Africanizing Anthropology
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Lyn Schumaker AFRICANIZINC ANTHROPOLOCY Fieldwork, Networks, an d the Making of Cultural Knowledge in Central Africa Duke University Press Durh am & London 2001 ,,") ;/-1 S- '} / -/CJ
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Transcript of Africanizing Anthropology
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Lyn Schumaker
AFRICANIZINC ANTHROPOLOCY
Fieldwork, Networks, and the
Making of Cultural Knowledge
in Central Africa
Duke University Press Durham & London 2001
,,") ; / -1 S-
'} / - /CJ
8/3/2019 Africanizing Anthropology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/africanizing-anthropology 2/10
I U 1".\/ n('d.d.r17.t:.;ll'J.f< r tnUI fUJJU/ . ( J {Y
researchers and ass iStants lived , sp ent breaks from the field\ or a t ~ tf'nded conference s during the COl I!'se of th eir research. The political
" and social background of these researchers, th e technologies avail
\\lble to them in postwar Central Africa, the work relationships and
1 0 d s of c o r n m 1 J n i , , ~ a t i o n developed by them, and the RLI ethos of
r u r a l l n d urban fieldwork constitute the chief elements of a work
clIltlJrt,\unusual in the history of anthropology.
This will also contribute to recent work that joins anthwpol
ogy and hih r;>ry toge thel' for studies of AfricaY It is :l se rious attempt
to do H ethnog raphy of anth ropology itse lf to evol..e the
DtlfUrC o f life in ,the field and the pr O GCSSI'!S of fieldwork, a. nd to gain
:111 und erstandi ng d the relations nnd l'irmd s of a diverse grol1p of
people drawn togerh t;r fo r the production of cultural knowledge. I
pursued rhis gonl rhrough ,1 number of field $rr ategies and
archival and secondary sources . I did fieldwork in many of the RLI
anthropollogists' research si t<:ls , where I sought out people who had
8c t t d a s informan tS domestic ernpl oyees, interpre ters, and assistants
and iI11C f'vic\vcd th em about th ei r perceptions of ant hropology. I al so
ob served time their e o . G ( l l 1 my own ftl!.11 dwork Jl1d any
c ( ) m o n ~ , they l1l1 de e e n whQ r'Wtlll doing and wh lat :RUnnthrop0 lllgists had done. This included obscJ'va ri om , in a number
of communities, of how local peopler man<\$cd and shaped my own
cx pcl'ience of the fe ld and us ed t)1Y e s ~ ~ for local purposes.
In MJcli tiol l, IYHHIV or rhe fC)trl1eY RLI nS8 iS"n',\h, provided me with
l e l ' \ ~ \ f h nr.:!,;lHltm of their wor\< fO " the In. "! Cho i.l-
";;t· I'E'f;'P { , two Ytll1W:hnt I v ~ c l in f l ~ ' I f o l 1«,f th e fonn el' rW 9IStH l1fS In thel f rural and Urh ill1 J l t u r n ] l v l t l
l £ " II P I l I t . : i P Q Y l 1 1 5 ! l in th e p ! " O J t 1 u f a utlc\ itiorHd
Ge l\'mmi), rtlul rhc t 1 i jQ t t t l t ~ i l O rfhlileutt l , i n of om\
a[1t1the ncttlw tl l'k for It bemk on } Q H l Ol'gm 11!l1M IN l j m (he C"'Se
of t'lk ot her. \
Thl t; ';md y ,\150 is bAsed on ~ W I l with the I ' c ~ e a l ' , h e I ' Ote:!
c x n : ! 1 s w1H'!c with nr c::hival so urces , in cl uding re search(;rs' per
sona l p :1 pt-ts , H Li per-sonne i files, re sea rl'!i ~ l g r a n t s ' fie ld reports;
Br itish and Znmbi,1n go vern ment l GGO r c\s , the records of the l ' l icomp" tlies , and collections of the n r h r o p fi eld
,\Pitat;! 1"'1"uL Ili ''> e v .{ .....
\. L, =-
"The Wate?' Pol/()1('S the Stream . IT
and home mo vies , In the p ,'ocess of looking at this ml1 tc r ial , AS well
as assistants' and in form anrs' nC COl1 nt s , I ha ve discovered
many RLL .and Manchester School "legends" and field anecc1or es, and
have compa' t ,d and analyzed these for what they say not onJy " bout
the RLI'S history; ,but also the numerous interpretations by partic
ipants of the mearilhg of that history and its place in their con
struction of their identity..."F inally, in writing up this material, J have
blended anthro pological ancL.l{istnr ica l seco nd ary sources , including
fhe ManchgsrerSl':
hoo l mon ogt-al?
hs, trying m situ ate the b rre r inth eir historical contex. t and rel ate t l1em ro the anthropoloHists ' own
ncco unt fi of their fie ldwork and theoretical im1ights. J3ecollse of the
gn:ar tlum ber of monograph" produced 1y the ttL ! reseorcbers, I
h:we only made a Sfil rt in thi s endeavor, bu t'- l hope that 1 have.. . "provided the baSIS for future work. Although th iS h)Q.ok cannot be
considered a thorough restudy20 of the classic topics of th e·Manches
ter School, I hope that it will cast some ligh t on the making l ~ . { this
corpus of anthropologiGal knowledge and provide a history of field·
wo rk that anrhropolog ifi ts and his torians wUl find usefu l."1
Indigenous Anthropolo )!;ists,
or Why All the Fuss about Muchona?
One of the p t o b l involved in writi ng .1 history of anthropology
thM dea ls with n !:F(mp of nnthmp ologiSt8 , their relleu rch as sistants
and informa nfs is to find concepts ,1ppropriate fo l' aoa.yz ing a ai·vet'se group of people \vith often very differe nt not ions of wh,lt they
!H e d(] ing. The ii re lar l!r€' on n t h r o p 88we ll :'1[; on othet' abtiv
iticil in GQ(H1inl provide r. a Dumbel' of pOSl ih ili ticl4 ,$chohm
lltlVe
c e p t \ s ! i s t / l nand informanrs os Gol
ol1ii'.e,j by
finh r ( : J p ( l o f l i s f g or, ('is indi genous nnrhropo logists rh em
si?]ves, Or t hey have pur them in catego ries th,'lt in .: lu de anthl'opnlo
gists as so-ca lled 111"1'15111<11men or culture brokers. All th ese choices
hnvC'dnrwb;1cks,
111 H idden Colonialism:' Roger Sa nj ek d i ~ c u s s e s tbe w ;:,\ys th ot anthropologists and their texts h ,lve mad e the work of
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" I ' H , . ., .. - , < , ~ H 6 '/1""'" l . J l j l . - / ' I . J ~
research as sist:ants invisible (though he sees the RU anthropologists
as something of an exception to the rule).22 This approach has much
to reCClrnmend it; research <1 ssisrams generaJly are invisible in the
f"inishccl tex ts (if i 1 n t h r o p o l o i s t ~ hath today and in the pas t and, like
w ives, often rece ive only a token measure of f!:ratitude in the preface.
