq(

1491>: 5 Mg( 1951)( Guq }t`q`s `} qoho~oc es qoa`qsl ,Oyo( =6916)" ~l`bo

guq agcp ,qoebbp slo aàb`meb loeqs) `} iu}s }seqs`hn slo tqgmo}} gf ao`hn

toqfomsoc ,}ehms`fòc)( Ngc `cohs`fò} guq lukeh }t`q`s e} ao`hn slo ‛qoeb‛ u}"

}g `s }ook} bgn`meb sles sl`} `} slo obokohs gf guq toq}ghe sles Lo ~gubc

mlgg}o sg fobbg~}l`t ~`sl(

Slo ]gub

6<



Slo GS Loaqo~ ~gqc sqeh}besoc ‒}gub‛ `} ‒hotlo}l‛" gq ‒hoto}‛" koeh`hn

‒e aqoesl`hn mqoesuqo‛( V`ho‐} `hc`meso} sles sl`} ~gqc gmmuq} gvoq ><4 s`ko}

`h slo JIV gf slo GS( Lo }ep} sles sl`} Loaqo~ ~gqc qofoq} sg slo ‒o}}ohmo gf

b`fo" slo ems gf aqoesl`hn" gq sej`hn e aqoesl‛( V`ho‐} fuqsloq }seso} sles `h

gvoq 344 gf slo}o ><4 u}o}" sl`} ~gqc le} aooh k`}sqeh}besoc( Sl`} ~e}

ebbucoc sg oeqbòq" `h hgs`hn sles kg}s u}o} gf slo ~gqc ‒}gub‛ `h slo JIV eqo

emsuebbp `hmgqqoms `hsoqtqoses`gh} gf slo Loaqo~ ~gqc} fgq b`fo" b`v`hn" toq}gh"

osm( V`ho‐} `hc`meso} sles Ohnb`}l Aàbo sqeh}bes`gh}" ap ehc beqno" levo hgs

u}oc ehp mgh}`}sohs ou`vebohs soqk fgq slo Loaqo~ ~gqc ‒hotlo}l‛9 sloqo

eqo 1< c`ffoqohs Ohnb`}l ~gqc} u}oc sg sqeh}beso sl`} gho Loaqo~ ~gqc( Lo

ecc} sles sloqo `} hg ou`vebohs Loaqo~ ~gqc fgq slo `coe qotqo}ohsoc ap slo

Ohnb`}l ~gqc ‒}gub‛( Sl`} `} e }`nh`f`mehs }sesokohs `h" ehc gf" `s}obf( @s

}ook} sg me}s mgh}`coqeabo cguas eagus `hsoqtqos`hn sl`} ~gqc `h slo Loaqo~

Aàbo sg koeh slo k`hc" ~`bb" ehc okgs`gh}9 slo slqoo mgkkghbp emmotsoc

mgh}s`suohs} gf keh‐} }gub( Slo Loaqo~ }p}sok gf slgunls c`c hgs mgh}`coq

keh sg ao fgqkoc gf slqoo teqs} ,}t`q`s" }gub" ehc agcp)" aus `h}soec sohcoc

sg qomgnh`yo eh ‒`hhoq }obf‛ ehc eh ‒gusoq ettoeqehmo‛" gq e} vò~oc `h

ehgsloq ~ep ‒~les gho `} sg gho}obf‛ ,slo }gub)" mgkteqoc sg ‒~les gho `} sg

gsloq togtbo‛ ,slo agcp)( _hcoq slo Loaqo~ ~ep gf sl`hj`hn s `} hgs sles e

toq}gh ‒le}‛ e }gub" aus sles lo ‒`}‛ e }gub( Sl`} `} gho qoe}gh fgq slo

c`ff`mubsp `h c`}s`hnu`}l`hn slo o|ems koeh`hn gf slo ~gqc ‒}gub‛ `h Ohnb`}l

voq}`gh} gf slo Aàbo(

60



Slo Loaqo~ ~gqc ‒hotlo}l‛ `} gfsoh sqeh}besoc e} ‒ao`hn‛" ‒b`fo‛" gq

‒toq}gh‛( @h sl`} }oh}o `s gav`gu}bp okagcò} slo }t`q`s" }gub" ehc agcp gf

keh" ehc slu} `hmbuco} slo k`hc" ~`bb" ehc okgs gh}( ô eqo coeb`hn ~ sl

slo ~gqc ‒}gub‛ e} gho gf slo slqoo teqs} gf sq`teqs`so keh" qesloq sleh e} e

~gqc sles ohmgkte}}o} slo ohs`qo toq}gh" gq slo `hhoq keh( @s `}

`hsoqo}s`hn sg hgso sles slo Yghcoqveh H@V O|leu}s`vo Mghmgqcehmo b`}s} ghbp

554 u}o} gf slo Ohnb`}l ~gqc ‒}gub‛ `h slo GS( O}}ohsèbbp ebb gf slo}o eqo

sqeh}bes`gh} gf slo Loaqo~ ~gqc ‒hoto}‛" slo ou`vebohs gf ~l`ml `}

‒hotlo}l‛" `hsoqtqosoc e} ‒}gub‛ `h slo JIV gf slo GS( @ aobòvo sl`} `} e

}`nh`f`mehs fems `h }oeqml`hn fgq slo koeh`hn gf slo Loaqo~ ~gqc} `hsoqtqosoc

e} }gub `h slo GS( @s boec} ko sg mghmbuco sles slo ~`cobp+lobc aobòf sles slo

lukeh }gub `hmbuco} slo k`hc" ~`bb" ehc okgs`gh} `} mgqqoms ghbp ~loh }gub `}

u}oc sg koeh toq}gh" }obf" gq ao`hn" ehc hgs ~loh u}oc sg `cohs`fp e teqs gf

sq`teqs`so keh(

Slo Nqooj ~gqc ‒ t}umlo‛" `} sqeh}besoc e} ‒}gub‛ `h slo HS( Sl`} ~gqc

cohgso} ‒slo aqoesl" slo aqoesl gf b`fo" ehc }gub‛( Slo H@V u}o} slo ~gqc

}gub 50 s`ko}" mgkteqoc sg =< s`ko} `h slo JIV( V`hmohs‐} ^gqc ]sucò} `h

slo Ho~ So}sekohs }ep} sles slo ~gqc ‒ t}umlo‛ `} gfsoh u}oc `h slo HS `h `s}

gq`n`heb koeh`hn gf ‒b`fo‛ ,K‐s( 1914" 5491<: Em( 14954" Qg( 559=: Igl( 50955)(

Slu}" ~o mghmbuco sles `s `} u}oc kehp s`ko} `h slo HS sg co}`nheso slo

ohs`qo toq}gh ,K‐s( 5195<" Loa( 549=<" Bu( 15950)( V`hmohs fuqsloq }ep} sles

‒Slo }gub `} slo tq hm`tbo gf `hc`v`cueb`sp" slo }oes gf toq}gheb `ktqo}}`gh}( @s

le} e }`co `h mghsems ~`sl agsl slo kesoqèb ehc slo }t`q`sueb obokohs gf

>4



lukeh`sp" ehc `} slu} slo kocès`hn gqneh aos~ooh agcp ehc }t`q s(‛ Lo

ngo} gh sg }ep sles ‒ t}umlo `} gfsoh u}oc `h guq }oh}o gf slo loeqs ,Bu( 5936"

19=?: Igl( 54913" Em( 5391): ehc slo koeh`hn} gf t}umlo ehc thouke"

gmme}`ghebbp ettqgeml oeml gsloq voqp mbg}obp( Mgkteqo Iglh 5191>" ehc

Iglh 559==: Kesslo~ 55910 ehc 5 Mgq`hslèh} 5695<( Eb}g agsl ~gqc} `h Bujo

5936+3>(‛

@f ~o emmots V`hmohs‐} cof`h`s`gh" slo }gub `} slo kocès`hn gqneh aos~ooh

slo }t`q`s ehc slo agcp( @s qomo`vo} mgkkuh`mes`gh fqgk slo lukeh }t`q`s"

