African Utility Week Cape Town 14 March 2011 Capacity ... · The goal of demand side management is...

African Utility Week

Cape Town 14 March 2011

Capacity Building Workshop –

Implementing WC/WDM Projects:

Programme Fundamentals

Workshop Agenda

1. Welcome and Introductions

2. Objective of Workshop

3. WC/WDM and NRW Reduction Basics

4. Institutional Approaches and Interventions

5. Technical Approaches and Interventions

6. Performance Management and KPI’s

7. Implementing WC/WDM and NRW: Case Studies

8. Challenges to Local Government and DWA

9. General Discussion

Objective of Workshop

1. Provide some background theory

2. Present some ideas on practically implementing theory

3. Table some lessons learned

4. See what is happening in the Province

5. Discuss challenges

6. Knowledge transfer to DWAF officials – more informed Clients

WC/WDM and NRW Reduction Basics

• WC/WDM framework diagram

• IWA Water Balance

• Terminology

• Programme Workflow

• Strategy Design and Implementation

• Approaches to Real Losses

• Approaches to Apparent Losses

ELEMENTS OF WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT

SUPPLY SIDE MANAGEMENT

The goal of supply side

management is to ensure

that the supply can meet the

demand for water

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENTThe goal of demand side management is to ensure that the demand for

water is kept to an economical and socially acceptable minimum

Management of Water Resources and

Capacity Assessments

Resource Assessments

• catchment yield predictions

• groundwater yield predictions

• recycling of treated water

• EIA’s

• sourceworks planning

• catchment monitoring, demand

forecasting, etc

Protection of Resources

• usage & effluent control legis.

• bulk water utility control legis.

Provision of Sourceworks

• large dam construction

• water diversion works

• water treatment plants

• ground water extraction plants

• bulk water distribution & storage

Consumer Conservation

& Education Measures

WSA Financial &

Administrative

Management Measures

Distribution & Operational

Management Measures

Consumption Survey &

Analysis

• ID of key consumer sectors

Consumer Awareness &

Education

• use of public media

• school education

Consumption Control

• water saving devices

• regulation of fittings &

appliances

• grey water recycling

• punitive tariff structure

• local supply restriction

• regulation of consumption

• consumer installation

maintenance

Bulk Water Purchases/Meter

Monitoring/Consumer Meter

Audits

• meter accuracy checking

• consumer registration check

Re-instatement/Upgrading of

Income Recovery Systems

• reinstatement strategies

• social surveys

• community involvement

• meter reading systems

• billing systems

• financial systems

• debt recovery

Tariff Structuring

• lifeline tariffs

• stepped tariff structures

Quality of Service Management

• customer complaints control

• definition of service levels

• quality of service monitoring

• public relations management

System Information

Annual Water Audits

System Design Standards

Reactive Leak Repairs

• leak & burst

reporting/detection systems

• reaction time monitoring

• valve maintenance

Active Leak Detection & Repair

• establishment of DMA’s

• leak detection and repair

Water Pressure Management

• ID of pressure zones

• pressure control planning

• installation of pressure control

devices

Distribution System

Maintenance

• mains replacement program

• mains, valves, meters, reservoir

control equipment inspection and

rehabilitation

IWA Standard Water Balance

System Input

Volumem3/year

Authorised Consumption

m3/year

Billed Authorised Consumption

m3/year

Billed Metered Consumption

Revenue Waterm3/year

Billed Unmetered Consumption

Unbilled Authorised Consumption

m3/year

Unbilled, Metered Consumption

Non-Revenue Water

m3/year

Unbilled Unmetered Consumption

Water Lossesm3/year

Apparent Lossesm3/year

Illegal Connections

Metering Inaccuracies

Real Lossesm3/year

Mains Leaks

Reservoir Overflows

Service Connection Leaks

Free Basic Water

Non-Indigent

Consumption

Standard Definitions for International Use:

System Input Volume

The volume of water input to a transmission system or a

distribution system


The volume of metered and/or unmetered water taken by

registered customers, the water supplier and others who are

implicitly or explicitly authorised to do so by the water supplier,

for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes. It includes

water exported.