A neld-( G' ntered history of anthropology can make research assi s
mnts' work visible again. Nevertheless , seeing rese arch assistants
so lely as an exploited group of local aCto rs misses two other impor
tant aspects of their position. Research assistants differ as individ
uals, <'Ind, for some, their work ali ass istants is more like that of the
disc ipline's own srudents in the me t1'Opo litBn universities, slIbject to
an inrcrn al co lonialism that rhey tolerate in order to rise in the pro
fc!Ssioll, Snrne of In.! 'll edm:ated, urban s m n r s viewed rhei.r
~ u e C I ' s this wa y, though it i§ e8,Qemisl t t-l expl ore what effect the
p ! ( 1 n i a l co lor brtr, t i a J 1l(;(;(lSS ('(J ~ d l l t i O l l j rInd the co ming of
Zn tnbiim c l l : ! n b ~ hncl on ~ ! J p i r n t i m l s , A simple u.f expl oi tat ion is i a ! l y inapprop ritHe for the
Munali Seco ndary School swclems in Lusaka who j in rhe late I95 0S
and early 19608, worked for the RLT during their school vacations.
Some s;,\w this work as n step in a possible future career, while othersdid the work simply been lse it was an interesring way to carn money
during breaks from school. Nevertheless, even for rural assistants
;wd less Wl!Il- ('du cAred memb ers of the the 8 l t r V ~ y teams; the
mo de! of exp loit lHioli fll ils to capture the assismnrs ' OWr1 motives
::u1 d gOll l l' in f , n n l l l l f ! t h ~ n r l j l Q \VOI'].;.
Amnrc f j G t H ! . f prob!i!!il with thi!; appiQIJe h; h tlWeVtlr; riun a
fn c tl li t111 tht' Hr1lh roro lt1gim ' cXl';lnif::tti tli1 o f i t J rmlY GH l.'iC
011E' w pIny dtlw ll a : i l ! i ~ B ~ t H 1 ..y ill an i e ~ q ~ O l l of
; i ! 1 t ! ! t < ; r()t th l! il' nwt'J. end !! ; S ( ; l f t 1 ( ; \ r h L1 vt' I1tr(l ff1ptet:1 ro
C 1 J'1f.\ ;f i fhi ll M f'I!:H:t of the Rift Hni cltl hy I I t r ~ ! l ! l 1 I ; ri1(l' l f l l t H I ~ "'J uu liry
J i 1 t l j j t 91i t4 il !lt; j llmm in MH:1 f ! : \ S0 l11 ejli ke
Cl!ffo)'(l, H W ~ peJl IHed our rhn . l ! f l . i :.Hid !n fOnmtli f ll t; !ln
hr, ! ' l f l \Vifh th ell' own t 1 d c m r il1r.erl.'llltill n llWntl nlrel1gy r l l 1 p . ; or i 1 u hy fhe :unhl CJ I t'l lo
3 h t ' ~ p r C ' ~ ~ Othors h9 ve iUGH/H1U Oil rhe " tl€(;emarintl'· of HtJ"
rhropo!ogy'lj tegrs Wh"'l1 rhf: al1thmpo!tlgHlt pUW'Rys a s ! l m r m m
. "informants in the text as "indigenous anthropologists" with voices
of their own. This is the case in Bennetta Jules-Rosette 's analysis of
Victor Turner's relationship with his informant, !vluchona, the sub
ject of his famolls essay "Muchona the Hornet. "24
I do not believe this view of the anrhropologisr ns a conduir £01'
local voi(;cs actunlly solves the pmblem of th e in cg alitnrinn rela tion"
ship between anthropologist and informat'lti moreover, (he cOJ1t:ept
of th e indigenous anthropoloi;ist is inadequate for dealing wit'h the
ran ge of people who worked as assistants for the ULl. This is becaLlse
it privilege s the rural assistant or informant like MudlOna, supposedly rooted in indigenous i ~ r y (even if in som e WAYS marginal
to the community Turner studied) and in w\,leh with cra ditiomt l
knowledge . Most of the } ~ L l assistants - ind uding Turner's ma in
for mally employed as sista nt, who l'n rely np p€nrs in his (ex t"- were
nothing like Muc hcms, at lea st ;11' Turner ponnlys him , Mew hRd a
l1ilX(I" btH:k l!il'OImfi of urban l l 1 d \urill expe l'if! t1 r.;e tint! S0l1'1G hilt:!
f l'll ve!ed exten sively in Afri t;a and elsewhere for cclucl'I tion, work, or
military service. Most had an intrinsic interest in culrure bur <It the
same time saw racial politics as a far more important issue. Many
sought employment with the RLI for other reasons than the study
of culture, and they used their expertise in culture as a means to
other ends.
A concept that c a p t u r e ~ ; th€: usc of culture as both .i ntrinsical1y of
intel'est and ~ 1 S a means to other end s is the concept of "culrure
h!'Ol..er," This Gonc@))r also does honor ro Tu rner's sen S: of ncCllJ1lTIOi1
j.£wund b@twe€ 11 hinu0lf and Muc ho no!wirh nm n ( ; ~ c p l l g hiil notion
rh!H he and MlclChor'l9 ' l l ' 9. kind of prnfe!ls i'IIUll nbjn; tivity) Or
(%jl,hll ity,i5 Culn1r(: brOKtm use their @!tur:l J kllo wkdgc to ( ( , ~ feillti(:mships bet\veen different ethnic or ra cin l gr oups involved in
! : \ ~ ftH powel" and resources . Ch ieh ; ( \ A f r iG1111ii , mi ssiontl l'ies , fll1d tlnthl'OPO jogi!;ts hgvc ., 11 t1 lOrc d a'0u fUl'C ' l l ' c J ~ e r s at V r l dmesll • :lfld illSei ftlf ions eRn p e rfMI-l1 H
!} irft ilflf Iole, llt; w :: IJ.2.7 !b tll RU rcs(:a l.'chcrs And tl!isistants Itcmd ns
bt'okcl'S, with the l l 5 ~ i ' l m o ~ t fr eql1e !1tly Jct ing AS broke ts
th e anthrop ologists nn d th", peoplg th ey mHJiet:L
In A.ddition, H LJ itse lf ac ted as tU1 insrinuionnl GLllturc broker in
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.. . - . · · · ~ · , , · . ~ . , •. , . ". ,-- ~
its role [I S an imerpreteL of cultural ol nc! socinl knowledge, situafed
be tween Africans and government :1dministrators in rh e often ciifA·
cult terrain of colonial development policy. Through its association
with the Rh odes-Livin gs tone Museum, the RI. I also played a role in
the collection ,H, d disp lay of Af rican material cnlture to both white
[lnd block publics at a tim e when culture often pro vid ed the ,lmmuni
(iOI1 fO i [,olir ical de bate . Individua l anthropologists (lnci research
a n t l l n150 aCted ns cu lture brokers, clnil11i.n g i1 specia l profes
SiOMI ex peltise in deblHeS abo ctt African polic ical and sOt::inl { h ~ O velopmenr. Thi l- bo ok focuses on th e proce ss of the profess ionaliza cion of this kind of brokerage, placing both the researche rs and rheir