e}}o}}o} slo qo}`}sehmo ,gq ~`bb`hnho}}) gf slo agcp ,emsuebbp slo aàb`meb

loeqs) sg qomo`v`hn slo `hfgqkes`gh" ehc ems} slqgunl slo ~`bb" emmgqc`hnbp( Sg

e nqoes o|sohs slo offoms`voho}} gf slo }gub‐} eqa`sqes`gh `} cosoqk`hoc ap slo

cotsl gf slo aobòvoq‐} ‒qomjgh`hn‛ l`k}obf e} coec sg slo fbo}l ,t}pmlo)" ehc

gtoh sg slo fbg~ gf fe`sl" gq tg~oq" qou`qoc sg aobòvo slo teqs`mubeq

soeml`hn( V`ho‐} }ep} sles" ‒Slo behnueno gf Loaqo~} 3951 }unno}s} slo

o|sqoko c`ff`mubsp gf c`}s`hnu`}l`hn aos~ooh }gub ehc }t`q`s" eb`jo `h slo`q

hesuqo ehc `h slo`q ems`v`sò}( Nohoqebbp }toej`hn slo }t`q`s `} slo l`nloq" slo

}gub slo bg~oq obokohs( Slo }t`q`s kep ao qomgnh`yoc e} slo b`fo tq`hm`tbo

ao}sg~oc gh keh ap Ngc" slo }gub e} slo qo}ubs`hn b`fo mgh}s`susoc `h slo

`hc`v`cueb" slo agcp ao`hn slo kesoqèb gqneh`}k eh`kesoc ap }gub ehc

}t`q`s(‛ Slo ngeb gf slo }t`q s ehc }gub `} sg kejo slo agcp ‒lgbp‛ ap

qoho~`hn slo k`hc ,aàb`meb loeqs)" ~`sl nu`cehmo qomo`voc fqgk slo Lgbp

]t`q`s(

>5



@h mgh}`coq`hn slo s~g ugso} n`voh eagvo fqgk V`ho ehc V`hmohs @ aobòvo

sles slo}o Aàbo behnueno }mlgbeq} lec eh uhcoq}sehc`hn gf slo}o s~g ~gqc}

,}t`q`s ehc }gub) sles offoms`vobp qotqo}ohs} slo`q koeh`hn} e} `hsohcoc ap

Ngc ~loh Lo nevo `h}t`qes`gh sg lgbp koh gf gbc sg ~q`so slo }mq`tsuqo} ,1 S`(

=956)( ô jhg~ fqgk kehp }mq`tsuqo} sles slo lukeh }t`q`s `} slo `kkesoqèb

mgh}s`suohs gf guq kejout sles Ngc `cohs`fò} e} guq ‒ao`hn‛" mgvoqoc ap guq

agcp fgqkoc `h slo ~gka( @s `} slqgunl guq }t`q`s sles Lo mgkkuh`meso} ~`sl

u} efsoq ~o levo aooh qonohoqesoc( E} eqnuoc eagvo" guq lukeh }t`q`s `}

slo fgmu} gf Ngc‐} essohs`gh `h coeb`hn ~`sl u}" ehc Lo cgo} sl`} vè slo Lgbp

]t`q`s( Mlq`}s `} `h loevoh es sl`} voqp s`ko au`bc`hn eh eagco ,`kkgqseb

agcp) fgq guq }t`q s'}gub( Guq }t`q`s'}gub ehc `kkgqseb agcp ~ bb ao ig`hoc

~loh Lo qosuqh} `h slo mbguc} sg nesloq L`} oboms( Bos u} hg~ qosuqh sg guq

}oeqml fgq uhcoq}sehc`hn gf slo essqàuso} gf slo }gub(

Ae}oc gh slo eagvo" slo }gub" e} co}mqàoc `h slo Aàbo" `} `kkesoqèb" iu}s

e} `} slo }t`q`s( ô jhg~ fqgk Iga =3953: Kesslo~ 5491<: ehc Qovobes`gh 690:

sles guq }gub emmgktehò} guq }t`q`s sg loevoh gq lobb es tlp}`meb coesl" ehc

sl`} `} moqse`hbp e }sqghn qoe}gh fgq ke`hse`h`hn sles slo }gub `} `kkesoqèb(

Slo Aàbo }ook} sg }ep sles slo }gub meh ao }oteqesoc fqgk slo agcp" aus `s

mehhgs ao }oteqesoc fqgk slo }t`q`s( V`hmohs }ep} sles Loaqo~} 3951 } hgs

sg ao uhcoq}sggc e} c`v`c`hn }gub fqgk }t q`s" gq ig`hs} fqgk keqqg~( Lo

ke`hse`h} sles slo ig`hs} ehc keqqg~ `h sl`} }mq`tsuqo }lgubc ao slgunls gf e}

qotqo}ohs`hn slo ig`hs} ehc keqqg~ gf slo }gub ehc }t`q`s( @h gsloq ~gqc}" sl`}

}mq`tsuqo qofoq} sg slo ^gqc gf Ngc tòqm`hn slo voqp cotsl} gf slo }gub ehc

>1



}t`q`s" sg }`fs ehc ehebpyo slo slgunls} ehc `hsohs} qo}`c`hn ~`sl`h slo loeqs(

Sl`} }ook} sg emmgqc ~`sl Nebesèh} ?95> `h sles slo }t`q`s `} es ~eq ~`sl slo

fbo}l ,loeqs)" ehc slo ^gqc gf Ngc tohosqeso} sg slo cotsl} gf slo }gub ehc

}t`q`s sg e}}`}s `h qo}gbv`hn slo qo}ubs`hn }j`qk`}lo}( Sl`} `} ehgsloq qoe}gh

fgq ke`hse`h`hn sles slo ~gqc }gub" e} u}oc `h slo Aàbo" cgo} hgs `hmbuco

kesoqèb teqs} gf slo agcp }uml e} slo mohsqeb hoqvgu} }p}sok ,okgs`gh})" gq

slo aqe`h ,k`hc)9 slo slgunls} ehc `hsohs} gf slo aàb`meb loeqs eqo ehebpyoc

`h slo }gub" ~`sl `htus fqgk slo }t`q`s vè slo Lgbp ]t`q s( Sl`} `} eh `ktgqsehs

qoe}gh fgq aobòvoq} sg cò sg slok}obvo} ,sg ke}soq slo`q bu}s} ehc tq`co) }g

sles sl`} }`fs`hn ehc ehebpy`hn tqgmo}} meh tqgmooc ~`sl b`ssbo gq hg qo}`}sehmo

fqgk slo fbo}l sg slo fbg~ gf fe`sl k`|oc ~`sl sles teqs`mubeq ^gqc ,soeml`hn)(

@s }ook} mboeq sles s~g gf slo slqoo mgh}s`suohs} gf keh" v`y( }t`q`s ehc

}gub" eqo `kkesoqèb" fgqkoc ehc `ktbehsoc ap Ngc ehc co}s`hoc sg qosuqh sg

L`k `h loevoh" gq" `h slo me}o gf uhaobòvoq}" sg co}mohc `hsg slo Eap}}

,Lobb) sg ig`h ]eseh‐} gsloq }bevo}( Slo agcp `} slo sl qc mgh}s`suohs gf keh9

`s `} fgqkoc ~`sl`h slo ~gka gf slo o|tomsehs kgsloq‐} agcp slqgunl hesuqeb

tqgmo}}o} gqce`hoc ap Ngc( @s `} kesoqèb `h hesuqo" ehc } fgqkoc ap

tqgnqekkoc tqgmo}}o}" ~loqoe} slo }t`q`s ehc }gub eqo fgqkoc ap c`qoms

ems`gh gf Ngc" ~`slgus ehp mghsqàus`gh fqgk keh( Slu}" es coesl slo

mgqqutsoc oeqslbp agcp mehhgs ohsoq Ngc‐} j`hncgk" aus ku}s qosuqh sg slo

oeqsl e} e }ooc sg cò sg tqgv`co slo okaqpg fgq slo uhmgqqutsoc }t`q`sueb

agcp sles ~`bb eq`}o es qo}uqqoms`gh( 5 Mgq`hslèh} 5?9=>" 31+33 }ep}" ‒ Ehc

sles ~l`ml slgu }g~o}s" slgu }g~o}s hgs sles agcp sles }lebb ao" aus aeqo

>=



nqe`h" `s kep mlehmo gf ~loes" gq }gko gsloq nqe`h9 ]g eb}g `} slo

qo}uqqoms`gh gf slo coec( @s `} }g~h `h mgqquts`gh: `s `} qe`}oc `h `hmgqquts`gh9

@s `} }g~h `h c`}lghgq: `s `} qe`}oc `h nbgqp9 `s `} }g~h `h ~oejho}}: `s `} qe`}oc

`h tg~oq ‛(

Slo ugso fqgk V`hmohs" eagvo" co}mqào} slo }gub e} slo tq`hm`tbo gf guq

`hc`v`cueb`sp" slo kocès`hn obokohs aos~ooh slo }t q`s ehc agcp( Sl`} }ep}

`s tqossp ~obb9 Ngc coeb} ~`sl keh slqgunl slo lukeh }t`q`s" ~l`bo slo }gub `}

slo }guqmo gf slo toq}gheb `ktqo}}`gh ~o kejo `h slo tlp}`meb ~gqbc ~`sl

koh" ehc `h slo }t q`sueb ~gqbc ~ sl loevohbp ao`hn}( Slo kp}soqp gf b`fo

`s}obf qo}`co} ~`sl`h slo }gub" fgq `s `} ~loh Ngc aqoeslo} `hsg u} ,f`nuqes`vobp)