Water Losses

The water losses of a system are calculated as:

Water Losses = System Input Volume – Authorised Consumption

Water losses can be considered as a total volume for the

whole system, or for partial systems such as raw water mains,

transmission or distribution. Water losses consist of Real and

Apparent losses, and are effectively identical to the previous

IWA definition of Unaccounted-for Water.

Real Losses

Physical water losses from a pressurised system, up to the

point of consumer metering. The volume lost through all types

of leaks, bursts and overflows depends on frequencies, flow

rates and average durations of individual leaks

Apparent Losses

Consist of unauthorised consumption (theft or illegal use), and

all types of inaccuracies associated with bulk metering and

customer metering. Under-registration of bulk meters, and

over-registration of customer meters, leads to under-estimation

of real losses. Over-registration of bulk meters, and under-

registration of customer meters, leads to over-estimation of

real losses

Non-Revenue Water

The difference between the System Input Volume and Billed


NRW Programme Implementation Workflow

Preparation

&

prioritisation

Real loss reduction

Apparent loss reduction

Infrastructure Assessment &

Upgrade

Meeting &

sustaining

NRW target

levels

System maintenance

Quality Assurance

Financial Management

Programme Management

Monitoring & Evaluation

Billed Volume improvements

Consumer Education and Awareness

IDP

• National Water Act• National Water

Regulations• WC/WDM framework• International best practice

WSDP

Influenced by

Informed by

Non-Revenue Water Reduction Strategy

ImplementationSTRATEGIC

FOCUSOPERATIONAL FOCUS

TARGETS

Key Result Areas (KRA’s)

Key Performance Measures (KPM’s)

Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s)

Quality Assurance

Monitoring and Evaluation

Financial Management

Resource Management

Consumer Education and Awareness

Key NRW Document

Monitored By Examples

Strategic Master Plan

(5-year)

Client / Auditor

•Target NRW % by Volume •Target ILI•100% metered connection•All bulk meters installed•100% record drawings on GIS

NRW Reduction Work Plan

(3-year)

Client / NRW Consultant

•Average supply zone pressure•NRW reduction to date (volume and financial)•IWA indicators

NRW Reduction Intervention Plan

(1-year)

Client / NRW Consultant

•№ new pressure zones created•№ bulk meters installed•Length of mains replaced•Length of mains surveyed (leak detection)•№ leaks repaired

4-Component Approach to Reducing Real Losses

• Infrastructure replacement (including rezoning + replacing connections)

• Reservoir overflows (including response time)

• Reservoir integrity (leaks)

• Response time to pipe breaks

• Rezoning (to tighter pressure zones)

• Advanced pressure management (optimising existing + controllers)

• Leak detection – connections

• Leak detection – mains

• Losses on unmetered & illegal connections (formal & informal)

4-Component Approach to Reducing

Apparent Losses• Meter all connections

• Remove all illegal connections

• Meter replacement programme

• Meter verification on large meters

• Sprinkler connections – ID & meter

• Low volume connections (on-site storage/Class D)

• Meter reader audit/accuracy

• Data handling/integrity checks

• Correct meter sizing (bulk consumers) & installation

Technical Approaches and

Interventions

• System Optimisation Model

• IWA Key Performance Indicators

• Master Planning and Modelling Principles

• Impact of Interventions on Water Balances

• Strategic Planning Considerations

• Influence, Impact and Dependency Models

Phase 1

“System Assessment”

• System knowledge• Water balance

• Key Performance Indicators• Identify problems• Quantify problems• Target Setting

• Identify cost-effective intervention

• Prioritise intervention

Phase 2

“System Optimisation”

Minimise LossesApparent Loss Control:• Meter Testing & Calibration

• Bulk Meter AMR• Database integrity• Field verification

• Enhanced Customer Billing Systems

Maximise Income:• Correct Consumer Meter

Selection & Sizing• Meter Maintenance & Replacement• Automatic Meter Reading (AMR)