Af rican Gssis tants in Awider context of experts in Afri ca at
,1 tir l1G \-vhen 111SI1Y sciences- an th ropology th em "'- sought to
play n in postwar Golonial de ve lopmenr pl Bl1ning, Fo J't'l1€1' lU I
a ) l s L A r J r ~ n ev e cont inuod m aGC Il ll Gllturc brokers in fhe pOSf£ O!O
11hll rerit1Q j writing tt lhnl fti§fn ries and rev iving ot " ilwoming" tradI "
fiN\ nl m t J t l in [tn. iHl11o sp i1ere of ethfi lc Iivnlry ft1t
111e nt rONO ljf CeS and c ( ) g t l i t i o n from the
Even this concept, however, must be \.Ised with ca ution, because it
f ( ) c l \roo much attention on culture as the key differe nl;e to be
rlcgurinted by ar1rnrop(}]o glsts and as'IiBtrl n ts . The racia l politics of
ce ntral Africa also played nn important ro le in the daily activities of
l l 1 f ( ) p ( ) I ( ) l i f B 1l1 ft nS!listnntll in th @ield Bnd il1formed thinking
l\.I1(! wrifing of !1111 ny o f rhcnn, A t u r t t g f:td li tated the research;
p!\l'r lrLllurly in UrbtUlIlI'enfl, hy l G g o t i l 1 ~ the Golor bat rh rt t sepn
nHed ,."hi res (rO ll' 1lRCK!l in most work l \ t ~ ~ ( l G sinuit iom -!:I. nc
gllri;1ti on ehn t dlJtllt dirccr ly with histor icGIy sil'Ul\te tl itletlS of racial
d l f f ~ f e l l t e nH IH.:r rlul i (U!flirn l d i f f ~ t ' C t l E e . i m i ! ; , l . like " i [ 1 ( l i I 1 ( 1 \ l n l ' l t h ! ' o p n o ~ i ~ f , " the t FJ rti l ''t,:llifttre bro '
~ r " sLlgf4(mS !l i t r f i f t G a H ( ) n witt. a lc>ca l l h H ' anti this
1'll<l)' not ~ h ' l ' : 1 y s be Sf!propril\ fl.> , (\f t l1t Wl'f l1 I n f f ' ~ \ : t l \ ~ h l " (;un
ge t MliUllcl rilesc p r t l b ~ I ] t \ ! l ( l ir t'i.llmo\ls fUr tlHfe nmr clegf@8!;
GIltI ty P{\!' uf f l t ! i l ~ l m H H 1 t to the o ! ; ~ 0 [1 t h ~ piH'f tl f htlfh It9!!illlhi.nts
;l !1tl ~ 1 f l l r ( J l e G f b H l iii b f M d ~ ~ e " I \ l ' , l e f(H'S to
l,cu!11: ,v hl) mite an v ( ' <lll il I I ; t : w It in. l ' l i n g all!;1€Iu·
~ i L l l \ n n E vlH IOlis klnd!4 (1 1' ~ n l l \ l ' .. r wl'HHh et Ol' Mlt thl;!il' l1udl ll r1G eS
111r: ""l ... · il l I 1.111 t Jj - t l • \ t., Jtii U " L ~
recognLze chem as professionals. in th e .:ontex t of fiddwork, it
allows fol' study of a spectrum Clf pcople employed hy, an d orherwise
assisting, anthropologists in their work, rather than implying a sim·
plistic distinction between informant und assistant, Like Muchoria,
i n f o r m a n t s ~ friend s, or ochers who volunteer their views in the field
can be as influenrinl as paid t a n t s , Neithee ~ ~ this conc;;ept exc lu dG 9 ppl'enrices hi p in a l I 1
as p lt 't of the reilearGh ,l"s istrt l1tS' perspec tive ()Il th(;1il' work , MOl'eo
nVItl', it a eCl'nl that can be applied equ ally tt l th e :Ulth ropo lngiscs
rhems el ves ,211 The term is not unproblematic, howeve r, Nor nil those
who volunteer their views in the field can be Gll'Issifieci as intelleG
ruals, hut their views can neverth eless subsr,intiaUy inform the t:c
r ~ s work
t\t\thl'Opo loglzing l ; ~ llnd Africoni zing Anthro!'n] ogy
-"The problem with doing statistical surveys in A i r i o w r t s is
that Africans aren't used co sociological m e t h o d ~ , " rwnarked an an
thropology studc:nr in the middle of fieldwork iJ) bne of the mbancenters previously swdied by the RU . "The>y/ don't know how to
respond like Americans do, when an intervi ewer comes round asking
U l h i , .,Wh 3 11 I heard this Gtlfl l l1Hmt in 1991 wh en f was begi lil1in l{ my
/(lWft fieJdworl( on the R Ll - : t fc1trsomerhing W88 11 or quite righr in rhi8
' 1 8 ~ Y m p t i o n that A f r i G ~ n s a.r€ naive about o G i ( ) l o g i methods
ospcdaUy in Zn mbin , ...yith a t o r y thiu i n ~ l l ~ d € d the Ruin (hI:;
<: lJloninl peri od, AS well !'I ll ex ten siv e l o p m e n r r e s c n n !Inti i l 1 . r t ' \ l ' ~ Vention in th e postcolonial period. Thltl Gornm@nt i t i 1 l 1 l 1 1 r l ? d me W
~ ~ t d e how e x r e n ~ i the African experiencgwith o P o ~ y -{l r riHI;! f) fCh of any kind - was gild wlwl'l! th is expl.'riol1 ce fit in
h cMteXt of l l ' undot'Stbl odi!'lg sod i.lse /') fcbll tura l k t H )erlgtl ifl AfricA .
T'o cx pl tnc this issue, th is sWdy cX !lmine!l tWO t ' l ~ 8 ~ in ,ftr.
hisw!'y of :\ l1thropology in the rggion . The ,i rst T u ll "an throp'tl lo !3lz"
atifJ\1 ,'; AtHi1l'gp(:)l og istfi at lU I spoke; of }\fricnn ( J ~ i i ( J ! ' i f i ~ i t l ~
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Bro wn hecn lise of th e Gonser ve rive 110wre of lingwisric research in
South Ahica, but rees rnhlished for I..es tl'tHle wh ose t€R(m rr.:h WIl Sl
lAter used by the iPOJtheid gove rnm cnr to justify separare "Bnntu
\ Educ l1 rion. "IR
Thedcp nrtrnem of Bantu 5rudies ar Wits, in particular, reflected the
conrext thor hilQ shoped Gluckman'S vi ews during his time as an
un dergrad uate th ere . That depnwncnr had embraced scruc:tLl ra ln ' h S l n . i t" th e appointment of Radcliffe-Brown to the , hO:
o{ Amhr opology at VC T It! 192. ]; . Sub seq uently that approac l1
was in South Africa by Winifn:d Hoernle\ who ha,dffirst
studied philo sophy at VCT (stnning in ! !:}o3 while it was still called
th e Somh f r i c a n Co llege ) and la mr srudied anthropology a"nd exp e
rim enml psychology und er Haddon and arCa mbric{ge , Wundt
nlld Klitpe ar l(ei pz ig :tnd Bonf1, and Durkheim ar the SorbQl1ne.S9 She
,1/50 iTI ixed With An1@!'lr;:UhftlUhropol og illts in Ctl,mbritlge Mu s8a.Gh ll
scres; wl1 ile ther\ When h€r hlls bancl ,vall ar Hs rVlfrc:L60j ~ G ! l m
I,ectUtBr in ~ o g y Ilt Wits in and g t ' l h€f work with
Rndt::tiffe-Rl'own ; wbom she hOld mef earlier Cambridge; England.