`h slo ~gka sles ~o aomgko e b`v`hn toq}gh9 ~o aomgko ‒}obf+mgh}m`gu}‛(

Guq }gub keh`fo}s} guq toq}gheb`sp" fgq `s `} guq toq}gheb`sp sles `cohs`fò} u}(

@f guq agcp ~oqo e ku}`meb `h}squkohs" slo }gub ~gubc ao b`jo e ku}`mèh

sqp`hn l`} ao}s sg tbep ku}`m sles `} tboe}`hn sg slo oeq}" n`voh slo mghc`s`gh

gf slo `h}squkohs( @h l`} aggj ohs`sboc9 ‒@h Cofoh}o gf slo ]gub‛‐ Q`m

Kemlune }ep} sles ‒}gub} eqo `h agcò} slo ~ep koeh`hn `} `h ~gqc}‛( Slo

}gub `} guq ‒o}}ohmo‛ e} feq e} slo ~gqbc } mghmoqhoc( Slo }t`q`s `} guq

‒ao`hn‛" ehc slu} } guq ‒o}}ohmo‛ sg Ngc( @h tl`bg}gtlp ‒o}}ohmo‛ `}

cof`hoc e} ‒slo `h~eqc hesuqo gf ehpsl`hn" uhcoqbp`hn `s} keh`fo}ses`gh}‛(

Kehp gf slo mleqemsoq`}s`m} sles mgktq`}o guq toq}gheb`sp gq`n`heso ~`sl`h slo

}t`q`s" aus slop eqo keh`fo}soc sg guq }uqqguhc`hn} slqgunl guq }gub ~l`ml" `h

suqh" eh`keso} slo agcp ,oeqslbp gq `kkgqseb)( Ebslgunl slo slgunls} ~o

levo ~loh }gkogho mgko} sg k`hc gfsoh `hmbuco slo`q gus~eqc ettoeqehmo"

>3



guq coot `ktqo}}`gh} eqo kgqo e}}gmèsoc ~`sl essqàuso} e}}gmèsoc ~`sl

slo`q toq}gheb`sp9 Cg @ foob essqems`gh ehc effoms`gh fgq sl`} toq}gh7 Cg ~o

}leqo e kusueb `hsoqo}s h oeml gsloq7 Cg ~o }leqo kusueb squ}s7 Cg ~o

}ook sg ‒mb`mj‛7 ^les cg @ }oo `h slo ~`hcg~ gf slo`q }gub ,slo opo})7 Slo

}t`q`s ehc }gub eqo b`jo s~g }`co} gf e mg`h9 gho `hsoqems} ~`sl Ngc" slo gsloq

`hsoqems} ~`sl slo ~gqbc" slqgunl slo agcp( Agsl eqo `kkesoqèb ehc boevo

slo agcp es tlp}`meb coesl sg ng cg~h" gq ut( Pgu kep e}j" ‒^loqo cg slo

`hsobboms" foob`hn}" ehc okgs`gh} qo}`co" `f hgs `h slo }gub‛7 ô eqo ng`hn sg

eccqo}} sles uo}s`gh `h guq c`}mu}}`gh gh slo aàb`meb loeqs(

Ehgsloq uo}s`gh pgu k`nls e}j `}" ‒^loqo c`c slo }gub mgko fqgk" ehc

~loh c`c ~o qomo`vo `s‛7 ô qomo`vo guq }gub fqgk Ngc" ehc @ aobòvo Lo

n`vo} `s sg u} `h slo ~gka" iu}s e} Lo cgo} slo }t`q s( ô hgsoc eagvo sles

agsl slo Loaqo~ ~gqc ‒hotlo}l‛ ehc slo Nqooj ~gqc ‒ t}umlo‛ levo sg cg

~`sl slo aqoesl gf b`fo" ~l`ml ghbp Ngc meh n`vo" gq sejo e~ep ,Iga =3953+5?)(

@ aobòvo sles Ngc n`vo} u} guq }gub cuq`hn slo bessoq }seno} gf slo foseb

covobgtkohs tqgmo}} `h slo ~gka( Sg ugso fqgk Ygbe Bov`ss‐} aggjbos ‒Slo

]ovoh Foe}s} gf @}qeob‛9 ‒@s `} homo}}eqp fgq slo foseb abggc" ~l`ml meqqò} slo

kgsloq‐} g|pnoh slqgunl slo aeap‐} }p}sok" sg mlehno `h }uml e ~ep sles

slo aeap meh meqqp slo g|pnoh sles `s" `s}obf" ~gubc gase`h utgh a`qsl(

Somlh`mebbp" slo lokgnbga`h gf slo abggc ~gubc levo sg mlehno fqgk sles gf

slo fosu} sg sles gf e }obf+qo}t`qes`hn ehc m`qmubes`hn Z}`m[ lukeh ao`hn( Slo

fosu} cgo} hgs aqoeslo" aus qesloq cotohc} gh slo g|pnoh gase`hoc slqgunl

slo kgsloq‐} abggc m qmubes`gh( Hesuqebbp" sl`} }p}sok ku}s ao mlehnoc

>?



aofgqo a`qsl" ehc sles mlehno gmmuq} `h slo }omghc ~ooj gf slo }ovohsl

kghsl" ehc sg ao tqom`}o" gh slo sohsl cep(‛ @ aobòvo sl`} `} slo s`ko sles

Ngc ,f`nuqes`vobp) aqoeslo} `hsg guq agcò}" ehc ~o aomgko e b`v`hn ‒}gub‛" gq

ao`hn" ~`sl e uhùo toq}gheb`sp" ou`ttoc ~`sl ebb slo homo}}eqp gtoqes`hn

teqs}( Sl`} mehhgs ao mgh}squoc e} eh eqnukohs fgq fqoocgk sg soqk`heso

,eagqs) e tqonhehmp tq`gq sg slo sohsl cep gf slo }ovohsl kghsl" fgq Ngc le}

ebqoecp qomgnh`yoc slo fosu} e} e ‒ao`hn‛ ~loh Lo fgqk} ehc `ktbehs} slo

}t`q`s" ~l`ml" e} }unno}soc eagvo" gmmuq} gh slo ?4sl cep efsoq slo foqs`b`yoc

onn eqq`vo} `h slo usoqu} ehc aon`h} `s} nqg~sl( Slo ohs`qo ems gf

qotqgcums`gh ,fqgk mghmots`gh sg cob`voqp) le} aooh gqce`hoc ap Ngc" ehc

ehp `hsoqfoqohmo ap keh hones`hn sl`} mqoes`vo ems `} e voqp }oq`gu} gffoh}o

`hcooc( @ e}}uko sles slo soqk`hes`gh gf e tqonhehmp efsoq slo }t`q s le}

aooh `ktbehsoc qo}ubs} `h slo }t`q`s qosuqh`hn sg Ngc ~lg nevo `s" e voqp

foeq}gko slgunls `hcooc(

@h slo Io~`}l mebohceq slo sohsl cep gf slo }ovohsl kghsl mgqqo}tghc} sg

slo Cep gf Esghokohs( Esghokohs tg`hs} sg slo fusuqo cep ~loh @}qeob ~`bb

qotohs gf loq }`h} ehc suqh sg slo Ko}}èl fgq }ebves`gh slqgunl L`} }loc

abggc" ~l`ml lec sg ao sgsebbp tuqo( Sl`} `} slo qoe}gh sles Io}u} ~e} slo

ghbp Gho ueb`fòc sg ao slo }emq`f`mèb Beka gf Ngc( Bov`s`mu} 5>955 H@V

}ep}" ‒( ( ( `s `} slo abggc sles kejo} esghokohs fgq gho‐} b`fo‛ ( Sg ene`h

ugso Kq( Bov`ss" ‒Ebb @}qeob`so} lec sg tqo}ohs abggc sg slo Bgqc slqgunl slo

l`nl tqò}s gh slo Cep gf Esghokohs( @f slo abggc ~e} emmotseabo sloh sloqo

~gubc ao b`fo‛( @s `} slqgunl ‒tuq`f`mes`gh‛ gf slo abggc sles slo fosu} `}

>6



tqoteqoc fgq b`fo gh oeqsl( Ghbp f`vo cep} besoq" gh slo 5?sl cep gf slo

}ovohsl kghsl" `} slo aon`hh`hn gf slo }efo cob`voqp toq`gc" }g ~o jhg~ sles

Ngc n`vo} b`fo ,aqoesl" gq }gub) sg slo fosu} efsoq `s `} fubbp covobgtoc" ehc meh

