Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence
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Transcript of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence
Chapter
AP* Sixth Edition
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Africa, the Middle East, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of and Asia in the Era of IndependenceIndependence
33
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence
I. The Challenges of Independence
II. Post-Colonial Options for Achieving Economic Growth and Social Justice
III. Delayed Revolutions: Religious Revivalism and Liberation Movements in Settler Societies
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Emergence of New Nations in Africa after World War II
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Partition of South Asia: The Formation of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Challenges of Independence
• The Population Bomb– New World foods– Population control difficult
cultural factors high mortality rates
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Parasitic Cities and Endangered Ecosystems
• Towns – slums
become permanent
– towns parasitic
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Growth of the World Population
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Challenges of Independence
• The Subordination of Women and the Nature of Feminist Struggles in the Postcolonial Era– Some rulers
Indira Gandhi Corazon Aquino Benazir Bhutto
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Neocolonialism, Cold War Rivalries, and Stunted Development
• Industrial development– little success
• Cash crops, minerals– dependent on prices
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Post-Colonial Options for Achieving Economic Growth and Social Justice
• Charismatic Populists and One-Party Rule– Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana
Soviet support cocoa, cash crop deposed, 1966
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The New West African Nations
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions
• Muslim Brotherhood– Hasan al-Banna
• Free Officers, 1930s– nationalistic– Gamal Abdul Nasser– allied with Muslim Brotherhood
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions
• Nasser– land redistribution– free education– food staples regulated– forced British from Canal zone– Israel
Six-Day War, 1967
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions
• Anwar Sadat– negotiations with Israel
• Hosni Mubarak
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Middle East in theCold War Era
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
The Indian Alternative: Development for Some of the People
• Indian National Congress– social reform– economic development– democracy– civil rights
• Jawaharlal Nehru– Green Revolution
private investment
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Delayed Revolutions: Religious Revivalism and Liberation Movements in Settler Societies
• Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West– Pahlavi shahs
modernization alienates religious leaders overthrown by Khomeini, 1978
– Ayatollah Khomeini similar to Mahdi
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Delayed Revolutions: Religious Revivalism and Liberation Movements in Settler Societies
• Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West– Radical reform
Sharia law opposition suppressed women more restricted
– War with Iraq 1988, peace
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
South Africa: The Apartheid State and Its Demise
• Nationalist Party– Afrikaner
1948 elections Afrikaner rule
• Independence, 1960• Apartheid
– complete separation– African National Congress outlawed– Walter Sisulu, Nelson Mandela, Steve Biko
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
South Africa: The Apartheid State and Its Demise
• Opposition, 1960s• Economic, political pressure, 1980s• F.W. DeKlerk• Mandela freed, 1990• Elections, 1994
– Mandela president
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Comparisons of Emerging Nations
• Patterns– some reflect traditions– depends on continuity of native culture
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth EditionStearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Global Connections: Postcolonial Nations in the Cold War World Order
• New nations– Understandable difficulties– Many more or less artificial– Difficult to find a place in the world economy
• Challenge of finding local solutions to problems