This jOit1t j)l'oj@c r have becomea GCln),parll tive studyofAfri can
$cJc iol f u t j l n ! i itl sOl.l rhem AfJicll, if Ra(;!cHfFe-Swwn had nor left
fo!' the GhHir of s(lt:inl AtlfhropolcSY It t Svdney ill J
Jioernl e; nlso prn moreclM,n litlOwsjls approach to l d w o ~ k AI rlwuJ;)h she trlol( tl perS() 1 !l1 e l l Y l I 1 rhc ~ H ( l fiEcnlmwl1! IHUem
t-l r N 'Ut111 ~ l e she /lm(l f lB ' j J { g hel' ftlil!(J 1 l x ~ ' ~ d u l 1 s fWft1 ]' 9 ;c1
to 9 i . . ~ hEI r pl-lr,!iJiht'eI f l j I 3 ~ Of1 I'GGm19f!'UCtihg rhelr l ' r ~I.; O/CmHll §(wuny r9.rhftr rhgn !I n. C ~ U I ' I . ! ( ; f l l l g il rh f:lO fy of ~ J . N ~ v i m h e § ~ ; ~ f t - l ' l f ! j ill flu :! fl t l'ld H ~ r p l ' e t l 1 i ~ 1 ' I of mt lGw ml
il " 1;(IO!1fl ll li.I l1 h ~ f i I S & ! ~ rMf ' fbe l ~ 1 t g r y l'li'oh 1i.i1H dI' So uth l f ~ ~ ~ r t d ~ ( J t ! - i o . t:l ' 1/Jr i{1j aft (jf U1:I8y.
!oQrn te !t l§o ~ H " ~ ; j t 1 g fiRnn il'f'l}r ,,!lHH l'ol l!! f()' lIoehl i
8tlfhrf!pnltJgln re!ligi'lrd fftJ m ~ ~ r sen il1t lH ~ J r s inJ 931'\ HI flJr !; ,IC more !!otlt1 jly (-i ..rIVI§t t : a f e ~ r n\fhe P. tl(-{ (j f WtJ rld
\V1l r -r l"v() !lhe had /1IHiOftl t: B £€ jll'htl f t ! : \ l [ " C in fhtlt ' ~ ! i r i ( ) n of Ji bllll: I1J
rhD lIght," rhe So ur h A f1'iuHl t l ~ f l t o r. RAte I { ~ J l H i l m 1 1
Th e fir-sr EL I rl:'blhl (un t:! m Ollt mgmhers 0i 8 1 1 ' m 8 ) met
wir h fdc rnle 111 id Q 11 ~ b e r of rh OME: \V hc:) had bQA.fl M d o l ' her il ll p tl'Vl!lI O)l ",/1t'!'1 t m ~ \ I ' flitJr!::, Jnel tll3 HtlJl.
t'
. # .... :O-4...... " ' -_ - .. V .
mann, EileGn Kl'ige , and Hilda Ku pe r, 1--1c1l[11Unn '8 res€Qr tn nn lm
Afrknn ulllumY:Hd!i in JC1hAnncs burg cl l'GW their spe cial nwmriot1 .
She bad pointed out th e postwar influ x of Africa ns f() th e City. nnd
discllsse d their incre as ingly pe rm anent urbllni z::I tion ,1nd its lonse.
quen ces ,r.s The RI,I team also met with Jl1lius Lewin, th e r \ l r in
Native Law and Adminimation at Wits, who os a Fa bion sOGinlist
often critiqued the poli tica l stance of the liberr>ll s who domin ated the
UniV €I'sity,61\ "-
The sites they visited ilItlmnred the SOciAl pro cesses th ey wo uld
tlxa min e itl Northern Rhodes ia, After di scuss ions with Monica Wi!·SOI1, Rome members of the visited her forme): field site in Pondo
land and met the district th e ow ner of the to cn l rradin g POSf,
and sev(wl l Afr icans who held positions in the nariv e tlllthority;67
Wilson 's l ~ , Reactiorl to C(,)I'lQ1lS6 t, published in I 5) 3 primarily
foc lised on the rural side of Pondo ll fe bur had inclucled one of th e
fiJ:st lHf t:m1Ptll ro denl wirh the urban experiencelll of an Afr it:n n jJ€iO>
W h i l .It Wi ts the tellni tollred the flel1l'by African areas of
Orlando and Sophiatown, the latter a vibrnt1t ..multierhl1ic, multira
cial suburb that would be dem olish ed unclet' J t ' l ,l panheid policy,
They descend ed infO a gold mine to examine min tJts ' working condi,
dons, a viSit th e l'e!l l!l:1fchers found parricularly useful because of its
rlmitil3 i "The MriG\li strike i n c i c l e J with our visit1 rhBt nil the
nU:ltl l t l f . i . 1 d ~ s that one c:tluld for we J'€ 011 clisplnyj " ,Itlhn Dar nell
r , ; t J mbegalt l j : OW l; fhdd work, Jl.U ~ 6 € { \ r . ; h g i ' S wCluld'RQo 1
flI19-'A !1 fh @1'(11;1111artitud@!I Q1W u l ( ; \ ol'k for gn Eii spl.,y In Ngrrher 'M
J \ 1 - H H ~ l : I l i l f i ) both iHfiong the Africnm MHI fhe they imfm dt;c! '
r ll rhm'e,
Mnktng file l"lttld
III WHYS, the field fot nnfhwpo log lGa l resGll f'Gh in Northern
~ l e i l hAd to be mBde - tOn 5tniGreti our of mnteL'inls proVi de d by
prim resGEl fchcrs, well as routes of access to place s and people rhnt
mher!! ha d dev€ lopecl iin.r. AdministrrHol'Snncl i ( 1 n t 1 w€e re
! j P t J bl ef t)f mo sr of flll'lgr prior p ~ m w of 1\ (;'1:814 to nml '\Gq l1ill iriul'
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of knowledge, but explorers, prospector:;, and nadel's had also <1f.
fce red th e va riabJ e wa y!; that !\ fri ca ns responded to ::tnthropologisrs
in rh e field! dep cn clont on whtH th eir E' xperienc€s (1f these different
p e , ~ Qf E UrO p e '11S hun bgen, The RLl :intlltnpnl l'lgim uqed
cu r lier w a y . ~ into the i v i n h&lp and IldviG€ fto t11 Al .
ll1 inisfra ro rll ; miMionn rie! , and sett lers hi- t th toly also a l 1 (rh em stl lvCN h om rhem in rhe auempt tt l gnin aGel'S!! w informa tion
that Afric (lh l' WQuid no r share With rhes@ groups . The SUCCess of chis
di w Il1cif1g crudAlly dgpe!1 d€:d ot! rhehelp (J f rheir rese llJ'ch as sistants,
Ol "clerk-:nterprererq;" lUJ t h ~ y were llSUl1ll y ca lled af the time. Th e!lemen fll ediFif€tl th € anrhl'Ol'lO logist!l ' initl ill X p O g to the
they snldisd ; r!1I'oug h their tfan!llarion w o r k ~ introductions to poten"
ria Iinforman ts, smoothing of ehe way for rhe researGhci'S ' qu es tions,
and general f'l1unage mc nt of rhe reseurchers' inrerac rions with localo p l € : .