}uqv`vo hesuqebbp gus}`co slo ~gka(

@ f`hc `s leqc sg ecc ehpsl`hn sg slo koeh`hn gf slo ~gqc }gub aopghc sles

gusb`hoc eagvo( ô jhg~ sles slo aqoesl gf Ngc le} mqoes`vo tg~oq: Lo

}tgjo ovoqpsl`hn sles `}" `hsg o|`}sohmo( ^loh Ngc ,f`nuqes`vobp) aqoeslo}

`hsg slo fosu} `h slo ~gka" L`} mqoes`vo tg~oq `} es ~gqj iu}s e} `s ~e} `h

Noho}`} 5( ^les Lo mqoeso} `} e k`qembo mebboc lukeh b`fo" ~l`ml ghbp Lo meh

n`vo gq sejo e~ep( Slo ~ep ~o }oh}o sl`} b`fo `} slqgunl guq mgh}m`gu}ho}}9

e~eqoho}} sles ~o o|`}s" ehc sles ~o b`vo" aqoesl" bgvo" leso" osm(

‒Ekey`hnbp" sloqo `} hg qobèabo }mòhs`f`m koe}uqo gf mgh}m`gu}ho}}( @s cgo}

hgs }lg~ ut `h OON} gq KQ@}( ^l`bo e TOS }meh meh metsuqo e slgunls sej`hn

tbemo" `s meh‐s o|tbe`h lg~ e lehcfub gf mlok`meb} sqevob`hn emqg}} e

k`mqg}mgt`m }temo aos~ooh houqgh} meh aomgko e~eqo gf `s} g~h o|`}sohmo"

gq oheabo pgu sg mesml e ae}oaebb gq sg sobb e }sgqp( _heabo sg koe}uqo ~les

slop }u}toms ku}s ao sloqo" }mòhs`}s} levo mlg}oh sg bggj ob}o~loqo( E

nqoes kehp levo eaehcghoc slo mghmots‛ ,fqgk SLO AQE@H TEMJ" tuab`}loc

ap Veh coq Kooq Tuab`}l`hn Mg()( Mgh}m`gu}ho}} `} mgh}`coqoc sg ao e

hghohs`sp ap kehp }mòhs`}s}( ^`bbèk Ieko}" slo fesloq gf t}pmlgbgnp mebboc

mgh}m`gu}ho}} e ‒t}uocg}mòhmo gf slo }gub‒( Cq( Ieko} kep levo aooh

hoeqoq sg slo squsl sleh lo slgunls(

>>



Slo }mq`tsuqo} cg hgs }ook sg sqoes slo ~gqc ‒}gub‛ e} `f `s ~oqo e

kesoqèb mgktghohs gf slo agcp9

5( Kesslo~ 5491< }ep} hgs sg foeq slok sles j`bb slo agcp aus eqo hgs eabo sg

j`bb slo }gub9 qesloq foeq L`k sles `} eabo sg co}sqgp agsl }gub ehc agcp `h

lobb( Kesslo~ 56916 `hc`meso} sles e keh meh bg}o l`} }gub: ehc Oyojòb 5<93"

14 `hc`meso} sles ebb }gub} aobghn sg Ngc( @s `} gav`gu} sles ~o mehhgs bg}o eh

gqneh gf guq agcò}( Eh gqneh meh ao qokgvoc slqgunl sqeh}tbehs" aus sl`}

qou`qo} e }oq`gu} gtoqes`gh ehc leqcbp mgqqo}tghc} sg bg}`hn `s( Ebb }gub}

aobghn sg Ngc: Lo `} slo ghbp gho sles meh n`vo gq sejo }gub}(

1( Sloqo eqo kehp }mq`tsuqo} sles b`}s slo }gub ~`sl slo loeqs" k`hc"

uhcoq}sehc`hn" ehc }sqohnsl" slu} }sqghnbp `ktbp`hn sles slo }gub `} e

}oteqeso ehc c`}s`hms mgh}s`suohs ,Ioq( =1935: K‐s( 119=>: K‐q( 519==: Bu(

5491>: Ems} 39=1)(

=( Loaqo~} 3951 `ktbò} sles slo }gub ehc }t`q`s eqo mbg}obp ohs~`hoc( Slo

^gqc gf Ngc" `hsoqtqosoc slqgunl slo Lgbp ]t`q`s" `} u`mj ehc tg~oqfub" ehc

meh tohosqeso slo cotsl} gf guq }t`q`sueb ao`hn sg cosoqk`ho slo slgunls}

ehc `hsohs} gf slo loeqs( Slo Lgbp ]t`q`s }ook`hnbp te}}o} sl`} jhg~bocno sg

slo }t`q`s ehc slo }gub( Sgnosloq slop iucno ,}`fs gus ehc ehebpyo) sl`}

`hfgqkes`gh ehc covobgt eh offoms`vo ettqgeml sg fuqsloq slo`q ~gqj gf

qoho~`hn slo k`hc( Sl`} cgo} hgs }ook sg }uttgqs slo `coe sles slo k`hc ,gq

aqe`h) `} teqs gf slo }gub(

3( Loaqo~} 6950 `hc`meso} sles lgto `} eh ehmlgq lgbc`hn slo }gub }soecfe}s(

E} eqa`soq aos~ooh slo }t`q`s ehc agcp" slo }gub ku}s qobp gh slo bovob gf

><



lgto" ehc slo tg~oq gf fe`sl" `h kej`hn }t`q sueb com`}`gh}( ^loh ~o levo

foob`hn} sles ~les ~o ~ehs ~`bb lettoh ,co}`qo emmgktehòc ap ehs`m`tes`gh

gq o|tomses`gh)" slo fbg~ gf fe`sl sles qo}ubs} `h aobòf gq emmotsehmo gf ngcbp

nu`cehmo ~`bb qoho~ guq k`hc(

?( Ems} 39=1 `hc`meso} sles aobòvoq} meh mgko sgnosloq ~`sl gho loeqs ehc

}gub" }toej`hn gf slo uh`sp sles `} tg}}àbo `h Mlq`}s (

6( Slo }gub meh ao cg~hme}s ,Be( =914)" igpfub ,T}( =?90)" b`fsoc ut sg `cgb} ,T}(

1393)" ehc a`ssoq ,Iga 5495" 5 ]ek( 5954)( ]mq`tsuqo} sles essq auso okgs`gh}

sg slo }gub qofoq sg slo ohs`qo toq}gh" gq b`fo" qesloq sleh sg slo }gub e} gho gf

slo slqoo teqs} gf keh( Kehp voq}`gh} gf slo Aàbo hsoqtqos slo Loaqo~ ehc

Nqooj ~gqc} fgq toq}gh" b`fo" ao`hn" osm( e} slo Ohnb`}l ~gqc ‒}gub‛" }`hmo slo

}gub qotqo}ohs} u} ,guq b`fo ehc }obf) sg slo ~gqbc( Sl`} `} gho gf slo tq`keqp

qoe}gh} fgq slo c`ff`mubsp `h mboeqbp cof`h`hn slo aàb`meb koeh`hn gf slo ~gqc

‒}gub‛ ~loh u}oc sg co}mqào sl`} gho obokohs gf sq`teqs`so keh(

>( ]ovoqeb }mq`tsuqo} qofoq sg Ngc joot`hn guq }gub fqgk slo t`s ,Iga ==95<"

11" =4)" ehc T}ebk 509> }ep} sles slo be~ gf slo Bgqc meh qov`vo guq }gub(

Slo}o }mq`tsuqo} mboeqbp `hc`meso sles slo co}s`hp gf slo uh}evoc }gub `} slo

t`s" ~loqoe} slo qeh}gk ,Mlq`}s) ~`bb cob`voq slo }gub gf aobòvoq} ,sejo `s sg

loevoh)(

<( ]gub} meh tehs ehc sl`q}s efsoq Ngc ,T}( 3195+1)" ehc meh abo}} slo Bgqc

,T}( 54395+1)(

0( T}ebk 5=591 }ep} sles }gub} meh ao ~oehoc ,}s`bboc ehc uòsoc) b`jo e

ml`bc(

>0



54( Tqgvoqa} 1954" 509<" 13953 `hc`meso} sles jhg~bocno `} tboe}ehs" ehc

qo~eqc} slo }gub(

55( T}ebk =391 }ep} sles kp }gub kejo} loq age}s `h slo Bgqc(

51( Qgkeh} 19<+0 }ep} sles slg}o sles eqo uhq`nlsogu} }lebb qomo`vo ~qesl"

