AFRICAN & ASIAN INDEPENDENCE
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Transcript of AFRICAN & ASIAN INDEPENDENCE
AFRICAN & ASIAN INDEPENDENCE
BRITISH RULE OVER INDIABritain ruled India for many
years, & Indians pressing for self-rule felt deserved it after involvement in WWII
Britain rethinking expense of maintaining distant colonies
East Pakistan larger population & felt neglected by government in West Pakistan Rebellion broke out & Indian army lent support to East Pakistan
Army of West Pakistan, which had occupied the East, withdrew & new nation of Bangladesh was formed from East Pakistan
MOHANDAS GANDHINonviolent
protestor for Indian independence
Admired as Mahatma or “Great Soul”
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (INC)
A.k.a. Congress Party was a national political party that represented India
1940s – India had 350 million Hindus & 100 million Muslims
Most members of INC were Hindus, but Muslims were important as well (even to hold office)
MUSLIM LEAGUE 1906 –goal to protect Muslim interests in
India Concerned Congress Party (or INC) would
look out for Hindu interests Leader insisted Muslims resign from Congress
Party & not accept Indian independence if ruled by Hindu-dominated Congress Party
British encouraging this division League proposed partition (dividing up) of
India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations with a Hindu India & Muslim Pakistan
Riots started Gandhi deeply hurt
INDIA GAINS INDEPENDENCE
July 1947, Britain granted India/Pakistan independence
Millions of Hindus, Muslims, & Sikhs have to relocate
Summer 1947, while 10 million people moved, roughly 1 million died from massacres
Jan. 30, 1948 Gandhi went to Delhi to plead for fair treatment of Muslims was shot by Hindu extremist who thought Gandhi was too protective of Muslims
MODERN INDIA WITH JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
Aug. 15, 1947, India was freed & became world’s largest democracy federal system
Jawaharlal Nehru India’s first prime minister; one of Gandhi’s followers
Supported Western-style industrialization
Called for reorganization of states by language
Tried to elevate status of lower castes & expand rights of women
Indira Gandhi Nehru’s daughter prime minister in
1966 Formed closer relationship between
India & SU during Cold War Encouraged nuclear program in India Increased food grain production Faced a threat from Sikh extremists
who wanted an independent state for Sikhs
Was gunned down by two of her Sikh bodyguards led to small war
CEYLON TO SRI LANKA
Ceylon independent in 1948 changed name to Sri Lanka
¾ of Sri Lanka 16 million people are Buddhists
AFRI
CA
NEW NATIONS IN AFRICA Africa not willing to go back to
colonial rule after WWII, especially after helping in the war
Africa’s main problem was negative impact of colonial rule
Gold Coast becomes 1st African colony to gain independence (south of Sahara) & took name Ghana
JOMO KENYATTA & MAU MAU REBELLION
British settlers not willing to give up Kenya lands New strong Kenyan leader – Jomo Kenyatta
worked hard to unite ethnic/language groups Rise of Mau Mau secret society made up of
Kenyan farmers forced out of the highlands by British
Mau Mau’s aim frighten white farmers into leaving
Kenyatta had no connection to Mau Mau, but refused to condemn them was imprisoned by British
Kenya granted independence & Kenyatta was released became 1st president
SOUTH AFRICA South Africa had constitutional government,
but gave whites power & denied black majority its rights
1948 National Party promoted Nationalism instituted apartheid, a complete separation of the races National Congress (ANC) to fight for their rights leader, Nelson Mandela
Mandela joined fight for black rights & lost; was imprisoned for 27 years
1990, finally won & ANC became legalized Mandela released from prison 4 years later ,
elected president of South Africa until 1999 Under Mandela, South Africa became a
democratic constitution
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA Right to self-determination (U.N Charter) Peaceful and violent revolutions after
WWII Pride in African cultures and heritage Resentment of imperial rule and
economic exploitation Loss of colonies by Great Britain,
France, Belgium, & Portugal Influence of superpower rivalry during
Cold War
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS & DEVELOPMENT
West Africa: peaceful transition Algeria: War of Independence from
France Kenya (Britain): Violent struggle
under leadership of Jomo Kenyatta South Africa: Black South Africans’
struggle against apartheid led by Nelson Mandela (1st black president of Republic of South Africa)
BRITAIN
MARGARET THATCHER British Prime Minister 1979-1990 Longest Prime Minister & first/only
woman to serve Nicknamed “Iron Lady” Promotes free trade & less government
regulation of business Close relationship with US & US foreign
policy Assertion of Britain’s military power
CHINA
CHINA FOLLOWS ITS OWN PATH
Mao died in 1976 moderates took control of Communist Party
Deng Xiaoping - leader of new Communist Party
Willing to use capitalist ideas to support economy
Welcomed foreign investment & technology
Created long-term relationship with US
MIDDLE EAST
DIVISION OF PALESTINE & ISRAEL
A portion of Palestine was taken and made into Israel, giving the Jewish people a homeland and trying to solve some of the conflict
Jews claim land 3,000 years ago; Palestinians claim land after Jews driven out 135 AD; Arabs claim land since conquest in 7th century
Realizing the amount of conflict, Britain referred idea of partition to UN with Jerusalam being international city owned by neither side
All Islamic countries and Palestinians voted against it, but Jews welcomed it US & many in Europe felt sorry for Jews after Holocaust & supported the decision
May 14, 1948 creation of Israel was announced as Jewish homeland
GAMAL ABDEL NASSER President of Egypt 1956 - Ordered seizure of Suez
Canal from British won Established relationship with
Soviet Union helped him to build up military
Wanted to confront Israel, but lost men & some land
NASSER’S DAM BUILT THE ASWAN HIGH DAM over
the Nile
ANWAR SADAT & GOLDA MEIR
Nasser’s successor of Egypt, Anwar Sadat planned joint Arab attack on Yom Kippur (holiest of Jewish holidays)
Golda Meir Israel’s Prime Minister; launched counterattack & regained most of land back (with help of US)
Truce signed, ending 1973 war but tensions still high
MANDATES IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Was established by League of Nations
Granted independence after WWII French Mandates: Syria &
Lebanon British Mandates: Jordan
(originally Transjordan) & Palestine Resulted in Middle east conflicts
created by religious differences continues to this day