Om' J 1 l "ru le" rot fi gldwo rk , GluGktn 31'1 advised MitGhel\;
W(l il ll0e to mh Ol'll" lt wife, fo r this could llmd rIl@ ! ! I ] : i r c h to li ve
in g ''i;ululfR l bu bblt;' ;; avoiding GO l'ltBGt With t h ~ [oc al society,/ l
iVlirchl.111, l\1nrwick, j:'!ollemu n\ anci Ba rn es , however, GIll took their
wiVe'S w the field, Ui timarllly, 0 far flH ') rc imp onam culturaJ bubble
;1 ~ c r e the work of the Rtl resea n;:hers one thnt was deliberately
by flil:' peo ple rhey ~ t u d i ~ th e r r,s(G rch Qllsi J t.:U1t8
\vPI'ke (J )!1 fWfl w ~ y ~ Iftf{' t'!H'!! ti tlf{ for l 1 f 1 f bur at fhe
Y!li'')e ! 1 ' j:l,rtlf"'ffl hg; tlw / h !::ai I i ' J @ lltld tHe ilHe teli f§of !!tiJfiE df i l ' ~ J i 1 € ' 1 ~ h ~ r l \ ~ r h ! ? 9 i : ! ? f l f m ~ f ~ r r ; t e t ~ r a l 1 f r t rh aftUlft:Ji'fi lt1-
H j U ~ h Int' i:l l Of l"MWEIt Pil flWt ti-hHl ffti' tlUgh the rtl! : ' t o h f ' ! j ~ AhlEUi of l t 1 f i ~ t H e €1J1:I!cl
l ~ y the ! ! r i' t l e in fli tl lr d:l fuH jtlg (tl):- i4(it €-h e th t!ill-
ll f th e i 1 j a l I ' l d n i o f l I I £ l f \ f fb t;t-Hltfo i th "
I l I ' ! 1 I ' f : l h ~ f rhr rhlffh a h : t f l H ' f l r ~ i ' , G li ':likifH11 1, fr'lt (?;tfilfl!'i lol w m ' k E ' witll {If trW t dY i l
wt l! all t<tHnltlflO{l fH; rm' hl l9 t ~ { u ( , l t t { j hi !>L : ' \'Ij th J 1 l a se ejously (mI11Jjfu!11i!!ed tlU I' i1lg lil ll tim nui ;!
tnLl!" ~ F 9 ~ 1 r . tJ[ tht: i 1 ~ f : of lie tonk trJ dcJ 1 ~ ! ! a of an i l i f ~ r - . f" ruer j3kked b)' rhe t 1 v e W!H'j m ~ d e ir- l l l (or l w U LO :llb;- g P i ~ d h i ~ jjjtJtives .... ! ' i ~ F j l m t l l : l e in l:'O)"
I. ' ,.r;. L ,UUV /&- t f . . \ . I , j ' "I- I ·'''c;" Ic;.I-l " 7)
lecting data led to angry outbursts in Mitchell's letters to other It LI
a r c h ~ r s in th e ca rly dnys of his fieldwork .n Associnrion with the
government pluced All '1l1thropologi8t on rhe wro ng side of WIHlt
;Inckmnn hnd called the dominant social clcnvRg e, in his ZululnthJ
work, As Ba rnel ohserved of his own helcl lJ itE': "I can see Inore riell\,-
ages than ties her tl , ond fat' it 1 i ' g rhnr rne wlHJ le 50,;illl r.ml el'
is held rogerhcr only by its Gommon opposition to the B0 l11 01 ' rh e
men with smfi ll hUiid R' "?1 Mitchell rhnt rh r, rnn il1 llOciGI ~ ( ! v n g e Wf'Vl rhl.' Yao and him llGLf t1tHil hiNwife, Edm\5 Qn ived with
th liiit lleW bQby and bro ke the it;: e with Yno wnm@n ,7 ') An d thl!! Mor
w i ~ k ~ wtl :e "very dep rcslled inifiaii y';; IlWc Go uld s@c the sirlln els
Hying o'Vg rhea d on their wily b ~ t w Jo'bux l! lin d Nairobi nnd fdtI l t l 1 ~ k "7.'
All of the c s ~ a r G h e t ' ~ (;omplGin tld about t h ~ difficulty in fJA riy field·
wgrk of 1 ' ~ o m j l l 3 the ~ o r n of A f r i G 1 1 9 w€!1 ry of tlnswt;' fil1g
t i o n as W'J I! as th eil' own experience of t ~ ~ l i u m find confl1sitm
in the eo riy stagesof longunge I,,:aming. 5om€ of chI) loco!s' horedom
with guesrioning may have bee n in te nd ecl to deflect attention from
sen sitive topics ; In her stcond tom, Colson found that in a vilI,lgC
wh ere she hod collected demographic data during the first rolli', "thepeople agree quite cheerfully that they lied last yea r - not all of
them, bur enough so thot the f i g 1 J n wertm't at nll ! i ( l h l ( l ; " ShGwe m
0I i m J ! j ~ I l writing g 1'Ilper tHt pr oblems of rhfll'dinbilifYof th€
ltift 13 tiC P ~ t l . l 1 ~ t i R \\ [ha t fhe rl H dl : " " i l ~ jiiit!! " 'I t}ylt willa ly, 'If O§ l\ iil flEiM t Y@M1 t l H . 1 1 1 l ~ h t l'!:: i11eill"
b } [' l'flJH'!:f r:Mldft! 1. F I \ ~ y hid lyel1rj ," ',g EVeI' f1
i!1t@Coliio1 's l i § § l ' l t 1 t 1 BQ1jiilflln ' ~ m l l d ntJr gUli f c
atH@E ~ J , : l & f e eooperllUon in an @lw iwt1J'tHH1t wh@'emu4 iti tm t (If
cl lHl'l ~ g l l l ! l I l f l ( l j " 1 i' Y ~ l ' ) o l i i t t 1 i l l i m ~ t t H ' F i Wlili'@woll kl1 r;wn W wtli'l
l l i t W Itll'f1I. e ~ t ! ! 1 WEiS ,'\!iO flit ! l e wi thM ndwll '!i a ~ ~ t i l ! ! H t l l l Itlfrl l I ~ n : e pJ.'tlctice!!; anti he V 'a ll ext l'cmBiy i . : J ing C l t J . f(:mf wh en peop le ~ t l ~ to th e Im'!f (;(U wifh
hi m foilid IG " l1fl ltld vhf! t pr B.c fic;cs fhey hlhi eH rli \lr ~ s l t bag to hi l l l M
iotll4 d@fl d sfill Went (111 despi te decades of ln iss ion ami
a Wl!tl11il! ll i
! : r , \V€l r€ howeve r, naive of j(J€11 1nifilli po
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Vi i f;: ,EtirH\; wirn th eir bdhy! n( 'mld, vill irEid hyYa
',VC lIl lt h wl eh \ i " ~ III i . i fhdtllilre II the '(Ob iHt. u
(1 f NV f\9 i-1htl1M . t ) ~ j : j FI' I'Ji1i j. Clyt:li2 l V i i f ~ i 1 ' ~ p i'i'.'IHt' t;f1 II€!lltitJl1 .