`hc`nhes`gh" sqàubes`gh" ehc ehnu`}l utgh slo`q }gub}(

@h slo }mq`tsuqo} b`}soc eagvo @ cg hgs f`hc ehp mboeq `hc`mes`gh sles slo

}gub `} slo }oes gf slo `hsobboms" gq okgs`gh}( Slo }mq`tsuqo `h Tqgvoqa} 1954

}ep} sles jhg~bocno `} tboe}ehs sg slo }gub" aus @ cg hgs sl`hj sl`} ~gubc ao

mgh}`coqoc eh ecoueso ae}`} fgq mghmbuc`hn sles slo }gub `} slo }guqmo gf

guq `hsobboms( Slo }mq`tsuqo} eb}g `hc`meso sles slo }gub `} abo}}oc ~loh slo

loeqs qomo`vo} ~`}cgk( @s cgo} hgs }ep sles ~`}cgk qo}`co} `h slo }gub" aus

sles `s qo}`co} `h slo loeqs( ]ovoqeb gf slo eagvo m`soc }mq`tsuqo} `hc`meso

sles slo }gub meh keh`fo}s foob`hn}" aus slop }ook sg ao qofoqq`hn sg slo b`fo"

toq}gh" gq ohs`sp" qesloq sleh sg slo gho obokohs gf guq sq`teqs`so kejout

mebboc slo }gub" ~l`ml Ngc aqoesloc `hsg u}( Ngc gqce`hoc e tqgmo}} gf

hesuqeb nqg~sl ~`sl`h slo ~gka sles }ook} sg emmguhs fgq ebb gf guq kesoqèb

teqs}: slo `kkesoqèb obokohs} eqo `ktbehsoc `hsg u} c`qomsbp ap Ngc ehc

nesloqoc sg L`k}obf es tlp}`meb coesl ,Iga =3953+5?: No( =?95<: 5 J`( 5>915+

11)(

Sg mgktboso guq c`}mu}}`gh gh slo }gub ~o ku}s kohs`gh slo }mq`tsuqo}

sles }ook sg }ep sles slo }t`q`s'}gub sles ngo} sg loevoh ,gq lobb) utgh

tlp}`meb coesl meh }oh}o te`h" ehc le} foob`hn} ehc okgs`gh}( Tg}}àbp slo

<4



kg}s c`ff`mubs }mq`tsuqeb te}}eno `} `h Bujo 56950+=5" ~l`ml sobb} slo }sgqp gf

slo aonneq Beyequ} ehc slo q`ml keh cp`hn ehc ng`hn sg Eaqelek‐} ag}gk

ehc sg lobb" qo}toms`vobp( Slo q`ml keh `h lobb bggj} ut ehc }oo} Beyequ} `h

Eaqelek‐} ag}gk ehc e}j} Eaqelek sg ebbg~ Beyequ} sg c`t l`} f`hnoq `h

~esoq ehc mgko sg mggb l`} sghnuo" fgq lo `} }uffoq`hn `h fbeko(

Sles sl`} }sgqp `} ebbongq`meb `} ~`slgus uo}s`gh" }`hmo ~o jhg~ sles slo

agcp ,sghnuo) cgo} hgs emmgktehp slo }t`q`s'}gub `hsg lobb( Slo q`ml keh c`c

hgs levo e agcp ~ sl opo} sg }oo Eaqelek ehc Beyequ}( Lo eb}g sebjoc sg

Eaqelek" }g ~o e}}uko sles l`} }t`q`s'}gub lec slo ea`b`sp sg }oo ehc

mgkkuh`meso ~`sl gsloq }t`q`sueb ao`hn}( Slg}o ~lg aobòvo sles ~o qomo`vo

guq `kkgqseb agcp `kkocèsobp utgh coesl ~gubc hgs ao c`}suqaoc ap sl`}

mghuhcquk es ebb" aus fgq slg}o sles aobòvo `h slo mgkkghbp lobc gt`h`gh

sles ~o qomo`vo guq `kkgqseb agcp es slo s`ko gf qetsuqo'qo}uqqoms`gh" tq`gq

sg Ngc tguq`hn gus L`} ~qesl cuq`hn slo be}s }ovoh poeq}" sl`} `} e kp}soqp

sles ~o cg hgs mgktqolohc" ehc tqgaeabp ~gh‐s uhs`b ~o ohmguhsoq slo ho|s

~gqbc guq}obvo}( @ sl`hj sles `s `} gav`gu} sles sl`} }sgqp ~e} sgbc ap Io}u} e}

e ~eqh`hn sg slg}o sg ~lgk Lo ~e} sebj`hn ,tq`keq`bp Tleq`}oo})( ô hooc

sg mgh}`coq slo mghso|s gf sl`} te}}eno sg }oo `f ~o meh uhcoq}sehc ~les `s

~e} sles Io}u} ~e} sqp`hn sg soeml(

Io}u} lec iu}s f`h`}loc sebj`hn eagus Ngc ehc kekkgh" ehc slo fems sles

pgu mehhgs }oqvo s~g ke}soq}( Slo Tleq`}oo} `h slo mqg~c coq`coc L`k ehc

Lo qo}tghcoc ‒Po eqo slop ~l`ml iu}s`fp pguq}obvo} aofgqo koh: aus Ngc

jhg~osl pguq loeqs}9 fgq sles ~l`ml `} l`nlbp o}sookoc ekghn koh `}

<5



eagk`hes`gh `h slo }`nls gf Ngc ‛ ,Bu( 5695?)( Lo sloh tqgmooc} sg sobb slok

sl`} teqeabo" }g ~o jhg~ sles Lo `} qo`hfgqm`hn L`} soeml`hn eagus Ngc‐}

omghgkp ehc lg~ `s fgmu}o} gh slo tggq ehc ktgvoq`}loc( Slo q`ml levo

kuml `h sl`} ~gqbc sles sejo} slo`q s`ko ehc essohs`gh e~ep fqgk slo sl`hn}

gf Ngc" ehc gfsoh boec} slo`q loeqs sg fgbbg~ slo`q sqoe}uqo( Sl`} `} slo

como`sfubho}} gf q`mlo} qofoqqoc sg `h slo Aàbo ~l`ml `} slo tq`hm`teb Io}u}

~e} sqp`hn sg soeml `h sl`} teqeabo(

@ aobòvo sl`} teqeabo `} b`jo kehp gsloq} sles Io}u} sgbc `h soeml`hn slo

}t`q`sueb tq`hm`teb} gf Ngc‐} j`hncgk( Sl`} ~e} e soeml`hn eagus Ngc ehc

kekkgh" ehc slo como`sfubho}} gf q`mlo}( B`jo kehp gsloq teqeabo} slo

cose`b} gf slo }sgqp }lgubc hgs homo}}eq`bp ao `hsoqtqosoc e} lev`hn e ‒qoeb+

~gqbc‛ koeh`hn(

]gko gf slo kgqo `ktgqsehs mleqemsoq`}s`m} gf slo }gub c`}mu}}oc eagvo

eqo9

5( Slo }gub `} `kkesoqèb b`jo slo }t`q`s" ehc `} voqp mbg}obp mghhomsoc sg slo

}t`q`s( Slo }t`q`s `} slo b`fo ,ao`hn) n`voh sg keh ap Ngc" slo }gub `} slo

qo}ubs`hn keh`fo}ses`gh gf sl`} b`fo ,toq}gheb`sp) `h slo `hc`v`cueb( Sl`}

`kkesoqèb ohs`sp ,}t`q`s'}gub) ngo} sg loevoh gq sg lobb es tlp}`meb coesl sg

e~e`s eh `kkgqseb agcp" ~l`ml aobòvoq} qomo`vo es qetsuqo'qo}uqqoms`gh" ehc

,~o e}}uko) uhaobòvoq} qomo`vo es slo Nqoes ^l`so Slqgho iucnkohs" efsoq

slo k`bbohhùk( Slo aobòvoq} ~`bb ao ~`sl Mlq`}s fgqovoq" aus uhaobòvoq} ~`bb

ao me}s `hsg slo bejo gf f`qo ehc aq`k}sgho(

<1



1( Slo }oh}gqp ea`b`sò} gf slo }t`q`s'}gub efsoq coesl ehc tq`gq sg qomo`v`hn eh

`kkgqseb agcp eqo c`ff`mubs sg uhcoq}sehc }`hmo guq o|toqòhmo `} ohs`qobp

~`sl guq lukeh hoqvgu} }p}sok ehc `s} `hsoqtqos`vo mghhoms`gh sg slo aqe`h(

Slo }sgqp sles Io}u} sobb} `h Bujo 56 `hvgbvo} slo }t`q`s'}gub} gf Beyequ} ehc

slo q`ml keh" aus slo tuqtg}o gf slo soeml`hn `} hgs qobesoc sg slo }oss`hn gf

slo }sgqp aus sg slo mgh}ouohmo} gf ~gq}l`t`hn Ngc gq kekkgh(

=( Slo }gub `} slo kocèsgq aos~ooh slo }t`q`s ehc slo agcp( @s sejo}

nu`cehmo ehc c`qoms`gh fqgk slo }t`q`s ehc ettbò} `s sg slo agcp(

3( Tl`b`ttèh} 195= }ep} sles `s `} Ngc ~lg ~gqj} `h u} sg ~`bb ehc sg ~gqj

emmgqc`hn sg L`} nggc tboe}uqo( Sl`} `hc`meso} sles Ngc ~gqj} L`} ~`bb ~`sl`h

u}( ô levo ebqoecp }ooh sles Ngc coeb} ~`sl keh slqgunl slo Lgbp ]t`q`s"