• Consumption control • Illegal connection management

• Cost recovery

System Optimisation Model: Minimise Losses

Real Loss Control:• Review of Service Supply Standards

• Optimal Zoning• Pressure Management

• Leak Detection and Repair• Reservoir Control• Energy Management

• Key component maintenance• Materials management

Billing Systems

Maximise Financial Efficiency

Maximise Operational Efficiency

IWA Key Performance Indicators

Water

ResourcesOperational Financial

Level 1

PI

Level 2

PI

Level 3

PI

Inefficiency of use

of water

resources (%)

Water Losses

(m3/service

connection/year)

Real Losses

(litres/service

connection/day)

Non-Revenue

Water by volume

(%)

Apparent Losses

(litres/service

connection/year)

Infrastructure

Leakage Index (-)

Non-Revenue

Water by cost (%)

Master Planning and Modelling Principles:

• Theoretical maximum impact on NRW volumes

• System attrition (natural rate of rise of leakage)

• Institutional constraints

• Budget constraints

• Recovery/Gain factors per intervention

• Time frames

• Cost-effectiveness

Infrastructure Improvements

• Ensure all baseline meters are installed

• Install/upgrade district meter installations

• Ensure/create distinct & discrete supply zones

• Create new pressure supply zones (20-60m

/30-80m)

• On-line flow/pressure monitoring system

• Reservoir repair

Revenue/Billed Volume Improvements

• Meter all connections

• Meter all recreational facilities/institutional use

• Housing developments (housing bulk vs individual)

• Institutional controls (Water Services & Construction)

• Meters not in billing database

• Illegal connections....

• Leaks on private property?

How do we decrease NRW volumes?

1. Decrease Real Losses – decrease System

Input Volume (Water Demand Management)

2. Decrease Apparent Losses – decrease System

Input Volume + Increase Billing (Water

Demand Management + Water

Conservation)

3. Increase (Billed) Metered Consumption – do

not affect System Input Volume (?)

System Input

Volumem3/year


m3/year


m3/year





m3/year


Non-Revenue Water

m3/year


Water Lossesm3/year


Illegal Connections


Real Lossesm3/year

Mains Leaks

Reservoir Overflows


Seeing it in action…..

System Input

Volumem3/year


m3/year


m3/year





m3/year


Non-Revenue Water

m3/year


Water Lossesm3/year


Illegal Connections


Real Lossesm3/year

Mains Leaks

Reservoir Overflows


1.2.3.

System Input

Volumem3/year


m3/year


m3/year





m3/year


Non-Revenue Water

m3/year


Water Lossesm3/year


Illegal Connections


Real Lossesm3/year

Mains Leaks

Reservoir Overflows


System Input

Volumem3/year


m3/year


m3/year





m3/year


Non-Revenue Water

m3/year


Water Lossesm3/year


Illegal Connections


Real Lossesm3/year

Mains Leaks

Reservoir Overflows


Strategic Planning Concepts Informing

NRW Reduction

1. Available interventions

2. Extending asset lifespan

3. Economic level of intervention

4. Active leak detection

5. Sustainable leak detection

Strategic Planning Concepts Informing NRW

Reduction – Available Interventions

• Infrastructure replacement

• Pressure management (rezoning)

• PRV Maintenance

• Active leak detection and repair

• Reservoir overflows (including response time)

• Reservoir integrity (leaks)

• Advanced pressure management (optimising existing + controllers)

• Retrofitting/internal plumbing repair?