\ 1 2 1 f i l ~ ( ' e ( t : n i i l s ~ l t !1f O{JIlaJ€l Mlf!§hiliL)
Atl1tlUgh UIl! l:l to v t ? n ( i ~ t ' l d!;lie llri91t ttl oni t!r '0 et
at l ' u r t ' ! ~ n ~ elf loe b' l kr'!ow ierlgl') th1:'y Hp, (l c!.Jup'mHr tl wieh.
10(;<1 1 i t y g of l1H\I1:agit1g thoi l' bohav ior antj u ~ f l v i r y ; In ;ill cases the
r ( ' l h j t ) ~ t \ ' \ l f ' ~ 1 ' l the t't:!tlal'cliet :1!i!J th e itlfo r-
nh tn f'; had fo SOlh Cd(!gi·ee tl I1 a!ltQ!;tH1!lHk H U ! : i £ ! ~ ~ r , I)Hf peopleWF.' :'e l l \VHt't tiltH j ' l t l k ! : I l ~ ~ i ' l : . ! p ( : I l 1 e l l f ~ f1 ~ i S ~ e I : 6 *fjY 1l..Jnles Wi th f j ~ l 1 g i l ( l W l ~ 1 suM) fht' l f ~ lHII'flj !l! !lf l'U-
f ill]l, OR i l ' h ilt fi r lJ lg rf f d l ; : l 1 ~ !- tl (j 1 J 1 W I ' ~ ~ r In hme I 1 . Mit!
p r ( ~ p ~ r lMm I!'{J UI;i he t:OhEmV'IP81 t1! imtl Willi I1ffll ll t : ! ~ ! l f e ! t I W t l ~ t m ~ ~ ..,"[flt ! . l l r l f ! ~ IBm WIh!hf.J'fifl uHr l, ! l l 1 l t ~ i ' fW:i1c.
,( "' l _ J n ': i·V J' HI l ; h..,. • H dU · ;J J
rices . But these inquiries were also welcomed in case ::; where the
work could be used to argue the local case against the administra
tion's stand in a territorial dispute. Anthropologists could become
allies and advocates in such struggles. Moreover, African societies
did not present a united front to outsiders hut consistrd of groups
and individuals with diverse and conflicting interests, While some
might be unwilling to give information abollt certain aspects of local
life, others might be happy to do so for any number of reasons,
including their own interest in tradition, history, or politiGs,?9
Researchers at the R I.I usually explained what they were doing as
"history" rather than "anthropology," because they felt that Afri
cans understood what history was about. so This was not simply
because they believed Africans had a nostalgic or proud sense of
tribal identity, but because they recognized that Africans in general
possessed a long and often unpleasant experience of the llse of local
history by the colonial aclministl'ariol1 to cre<1te tribes, allocate terri
tory, decide the make-up of the native administration, and impose
rigid laws where more fluid rul es had formerly obtained. Depending
on its results, anthropologists' work might or might not have been
lI seful to particular factions in these disputes\ bllt it nearly alwa ysundermined or GOmpHCiced the colonial aclminimntion's views. In
cas es where local religious or political praGi ces we re at 8l1.\,e , all-
p t . l l 8 t s nea rly l lwnys i m e d their work to Goul1tcr Ftncl
gtJverlHrHmt lH f.C11Pt8 to !JlI i'pru 8 > cwtn in i v i t MMWick'§ .study
tJf rhe ( : J h ~ nyau I l e ~ g ! l h i ~ IOgnfi!ilcnti lc11 !'eron fh Hu'
Nya§Ahmtl Rlove rl1 ln€! !'\tl fOi' GXil mploj ;,l for' w rU ltHHl '
rio !1 t!1'It!tir fhe rubric el f th eir et1l1 Gat iQI1i.\! fnn c:;rion for boys )\lith
v l ~ k thmying govern ment fl nd mi ss ion feLl r that th ey p ~ r vthe yemllg Or provided n ner\vo rk for poliricu l 81
Th tlt am l'll'opologim ' work fll ncrione itJcnlly in this WHy hH!l hglln
E ! e o g n ~ t l < byGummr G I ! ~ n r c : t 1 t ' ~ wh o hove how their ownW I 1 ~ ~ j . 1 1 i for tht' illvel1tio n of w 1. d!tiofl th e ' ~ " H i f : H l Of' re
gf:iWj'!H1nti nf j t y , Thi p; work ha !! A. j ; i ' h v i l l ~ fl tt!j·-;l t t:l l'!? l l ~ fhl! t ; ~ { ioll1cl l 5 e r of g C ; : ~ knowledgE!; M ( l i ' ~ ! ; 1 n 1 ne@fl!j w b!1 p ) ! ; l t J ~ b fl WtWe r\ on thpvery !nea l l i 1 f l ! r oft 3 l ' l I e f l ~ e s €1f m.Hl!1gln§ fCH:lt!llu !!fS laml r l ~ 1 1 thnt itlJiu
J I; \> ",.,\ .11.1 I II , I" "v .. . , n ,. , I
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ellc{' th e develo pment of purticl1lGr loca l defenses: much mor e than a
genern l e ~ i to ptc!lc rv e 0 1· el1 hofJGe local identity is involved. To
rnkc one a disrinc:tive feA ture of the end}' Nrm hern Rno de
sian scene wn s th e prcYcdence of the geo logisr as ex plorer, Beclluse of
the specu lation conce rn ing mineral wealth rhat chara cteri zed the
Bri tish. SO ll ch Africa Compa ny's colon iza tion of the region, ge olo
gists had figurGd among rh e ea rlies t arriva ls. They practiced n kind of
predn ro ry sc ience simi lar to that practiced by th e namral scienrisrs
who i-1cGompfl l1 icd anrly imperial exp€diri on s. In u t h e r n Africa the
t1.1nSt n(Hfl ri nul> (1f c s ~ pt€c:iaror y ,,,as Gll rl Wiese , \'(IieNplayed a rol e in co\onil11 wal'/! thef Jed to the conquest of the
Ngoni pE! Op lt - by l l t t J j e e n th e Ngcmi comt and the vari.