sg guq lukeh }t`q`s" sg slo }gub" ehc fqgk sloqo sg slo agcp( Otlo}èh} 696

NHS }ep} sles ~o cg slo ~`bb gf Ngc fqgk guq }gub( Kg}s voq}`gh} gf slo HS

}ua}s`suso slo ~gqc loeqs fgq }gub `h sl`} te}}eno" ~l`ml `} moqse`hbp

k`}boec`hn( Sl`} }mq`tsuqo ktbò} sles slo }gub `} slo eqa`soq h meu}`hn slo

agcp sg cg ,gq hgs cg) slo ~`bb gf Ngc( Sl`} `} moqse`hbp eh eqnukohs fgq slo

}gub ao`hn slo }oes gf guq ~`bb(

?( Loaqo~} 6950 }ep} sles lgto `} slo ehmlgq gf slo }gub ehc lgto ohsoq} guq

b`vo} ~loh ~o qomo`vo }ebves`gh slqgunl Mlq`}s( 5 Slo}}ebghèh} ?9< }ep}9 ‒ (

( ( ehc fgq eh lobkos" slo lgto gf }ebves`gh‛ ( Slo lobkos" ~l`ml `} teqs gf

Ngc‐} }t`q`sueb eqkgq ,Otl( 6955+5>)" `} tqgv`coc sg tqgsoms slo k`hc" eh

`ktgqsehs tbemo fgq ]eseh sg essemj( Lgto `} essemloc sg" ehc ehmlgq} guq

}gub( Lgto oheabo} guq }gub h `s} k`hc qoho~`hn offgqs" slu} }lòbc`hn guq

<=



k`hc fqgk essemj} gf ]eseh( E} guq k`hc nos} }sqghnoq ,}ehms`fòc) sl`} tòmo

gf eqkgq aomgko} kgqo ehc kgqo ktqonheabo( Ovohsuebbp" ]eseh meh hg

bghnoq aqoeml `s} tqgsoms`gh sg }g~ slgunls} gf cotqo}}`gh" cguas" ehc }obf+

t`sp(

6( Loaqo~} 5595 }ep} ‒Hg~ fe`sl `} slo }ua}sehmo gf sl`hn} lgtoc fgq" slo

ov`cohmo gf sl`hn} hgs }ooh‛( Sl`} }ook} sg }ep sles slo sl`hn} ~o lgto fgq

aomgko }ua}sehsèb slqgunl guq fe`sl( Slo }gub mlehhob} fe`sl fqgk slo Lgbp

]t`q`s sg guq agcp ae}oc gh guq qomots`voho}} ,lgto)( Slo }lòbc gf fe`sl

,Otl( 6956) tqgsoms} slo fqghs gf slo ohs`qo agcp" fgq slo }lòbc qofoqqoc sg

loqo `} e fubb+agcòc }lòbc( Sg c`}mgvoq ~les Ngc tqgv`co} sg tqgsoms guq

aemj}`co" }oo @}( ?<9<(

ô levo mghmbucoc sles slo }gub `} `kkesoqèb ehc voqp `hsonqesoc ~`sl

slo }t`q`s( Agsl ng sgnosloq sg loevoh gq lobb es guq tlp}`meb coesl ,Iga

=3953)( Agsl ~oqo n`voh sg u} ap Ngc ~l`bo ~o ~oqo `h slo ~gka sg qo}`co `h

slo lgu}o ,agcp) sles Lo e}}okaboc `h emmgqcehmo ~`sl slo tbeh ,guq CHE)

te}}oc cg~h sg u} fqgk guq oeqslbp teqohs}( Mlq`}s n`vo} aob ovoq} e ho~

`kkgqseb agcp es qetsuqo'qo}uqqoms`gh sg qotbemo slo oeqslbp agcp sles ngo}

aemj sg slo cu}s fqgk ~l`ml `s ~e} gq`n`hebbp mqoesoc( Slo }gub `} slo teqs gf

guq ao`hn sles qotqo}ohs} u} sg ~gqbc ehc" e} }uml" `s `} guq `cohs`sp(

Ebslgunl ~o }sgqo slo foesuqo} gf guq emue`hsehmo} `h guq aqe`h" `s `} slo`q

mleqemsoq sles `} kg}s kokgqeabo9 `} lo gq }lo lgtofub" cg slop levo e

tg}`s`vo gq hones`vo gusbggj gh b`fo" `} slo`q nbe}} lebf+oktsp gq lebf+fubb" cg

<3



slop aoeq slo fqu`s gf Ngc‐} ]t`q`s gq slo slgqh} ehc sl`}sbo} gf e ~gqbcbp loeqs"

cgo} slo`q }t`q sueb hesuqo }lg~ slqgunl tg}`s`vobp gq hones`vobp7 Gf mguq}o"

kehp gf slo}o essqàuso} gq`n`heso `h guq }t`q`s" aus slop te}} slqgunl slo

eqa`soq ,}gub) sg ao keh`fo}soc `h guq b`vo}(

Slo Loeqs

@ aobòvo slo ~gqc loeqs kep ao slo kg}s k`}uhcoq}sggc ~gqc `h slo

Aàbo( Slo Loaqo~ ~gqc} ‒boa‛ ehc ‒boaea‛" cof`hoc e} loeqs" k`hc" ehc

k`c}s" eqo u}oc `h slo JIV gf slo GS <64 s`ko}( Slo Nqooj ~gqc ‒jeqcè‛ `}

sqeh}besoc e} loeqs `h slo HS( Agsl gf slo}o ~gqc} meh qofoq sg slo gqneh ~o

uhcoq}sehc e} slo loeqs" aus slop eb}g qofoq sg slo `hhoq teqs gq k`ccbo gf e

sl`hn: slo }oes gf co}`qo" okgs`gh" jhg~bocno" ~`}cgk" mgh}mòhmo" qoaobb`gh"

tq`co" slgunls}" ehc" `h offoms" ebb slo `}}uo} gf b`fo( ô hgso `kkocèsobp

sles kehp gf slo mleqemsoq`}s`m} mgkkghbp essqàusoc sg slo }gub ,k`hc ehc

okgs`gh}) qo}`co `h slo loeqs" e} `s `} cof`hoc ap slo Aàbo( @ ~e} }uqtq`}oc ap

e sobov`}`gh ho~} aqgecme}s e fo~ poeq} eng `h ~l`ml `s ~e} tg`hsoc gus sles

uhs`b fe`qbp qomohsbp" `h l`}sgq`meb s`ko" slo loeqs ~e} slgunls sg `hmbuco ebb slo

keigq `hsoqheb gqneh}( Slu}" ~o }lgubc hgs ao }uqtq`}oc sles slo ~gqc

‒loeqs ‛" e} u}oc `h slo Aàbo" cgo} hgs koqobp qotqo}ohs eh gqneh fgq

tukt`hn abggc slqgunl guq agcò}" aus le} kuml nqoesoq }`nh`f`mehmo(

Slo aàb`meb loeqs `} slo kesoqèb teqs gf slo agcp ~`sl ~l`ml slo }gub

mgkkuh`meso}: ko}}eno} fqgk slo qonohoqesoc }t`q`s mgko slqgunl slo }gub

sg slo loeqs( E} ~o levo hgsoc oeqbòq" slo uhqonohoqesoc }t`q`s mehhgs

<?



qomo`vo ehpsl`hn fqgk Ngc( Sloqofgqo" aofgqo qonohoqes`gh" slo agcp ,loeqs)