Reduction – Extending Asset Lifespan

Asset Age (years)

Ra

te o

f d

ete

rio

rati

on

or

con

dit

ion

or

lev

el

of

lea

ka

ge

20 30

Design life

Service life



Asset Age (years)

Ra

te o

f d

ete

rio

rati

on

Pressure management

extends life of asset

Active leak detection

and repair extends

life of asset

Asset

replacement

*Economic level

of intervention

*ICF tests


Reduction – Decreasing Asset Lifespan

Asset Age (years)

Ra

te o

f d

ete

rio

rati

on

Asset

replacement

Operational

mismanagement

and neglect

Incorrect

expenditure

Loss of

institutional

knowledge

Poor quality

of construction/

installation



Asset Age (years)

Exp

en

dit

ure

20 30

Capex

(actual)

Opex

(actual)Opex

(budget)


Reduction – Leak Repair

event

awareness

location

repair

Time (days/weeks/months)

Lea

k v

olu

me

cannot control can control

how long?

how

accurate?

how well?


Reduction – Active Leak Detection

Asset Age (years)

Ra

te o

f d

ete

rio

rati

on

Leak detection carried

out here…

…. is quite

different to leak

detection carried

out here…


Reduction – Leak RepairN

um

be

r o

f le

ak

s/

Lea

k v

olu

me

Leak detection surveys

1 2 3 4

Visible leaksNon-visible leaks

Where to stop?

Economic level of intervention?


Reduction – Intervention Priority

Real Loss

Reduction

Intervention

Preferred Priority

Implementation

Order

Relative Benefit

Ranking

Relevant Cost

Ranking

Relevant

Implementation

Time Ranking

Pressure

Management

1 1 1 1

Active Leak

Detection

2 3 2 2

Speed &

Quality of

Repair

3 4 3 3

Mains

rehabilitation/

replacement

4 2 4 4


Reduction – Sub-Optimal Mains Replacement


Reduction – Sub-Optimal Mains ReplacementM

inim

um

Nig

ht

Flo

w (

m3

/hr)

/

Re

al

Loss

Vo

lum

es

Time

High MNF/ real loss

identified and prioritised

for replacement

Mains replacement programme rolls out:

proving, design, replacement, O&M, handover

of targeted, assumed problematic pipe size and material

You think you’re heading here

….. BUT

During construction, O&M and recommissioning:

1.Wastage and (lack of) QC increases leakage volumes

2.Pressure in system increases

3.Excess and abnormal strain put on adjacent infrastructure

4.Overall (and assumed temporary) increase in losses

Replaced infrastructure put back into commission:

1.Losses remain at same levels before replacement or

2.Higher than before replacement

3.Improved system pressure forces other weak points to fail

4.Other real loss reduction interventions will still be necessary

5.An already expensive intervention becomes more expensive

You might end up here…..

Examples of Institutional Assessment

1. "Impact" refers to the impact of other areas

of operation/activity on NRW

targets/activities

2. "Influence" refers to what influence NRW has

on other areas of operation/activity

3. "Dependency" refers to the reliance of NRW

activities on external roleplayers to achieve

NRW targets

0

1

2

3

4

5

Head: Water & Sanitation

Exco

Councillors

Customer Services

Technical Support

Operations

Special Projects

Communications

Umgeni Water

Engineering & Data Services

Design

Planning

Rural Operations

Construction

Water Services

Water Services: Technical

Education & Liaison

Area Managers

Housing

Control Valves

eThekwini Water & Sanitation - Strategic NRW Master Plan

Impact of Other Areas of Operation on NRW Targets/Activities

Baseline Impact Target +5 years

0

1

2

3

4

5


Exco

Councillors

Customer Services

Technical Support

Operations

Special Projects

Communications

Umgeni Water


Design

Planning

Rural Operations

Construction

Water Services


Education & Liaison

Area Managers

Housing

Control Valves


Influence of NRW on Other Areas of Operation

Baseline Influence Target +5 years Influence

0

1

2

3

4

5


Exco

Councillors

Customer Services

Technical Support

Operations

Special Projects

Communications

Umgeni Water


Design

Planning

Rural Operations

Construction

Water Services


Education & Liaison

Area Managers

Housing

Control Valves


Dependency of NRW on Other Areas of Operation

Baseline Dependency Target +5 years Dependency

African Utility Week Cape Town 14 March 2011 Capacity ... · The goal of demand side management is...

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