Oil S E ll mpeun powers interes ted in their hmcl - leilving the Ngo ni
with [\ pern'lnncm sIJ spieiorl of the h l 1 v i O l · of outsiders,
The Ngo ni auromtlrically ap plie d the tgrm qupc- I'lp 'y = ormwaTl
LUa Wiese Ghil d of W iele -- to Al1)! EUftJpen fl whose o ~ e in Vis"
iring thei - tcrritory W:\8 LI1k t'lOW I1 or susp iG i t.)Uj. Wh.€n Ba rrtcs l1r
rive t! in NgCJniland1 th ey initinlly cu lled hilll qupe , rho Jgh his gem
(JI'O L1S bentw io r and Lblkh ero 's ex pl nnari o l1s brought fin end to local
suspicions relntively quickly in the area wh ere he did most of hi s
fieldwork.H1
conne(;r lon tQ fhe pl lr ram (·H-lnt Ghief's famil y
~ 1 V e aided g l l ' l ! ~ e C : ~ , And as H:l rne ii reGa U! cl,t1 beer j;)an)' IlfH:ll1flf wtlj;}j'm!3 n 11tH 11I'e other RUrtl fH%lnS Gl1l0
h(;' !J; iNPl Ne vcrehel(-fls , !hUM" suffered , !)!'l6wC tl IHlllpkiOti G-1{; h time
1E.> tt l '" iU W N!:lI.Jtl i h@r t!tlmmrly Ofj J1 1§ 8 ~ G t m d n Wf .
Il) 1 ·) tt 8• (J-jp rl'le i O t \ ~ { : t /11 f l M Flt'ltl r j'HH't' f t ll!}
fri !l!'dly !Ii ';-iJ ffip a ['iI/n il f.1J hl§ NlJan! J ) e l i e ~ If. n n ~ of rhtN/'V1fi i \l ill ngt,s Vslttlft, Ill hmnfl thFH ~ \ . ' l l ait!.:)" l f l 1 ! e f l f li t' l t = lii l :.l l'l and ffle "d l ii'1kitli pOp l.ll 1f i tw1. " i.lf l fl a t f ~ i 1 d ! l 1 ~ f,l v. hllt'eh Yerv jQc
2 !Hl people c;orni!1 l;1etl fO ht' de
SG ,' ih!:ld rl1c in :d ~ f f ~ Vb M jtl?hei : " Q flt' of fhe WOm !!!l IHt id5
"ro \,.!;\y we an: Il l! G tfit1H l:loa idp,e Wgt: rhbl" j !hi!'! tO rno now liUI
O:1l1tlSwill hc in r i ~ ( H 1 There a Q ~ i l f t f 1 t : 3 r < : i m ~ t l f ! rflyiniorprett r -'- ' 'Ymi ,He lill i ' j ~ " Il \t(l V e l ! ! fE! II Us t 1 ~ thism Afl
is dOihg.' " X1
Tlk 111. ( I J ~ r G U'll'"'ti A. Humber ..-If ' : H I l ' ! ! "f.1) ~ r I W J 1 i e the
problems of sll spicion and manage ment of oursiders. Gluckl11llli 's
advice to avoid stAying in bhj efg' vill .,ses mn y hn vt! stemmed fro m his
own experiences of Zulu ,mci Lozi I \ o c both of which had pow
erful roy.,l families who effec tively controll ed ottrsidel'!I.R< But he did
not obj ect when Colson decided to live in a ch ief's vill age in her field
site, fo1' he understood that chiefs bi p W AS very di fferent in reilltiv cly
ega lita.rian Tonga soc iety.8, And although he livin g in th e
Lozi pn rn.molJ..I1t chief 's village dyring his own f i ~ l d w r k , he hi mse lf
mnde som:e1l8iCl t'lSfa rOYA l cOlmol by wprldng with memhers of tht:
I'()yal family and promoting their inrerea rll with I'@slec:c to the t oto·l i i a 1 n n 1 € n t These inf1uenGC8 uM voi dA bly nffecred hi !! work.
Nevea hdess, bo th he liJ1cl th e resenrrh officers found oeher wily!!
of en tering the societies they ~ 1 j \,,'oys that ,",ould allow th em to
get .1 huge r These strn regits t€llied on two fRGro rS! the lengthy
and multiple period s of time th ese nmh rop ol ogis ts spent in the
and the movement that Wll S prescr ibed by th e 1t t1 's gotl is for rhe
which ~ J u i r th at they spend n length of ri me in one
villag e during their first tour and then usc their second rom primarily
to mov e from one are.\ to another getting a samp le of th e r .111ge of
Village orgal1izational
patterns . The resl!archers often moved about
d\ll'ing their first year. tl S w@l, to get a setls t' of rhe entire ,Hea or to do
p l i r i ( ; m 8 ~ c : d on l(mg rhy 8 r n y ~ in u smAll m1l11.h€J' of villll g€'l
thlH might h tV€ c'O1tl'blsti l1g i t : m f n ; t l\emrlJitl r.
ttl the fie ld after away For a wl'iri ng- uJ;> pe riod also proved 9
jloo{\ m n t @ ~ w M GonHng l'{J fhe M>lf Wickil\ " St:hUPOl'l'S ildvi t:e W98
:= ~ t l Y b . fhe fteld anti Wh t'fJ yo u c{jjf\e b tU1k tht!y' lJ )fUU like
l1 f l ~ r f l ' ! a e ! i m a n / ' ~ 9 1'l1I1I nT! I ' M g l l r ~ h e r f tlbilirym eiHel' jOGAI ~ t y i ~ ' l11i-litip)g ways
Will! l l i t a r ( ; 1 by e 8 @ a a s ~ i t m who t' IH 1.r
cl tl t;, thd r ow rt G h Q n fi JlJi Gs r ry om un r;urel:visPsd wOI k .
l\!!fore ]@iwing rhe M(l id .for the firgt r i ~ l pc: riod, GhlGm,nli:1t1villsct tl1am membert1 o mlin ch dr imcrprC t1f5 ro kN;j) of
:1rgu mClH!11 nno in hidlU1J8 ii1 the!i' i ' l h t : ' e 1 1 1 ! l he had clonc with hi s ow n t \ ~ ! ! i ! m in O r ! \ e l ! l I 1 tIt
p ~ l ' m 1 ~ ~ M rlHH a pFll'1 ,,,'o uld b61 imptnGiGab le
of fh.e need m 91porvi5c th Q ! l t a I As met1tiol1!!d ea rlhH',
"" - ....... . .... . . . . . . .J •••- ... . . r .. ' " ",'" Y .1
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he hnci problems ge tring a n:liable interprerer /ass istant) and his
JcrrcLs to Burn es reflected the of his tltremprs to train
OtiC of hi s il1tei'pretc rs [() co ll ec t adequi.1 te demographic dorn , Other
fcsca tch ers ~ l c c e s s f l l y trained th eir Assis tllnrs to keep diaries of
events fmd found eh en1 cnger fa GO l'ltri b 1tl' essnys nn various ~ l S ? e C t f ; of rheir QOtiC1fit"8 : l 'hu ll , th e reS lG Ic; hers were lH1Q bl lld fo €XftHl. d ti1 eit'
neJ,i of st udy be,roncl whar they rhems l'iv l"IJ expe rience ficlwwork. rhrmlgh rh is vicarious form of PI.u:fiGpant'observQrion.