`} tqossp kuml gh `s} g~h" qoems`hn sg guq slgunls}" aolev`gq" ehc t}pmlo"

ehc slo qo}ubs} eqo hgs nggc( Noho}`} 69?+6 }ep} sles slo slgunls} gf keh‐}

loeqs eqo ov`b mghs`huebbp" ehc sles Ngc ~e} }gqqp Lo lec keco keh(

Lg~ovoq" Ngc n`vo} u} e ho~ ,qonohoqesoc) loeqs ~loh ~o qomo`vo Mlq`}s

,Oyo( =6916)" ehc sl`} ho~ loeqs aomgko} slo fgmu} gf c`v`ho `hfbuohmo(

]mq`tsuqo} sles co}mqào slo loeqs }seso sles `s `} slo ~obb}tq`hn gf b`fo ,Tq(

391=): `s joot} Ngc‐} ~gqc} ,Tq( 3915): e koqqp loeqs cgosl nggc b`jo e

koc`m`ho ,Tq( 5?95=): Ngc tus} sl`hn} `h guq loeqs ,Ho( >9?): koc`ses`gh `}

fqgk slo loeqs ,T}( 5095?): slo loeqs `} sqòc ,T}( 1691): slo loeqs meh ao

aqgjoh ,T}( =395<): ~o meh ao fe`slbo}} `h loeqs ,Tq( 53953): e tqguc loeqs `}

}`hfub ,Tq( 1593): ohvp `} fqgk slo loeqs ,Tq( 1=95>): bp`hn `} mghmo`voc ap slo

loeqs ,@}( ?=95=): ~o meh levo `cgb} ~`sl`h slo loeqs ,Oyo( 539=+3): sl`hn} sles

mgko fqgk slo kgusl gq`n`heso `h slo loeqs ,K‐s" 519=3: Bu( 693?): mgh}mòhmo

`} `h slo loeqs ,Loa( 54911: 5 Igl( =914): keh meh leqcoh l`} loeqs ,O|( <95?):

slo Bgqc meh leqcoh keh‐} loeqs ,O|( 5491>): ~`}cgk mgko} fqgk slo loeqs

,O|( =?9=?: Tq( 539==" 5>956): slo loeqs meh ao c`}mguqenoc ,Hu( =19>+0):

emjhg~bocnkohs gmmuq} `h slo loeqs ,Co( 39=0" <9?): slo loeqs meh ao

m`qmukm`}oc ,Co( 54956: Qg( 1910): igp ehc nbecho}} mgko fqgk slo loeqs ,Co(

1<93>): ~o }oqvo Ngc fqgk guq loeqs ,Ig}( 119?): Ngc bggj} gh slo loeqs ,5

]e( 569>: Ioq( 5>954): co}`qo `} fqgk slo loeqs ,1 ]e( =915: T}( =>93): ~o meh

levo e cguabo loeqs ,T}( 5191: K‐q( 5591=): slo loeqs meh ao sohcoq ,1 J`(

11950): ehc aobòf `} fqgk slo loeqs ,Em( <9=>: Qg( 5490+54)( ô }oo fqgk

<6



slo}o }mq`tsuqo} sles slo aàb`meb loeqs `} slo teqs gf slo agcp ~loqo ebb slo

ems`gh `}: slo qo}s gf slo kesoqèb agcp nohoqebbp fgbbg~} slo c`qoms`gh} n`voh

sg `s ap slo aàb`meb loeqs(

Sg qoebbp uhcoq}sehc slo aàb`meb koeh`hn gf slo ~gqc ‒loeqs‛" ~o hooc sg

o|ek`ho slo u}o gf slo ~gqc ‒k`hc‛( ^les ~o f`hc `} }`k`beq sg sles fgq }t`q s

ehc }gub9 kehp gf slo u}o} gf slo Ohnb`}l ~gqc k`hc `h slo veq`gu} voq}`gh}

gf slo Aàbo eqo sqeh}b`soqes`gh} gf slo Loaqo~ ehc Nqooj ~gqc} fgq }t`q`s"

}gub" ehc loeqs( @ `cohs`fòc ebb slo u}o} gf slo ~gqc ‒k`hc‛ `h slo JIV gf slo

Aàbo ehc levo }ukkeq`yoc ~les ~e} nboehoc sloqofqgk9 slo k`hc meh ao

eh|`gu}" sqokab`hn" `bb es oe}o ,Co( 1<96?): ~o meh levo e }soecfe}s fqeko gf

k`hc ,@}( 169=): slgunls} meh mgko `hsg guq k`hc ,@}( 6?95>" Ioq( =956): Ngc

jhg~} ~les ngo} slqgunl slo k`hc gf keh ,Oyo( 559?" 149=1): ov`b slgunls}

meh mgko `hsg slo k`hc ,Oyo( =<954): ~o eqo sg bgvo Ngc ~`sl ebb guq loeqs"

}gub" ehc k`hc ,K‐s( 119=>: K‐q( 519=4: Bu( 5491>): keh meh levo e }guhc

k`hc ,K‐q( ?95?: Bu( <9=?): Ngc meh n`vo keh ut sg e qotqgaeso k`hc ,Qg(

591<): ~o }oqvo slo be~ ~`sl slo k`hc" }`h ~`sl slo fbo}l ,Qg( >91?): ~o meh

levo e k`hc gf slo fbo}l gq k`hc gf slo }t`q`s ,Qg( <9?+>: Mgb( 195<): slo k`hc

meh ao qoho~oc ,Qg( 5191: Otl( 391=): ~o levo slo k`hc gf Mlq`}s ,5 Mg(

1956): slo k`hc meh ao toqvoq}o ,Otl( 395>): ~o meh ao cof`boc `h k`hc ehc

mgh}mòhmo ,S`s( 595?): ~`slgus pguq k`hc cg hgsl`hn ,Tl‐k( 53): ehc Ngc

tus} L`} be~} `hsg k`hc} ,Loa( <954)( Ebb gf slo}o u}o} gf slo ~gqc k`hc

}ook sg qobeso sg slgunls}" mgh}m`gu}ho}}" toqmots`gh" foob`hn}" iucn`hn" ehc

cosoqk`h`hn( Slu}" `s }ook} mboeq sles slo k`hc `} slo `kkesoqèb teqs

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,}gfs~eqo) gf slo kesoqèb aqe`h" agsl gf ~l`ml eqo `hmbucoc ~`sl`h slo aàb`meb

loeqs `h kg}s }mq`tsuqeb qofoqohmo}( Slu}" `h Kesslo~ 119=>" ~l`ml }ep}

sles ~o eqo sg bgvo Ngc ~`sl ebb guq loeqs" }gub" ehc k`hc" Ngc ku}s ao

qofoqq`hn sg agsl slo fbo}lbp ,leqc~eqo) teqs gf slo loeqs" e} ~obb e} slo

}gfs~eqo ,slgunls}" kokgqò}" }uaqgus`ho}" osm()( Slo }gub } `hmbucoc h

slo}o voq}o} }`hmo `s `} slo `hsoqfemo aos~ooh slo }t`q`s ,slo }guqmo gf sl`}

bgvo)" ehc slo agcp ,aàb`meb loeqs)" ~l`ml mehhgs emlòvo mgktboso

}ehms`f`mes`gh ~`slgus sl`} bgvo( ]`hmo slo k`hc `} mgh}`coqoc sg ao eh

`hsonqeb teqs gf slo loeqs sloqo }ook} sg ao hg qoe}gh sg `hmbuco `s loqo( Sl`}

}eko c`ff`mubsp ettbò} `f slo k`hc `} mgh}`coqoc sg ao eh `hsonqeb teqs gf slo

}gub9 sloqo ~gubc ao hg qoe}gh sg kohs`gh `s }oteqesobp( ô gfsoh qofoq sg

guq mgktusoq} `h e ~ep sles `hmbuco} agsl leqc~eqo ehc }gfs~eqo: aus ~o

qoeb`yo ~loh ~o cg sl`} sles slo }gfs~eqo ghbp `hsoqfemo} ~`sl slo leqc~eqo"

ehc `} hgs e kesoqèb teqs gf `s(

Ehgsloq ~gqc u}oc `h slo Aàbo sles qobeso} sg sl`} }uaioms `} slo ~gqc

‒qo`h}‛" ~l`ml `} u}oc 53 s`ko} `h slo JIV gf slo GS" ehc gho s`ko `h slo HS (

‒Qo`h}‛ `} cof`hoc e} ‒j`chop}" gq `hkg}s k`hc‛( Slo tg}`s`gh gf slo j`chop}

`h slo agcp kejo} slok teqs`mubeqbp `hemmo}}àbo" slu} slop ~oqo e hesuqeb

}pkagb fgq slo kg}s l`ccoh teqs gf e keh( @h Iga 5695=" sg mboevo slo qo`h}

e}uhcoq" ~e} sg sgsebbp co}sqgp slo `hc`v`cueb ,}oo eb}g Iga 5091>: Be( =95=)(

Slo ‒l`ccoh‛ bgmes`gh gf slo j`chop}" mgutboc ~`sl slo`q u}o `h Io~`}l

}emq`f`mèb moqokghò}" meu}oc slo j`chop} sg ao slgunls gf e} slo }oes gf slo

`hhoqkg}s kgqeb ,ehc okgs`gheb) `ktub}o}9 slo qo`h} `h}squms ,T}( 569>)" gq

<<



okgs`gh}" foob`hn}" osm( sles eqo `kkesoqèb ~l`ml ~o levo qofoqqoc sg e}

}gfs~eqo( Slo aàb`meb loeqs hmbuco} slo mohsqeb hoqvgu} }p}sok" ~l`ml

mghsqgb} guq }oh}o} ehc vgbuhseqp aolev`gq: slo eusghgk`m hoqvgu} }p}sok"

