20 SC IENT IF IC AMERIC AN November 20 0 8

NEWS SCANIN THIS ISSUE: Bioterror ■ Cancer Vaccines ■ Media Bias ■ Extinctions ■ Social Pressure ■ Solid-State Cooling ■ New Limbs

SHAW

N T

HEW

Get

ty Im

ages

A s the Federal Bureau of Investiga-tion was about to move in, U.S. Army biodefense scientist Bruce

Ivins committed suicide, thus possibly closing the chapter on the fi rst—and so far only—fatal bioattack in U.S. history. The FBI alleges that Ivins, who worked at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) in Fort Detrick, Md., mailed anthrax-laden let-ters in September and October 2001 that killed fi ve people. The incidents sparked a massive infusion of research funds to counter civilian bioterrorism, $41 billion spread over seven federal departments and agencies. Yet some observers argue that those funds have done little to guard against another bioterror incident, espe-cially if the FBI is right about Ivins.

In an opinion that echoes those of sev-eral public health scientists, Keith Rhodes, the Government Accountability Offi ce’s chief technologist, told a congressional hearing in October 2007 that “we are at greater risk today” than before of an infec-tious disease epidemic because of the great increase in biolaboratories and the absence of oversight they receive. In the past six years, says Rutgers University microbiolo-gist Richard Ebright, “the Bush adminis-tration has driven a 20- to 30-fold increase in the number of institutions and individu-als with access to live, virulent bioweapons agents,” to about 400 institutions and 15,000 people. Every one of them, he claims, “is a potential source of an attack like the 2001 attack.” Even before the ex-pansion, some 100 scientists had access to the anthrax strain Ivins managed. More-over, huge growth “multiplies the chance of an accidental release,” argues Hillel Cohen,

an epidemiologist at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City.

The hallmark of the stepped-up biode-fense spending has been the construction of dozens of new biolabs. The several being built to investigate diseases that have no known cure are called biosafety level four (BSL-4) labs, the highest level possible, and they require researchers to wear space suits and breathe piped-in air. “It’s defi nitely the case that when you have a rapid expansion of personnel, the mean experience drops dramatically, and the training level drops dramatically,” Ebright remarks.

Whether the extent of this expansion was necessary is unclear. The National In-stitutes of Health never assessed exactly how much new BSL-4 space it needed, ac-cording to Gigi Kwik Gronvall, a senior as-sociate at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s Center for Biosecurity. By April 2004 the NIH had announced it

would build 20 times as much space as it already had, and the Departments of De-fense, Agriculture and Homeland Security were planning huge labs of their own. The late John La Montagne, deputy director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infec-tious Diseases at the time, stated that until a needs assessment was completed, “whether we need six times more, 12 times more or 100 times more, I can’t tell you.”

Scientists, security experts and legisla-tors are now pondering various ideas to prevent lab-based terrorism. Some suggest 24/7 video surveillance, and the army is considering a “buddy system” so that no researcher can enter unaccompanied. A bill in Congress, the Select Agent Program and Biosafety Improvement Act of 2008, would mandate that a needs assessment for bioterror labs and manpower fi nally be conducted; that training for the thousands of new bioterror researchers be funded;

BIOTERROR

After the AnthraxHas increased biodefense spending really made us safer? BY JOHN DUDLEY MILLER

MAILED ANTHRAX infected workers at this Brentwood postal facility in Washington, D.C., leading to a major testing and cleanup effort in October 2001. The attacks led to a massive increase in biodefense funding, which critics claim has done more harm than good.

NEWS SCAN

22 SC IENT IF IC AMERIC AN November 20 0 8

CDC

/PH

OTO

RES

EARC

HER

S, IN

C.

and that the Select Agent Rule, the law that sets strict security requirements on bioweapons agents so they will not be lost or stolen, be reviewed and strengthened.

One security proposal that stems di-rectly from the Ivins case is psychological screening, something no federal laws now require. (USAMRIID demands it only if researchers admit they have at-tempted suicide in the past.) C. J. Peters, a virologist at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston and a long-time USAMRIID researcher who knew

Ivins, doubts the utility of such screen-ing. “I don’t think it would have picked up Bruce,” he says. He describes Ivins as “kind of a weird guy” who came across to most colleagues as simply nerdy. In the years since the anthrax attacks, the addi-tion of thousands of biolab workers has made separating quirky personalities from murderous ones that much harder.

John Dudley Miller, based in Cleve-land, described the rise in biolab acci-dents in the August 2007 issue.

CANCER

Confidence BoosterProponents see hope in changing cancer vaccines’ bad reputation BY JESSICA WAPNER

S timulating the immune system to de-stroy tumor cells has long been a

hope—but judging from past studies, perhaps a dashed one. Clinical trials test-ing various cancer vaccines have failed miserably; in one, a melanoma vaccine

called Canvaxin did not improve the sur-vival of patients, an outcome that ulti-mately forced the drugmaker to sell itself to another fi rm. But rather than writing off cancer immunotherapy, some re-searchers argue that the agents have been

Slow Going on Biodefense Drugs

In the fight against bioterror, bigger budgets have yet to produce significant biomedical products. In return for getting a sixfold budget boost for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) between 2002 and 2003 (from $270 million up to $1.75 bil-lion), director Anthony S. Fauci set an ambitious goal. In an October 2002 speech, he said that in 10 years, his institute would produce a vaccine, a therapeutic drug and an adjuvant drug for each of some two dozen bioweapons diseases, such as plague and hemorrhagic fever. Many experts thought the target was unrealistic, and indeed six years later not one of those products has been commercially manufactured. One scientist who requested anonymity said that Fauci told him that the Bush administration had demanded this goal and that he accepted it to prevent the Department of Defense or the Department of Homeland Security from getting the job.

Nevertheless, Michael Kurilla, NIAID’s director of extramural research, says that “we’re much better off” having spent $41 billion on bioterror research since 2002. Kurilla points out that two important products are in the final stage of development. The U.S. signed a contract with Emergent BioSolutions this past September to manufacture a high-tech anthrax vaccine, after a small company named VaxGen spent years at the task but failed. By the end of 2008, the U.S. should start taking delivery on a next-generation, safer smallpox vaccine from Dan-ish company Bavarian Nordic, he says. This vaccine might even be modifiable to prevent other infections, an approach preferable to the conventional “one bug, one drug” tactic.

BIOTERRIBLE: The Ebola virus is a target for defense work.