The overg ll cCl rnp Arnri vc; regitl11 11 1 f oe,:lll'l of the RL I p ~ d to bOn"
stf1.1Ct the fk ldnm 011 ly nil a place of ii'lrerAGtion wirh I()ca l p@op le butas ! : l ~ l 1 S of pWQut;tive n re J l'!l:nlr, 1~ l l 1 d r thHi olllihip l:l with
orher l 1 H J s . Th i8 a l l p e of R.u reol11wof.k c;\I:l'lll lopec;j our of n
cl kHlter of cxp",ricncE:$ J11fU1C Hp primaril y of gharing rellc nft!h (lb.
~ c t i v ~ ! i , obs @v il1. g Mc h e . r ' ~ field pt'nctk es 5 i:1.n.d cr!'l9 ti ng commy
ni carion ne tworks , Gluckman con sciously arranged some of th ese
exper iel1 ces; O t J 1 ( ' !'Ook plac e ~ c n l 1 s c of omsi de factots or phys ical
:Hld go(;inl conciiriOi HI in Northern i a . Thi:: direG tot :ll:rr'mged
die initia l Lambu fi eld fmining sess ion and the visit ro South Africa,
he visited SOnie of the researchers at theit field sireii; and he required
thei r nftcnd ;JnGt lH 11 Gcmfci'cnce when: th ey gQ Ve preliminn ty ,1C
(.;()U!1fS of tb eir resetH'ch !-lnd G.I' iriqued each nrher'9metb ods,n He nJ so
§ ~ t t; (i!ftu i t1 ovor l1 l1. ftlr l%lch ~ m c l Y I I S ~ l c as th t requirement thot
,ill fe!llliltHC I1 t'l'f4I;M I'Y Ollf H lf'Jd y ( If lll ll!d t lllll\l'e 9.ll tlJ'ilf prio ri fY. all we ll
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j J ? s € 8 I ; J 1 ' \ f 1 ~ § J r ~ ami ~ tJ1ldi' ;i.lj't;p, t! y fi9m\-I llbhel:i t f m H ! f ~ E6
0 f ) J ! e l : ! ~ d M ~ ~ n e iluijctm:l.
CGlrldiftN l3ur \ , \ l t H jji N rmhel'i1 e ~ l a HUH fLl· t 1 G!f ~ t I 'oll\!'iill rtic<lfi tHl aintl11g fh e l t l 1 b ! ! I . ' of fhli' a f l . l c l f H th€ pOllm l
service wl1i!J!i r1 !lnwI.'IJ f&il'ly ttll3 tJ1§l' GtJl'fl!!lIpOI"H:!af\ft{:' Mll1 a tnp lt:i ly
ill1 pn lvlJ'ig ttl1rlllfH,rhH iu h } ) ' ~ 'rhe rAFlRe bf rrlHHII 'f)['f illducled
bll !5l% alld trH in !l jn a f i l ! : H ~ 1 ' 5 , A f1.h\l of fli t N ~ E ' 1 l 1 ' ~ boughtslIrplu'; rn ll JU'l ry vehl slm: , \vf, kl'l\ 6 : : i ' ) " , l @ n l ~ 'Nifh PUl'I[Wtlf per-
l\
rol ra tioning, made visiting ench other in th e fi eld cn sle! than would
hove been the case fm anthropologis ts working in the interwar pe
riod, 9I The Institnte's CoJoninl Developm ent and Wt!lfAre s,a m nn,\
its c o f l b l 10<;01 unding made it poss ible to en lnrge the ItLI
librMY ; which Al owed the resea rchers Of; n p; roup "0 ieeeI' itl
with d€e Jopm el1t!l in rht' li te rnf1.l re , ReGent 8C)\; ioiogy fwd arUhro <
poJogy bo oks And journals ci l'Gu inted among tbe ' l ; : s € l while ii i
the fi€ld , wht:e (;! n l ~ of them wrot e:: f@i rws for ch @h € ItL I jOUfli 1 L
Th e jonrn nl by ~ k m l H in ntH:! orl1 er fnse irurc
I'Ubl1 r;lltiOl1s ifiititHed during W ilW r1 iB dim(;COr 'shir prnrrinted C O g l ' ~ cliIH\f.ed Wtll'l< ~ m o l 1 thl; resM n: hers An d meshed th em more firml y
il1to rhr smnH bOmmul1lry of Sl'! rrl !!I'SI mi lls ionn i'ies j and 11 (;lmini srra'
f t ) r ~ ,vhQsaw some vall1e it! the n l - . I o F , ~ l t ' iR!lUe8 (, f
the jOtlrl1111 were ciomjnnred hy ndministt'ntor-€ f.hn ogntphers' wo rk;
partly ~ ( . : Gluckm an could nor ca li 011 profess ion al .1nthrop olo
gisf8 to contrihute durins the Val." yeRrs. NQve nheless , throughout t ~ i history the jOU1'l:'Hl1' il f .l1thors and the aUfhors of orht:t HI-I publiC tl
tions; such as the Papers and Communications, continued to ,reflect:
th e typ es of people within Northern Rh Qcl eliia with whom the r@-
sea i'ch lH'S(;ould [,,1 1k about their interests - mix of ad rninisn'arors\
miss ionuri€, and il few sclw bl'$from the wider AfriCAn nnd Briti sh
l Ga d ll!thi c netw orks, il l' well some of th€ Afric.llt resc l1fbh f'lSl< is-
mtm j:w d mher etlllbt1 r.en African!ol with nn irUt'r@5t !!1IiQcilaJ ~ I l G n"fhl ! mix of , H l f h o ! ' [intl fh :1 1'l l1cl o i i t e fHi'
j f ~ (i f fhe a r r l d ~ ! i t e f l dlt' d i ! ' gti£l l for the i.11 1HIWH; fh
fj f(lause l<Ultura ! fms §tlQ inl klH'Jw ltl&\!J@ Wtl!l \ e ! l § C i l m ,i\'efj'"
m1e In tI e colony; lmilmling tlMI h8 mA rk: I:'IrI'U l1ggtl1!!l1t9
f0 r a ilU B§!Ht f h ~ t wo ul E! IV@p! t h ~ ~ ( l of th(,l jmH'tHl l Wlfh lfl real!ll'
{)ftl lL !i·'
E ~ t \ t t \ p i ; ! 1 l (jF10(;a1invoh'@' ITWIH in j{Hltnll l :1hnumL 'fhe r : ! j ' l i · ITI.CtH J f o . f ! ~ offi Gl1r l ,J , M, \Xlii1lllrhotrom (Whtlllk Utlpa rfi1'HWTs r ~ d ; \ ~ G t l l l H l 1 N a t i o l 1 \'l ith the nu aftili' th11 11st ltu tc oHiM!J W
Upru'IH!;Iij frf ' !11 the Mu!nmm) jointl y th e r l y ' 1 ~ U ~ 1 l (1f rhf:
journ:1 1 \y !fh GJuG< matl. The 1. 947 ililluc, m l l11btt 5 l"Ilt tn
the butpm of rh r j1eW C 9 - contt'llneci orr i(dcj; by L. Sile
lJ f.i ll!11iHi, a hmMr ICG tll rer jn I 9 Y at W t ~ ; J, H, R, S h u l ;
8/3/2019 Africanizing Anthropology
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/africanizing-anthropology 10/10
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