~l`ml qonubeso} guq okgs`gh} ehc `hsoqheb gqneh}: guq `hsobboms" kokgqp"

mgh}mòhmo" ehc slgunls: ehc slo m`qmubesgqp }p}sok ehc slo `hsoqheb gqneh}

ehc nbehc} sg ~l`ml `s tqgv`co} fuob ehc g|pnoh( ô levo hgsoc sles gus gf

slo loeqs eqo ebb slo `}}uo} gf b`fo( ^loh Ngc ~ehs} sg cosoqk`ho slo

koe}uqo gf e keh Lo bggj} gh slo loeqs( 5 ]ekuob 569> }ep}" ‒ ( ( ( fgq slo

Bgqc }oosl hgs e} keh }oosl: fgq keh bggjosl gh slo gus~eqc ettoeqehmo"

aus slo Bgqc bggjosl gh slo loeqs ‛( 5 Tosoq =93 hc`meso} sles slo toqfoms

loeqs `} slo ‒gqhekohs ‛ gf e kooj ehc uòs }t`q`s( Sl`} `} b`jo e soemloq ,slo

}t`q`s) }oo`hn loq }seq tut`b ,slo loeqs) emlòvo nqoes sl`hn}: slo }sucohs

aomgko} slo soemloq‐} ‒gqhekohs‛" boeqh`hn ehc ettbp`hn slo bo}}gh}

seunls( Pgu k`nls e}j9 ‒^lp cgo} Ngc hgs bggj gh slo }t`q s gq }gub" `h}soec

gf slo loeqs7‛ @ aobòvo slo eh}~oq sg sl`} uo}s`gh `} sles slo loeqs" ao`hn

kgqseb" `} teqs gf keh‐} tlp}`meb agcp" ehc meh ao tqgnqekkoc ap keh:

~loqoe} slo }t`q`s ehc }gub eqo `kkesoqèb ehc `kkgqseb" ehc eqo uhcoq

Ngc‐} mghsqgb ehc mehhgs ao qotqgnqekkoc `h ehp }`nh`f`mehs ~ep ap keh(

Slo aàb`meb loeqs `} ~loqo slo offoms`voho}} gf slo k`hc+qoho~`hn tqgmo}} `}

keh`fo}soc( Slu}" ~loh Ngc ~ehs} sg ‒koe}uqo‛ slo bovob gf Mlq`}sb`joho}}

`h guq b`vo}" Lo bggj} gh slo loeqs(

Slo qoeb koe}uqo gf guq mgkk`skohs sg Ngc ehc L`} Mlq`}s `} lg~ kuml

fqu`s gf slo Lgbp ]t`q`s ~o aoeq `h guq b`vo}" ehc sl`} `} e fuhms`gh gf lg~ feq

04



~o eqo ~`bb`hn sg ng `h slo k`hc+qoho~`hn tqgmo}}( ^gqj}" ~l`ml cosoqk`ho

guq qo~eqc} `h Ngc‐} j`hncgk ,5 Mg( =95=+5?)" ~`bb ao koe}uqoc es slo

iucnkohs }oes gf Mlq }s( Slo}o eqo ~gqj} cgho `h ehc slqgunl guq agcp es

slo uqn`hn ehc c`qoms`gh gf slo Lgbp ]t`q`s( Slo}o ~gqj} levo hgsl`hn sg cg

~`sl }ebves`gh" ~l`ml ~o jhg~ `} ap slo }ev`hn fe`sl gf Ngc ~gqj`hn ~`sl`h

guq loeqs} uhsg aobòf( Sl`} `} ehgsloq qoe}gh sles Ngc bggj} gh guq loeqs"

fgq `s `} loqo sles slo ov`cohmo gf guq ea`c`hn `} keh`fo}soc" slqgunl slo fqu`s

sles ~o aoeq ,Igl( 5?93)(

‒Bos u} cqe~ hoeq ~`sl e squo loeqs `h fubb e}}uqehmo gf fe`sl" lev`hn guq

loeqs} }tq`hjboc fqgk eh ov`b mgh}mòhmo" ehc guq agcò} ~e}loc ~`sl tuqo

~esoq ‛ ,Loa( 54911 )( ^`bb ~o ng ebb slo ~ep sg slo tbemo ~loqo ~o levo slo

k`hc gf Mlq`}s7 Qo}s e}}uqoc sles `f pgu cg `s ~`bb ao mg}sbp `h sl`} ~gqbc" aus

~gqsl ovoqpsl`hn `h slo J`hncgk gf Ngc(

Mbg}uqo

@ levo sqòc sg fgbbg~ Ngc‐} ~q`ssoh" e} ~obb e} L`} }tgjoh ~gqc" `h slo

c`}mu}}`gh" e}}ukts`gh}" ehc mghmbu}`gh} loqo`h( Slo soemloq eb~ep} }ook}

sg nos slo kg}s gus gf slo soeml`hn" ehc @ levo aohof`ssoc nqoesbp fqgk sl`}

se}j( Kp k`hc le} aooh mgktbosobp mlehnoc eagus slo}o ae}`m obokohs} gf

guq ao`hn( @ jhg~ sles ~les `} tqo}ohsoc loqo c`}enqoo} ~`sl kehp sl`hn}

sles levo aooh ~q ssoh gh sl`} }uaioms" o}tomèbbp mghmoqh`hn slo }gub( @ meh

ghbp lgto sles }gko b`nls le} aooh }loc gh sl`} }uaioms ehc sles ehpgho

qoec`hn sl`} nos} e abo}}`hn" e} @ levo(

05



E nggc fqòhc e}joc ko ~lp @ slgunls sles @ lec qomo`voc `h}`nls gh sl`}

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~e} qoebbp e}j`hn ko ~lp @ slgunls @ ~e} ueb`fòc sg uo}s`gh slo

mghmbu}`gh} gf qomgnh`yoc o|tg}`sgq} gf Ngc‐} ^gqc( Sl`} ~e} e veb`c

uo}s`gh9 kp eh}~oq ~e} sles Ngc `} hg qo}tomsoq gf toq}gh}( ^les Lo

n`vo} sg u} `} c`qomsbp qobesoc sg lg~ kuml ~o luhnoq ehc sl`q}s fgq

slo eh}~oq( @s le} b`ssbo sg cg ~`sl lg~ ueb`fòc gq uhueb`fòc ~o kep ao(

@h fems" Lo }ook} sg qoneqc ~oejho}} gvoq }sqohnsl ,1 Mg( 51954)" ehc

uhmgkob`ho}} gvoq mgkob`ho}} ,5 Mg( 5191=+13)( Sloqo eqo kehp }mq`tsuqo}

sles esso}s sg sl`} fuhcekohseb tq`hm`tbo `h Ngc‐} omghgkp( @s ettbò} sg

kehp eqoe} gf guq b`vo}9 eh}~oq} sg tqepoq" }oeqml fgq q`nlsogu}ho}}" hooc

fgq ~`}cgk" osm( Sl`} tq`hm`tbo `} o}tomèbbp veb`c `h }ooj`hn eh}~oq} sg

tqepoq: slo teqeabo} gh `ktgqsuh`sp kejo sl`} eauhcehsbp mboeq ,Bu( 559?+5="

5<95+?)(

]gkosl`hn cqe}s`mebbp mlehno} `h guq ao`hn ~loh ~o aobòvo `hsg Mlq`}s"

qomo`vo slo Lgbp ]t`q`s" ehc aon`h slo tqgmo}} gf qoho~`hn guq k`hc}( @

aobòvo sles `s `} `ktg}}àbo sg qomo`vo slo Lgbp ]t`q`s `hsg guq agcò} ehc

levo guq }t`q`s} e~ejohoc sg Ngc‐} nu`cehmo ~`slgus `s }lg~`hn ut `h guq

b`vo}( @f ~o levo slo Lgbp ]t`q`s ~`sl`h Lo ~`bb ~`sho}} ~`sl guq lukeh }t`q`s

sles ~o eqo ml`bcqoh gf Ngc ,Qgk( <956)( @f ~o b`}soh sg slo Lgbp ]t`q s ehc cg

slo sl`hn} Lo ohmguqeno} u} sg cg ~o ~`bb aoeq }t`q`sueb fqu`s" slo ~gqbc ~`bb

hgs`mo" ehc slop ~`bb qomgnh`yo u} ap guq ,qoebbp L`}) bgvo( @f pgu }ooj sl`} b`fo

01



ao tqoteqoc" fgq slo A`abo tqgk`}o} qoioms`gh fqgk slo ~gqbc" aus slo aohof`s}

gf e qobes`gh}l`t ~`sl slo mqoesgq gf slo uh`voq}o `} cof`h`sobp ~gqsl `s(

After the "Big Bang" by Jesse C. Jones -- Chapter 4 Spirit, Soul and Body

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Transcript of After the "Big Bang" by Jesse C. Jones -- Chapter 4 Spirit, Soul and Body