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WARDA

We.t Africa Alce Development · Association

(This Document is being Printed)

10.295

SEcrIOO PAGE

Preface ....................................................... iii

Ac~ ledgarent ..................................•.............. v

~ of W~ region ••.•••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••• vii

Organizational Structure of ~ •••.••••••••••••.••••••.•••• viii

1. Research and Development Activities ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1

Introduction - Organizational and Other Changes ••••••••••••••••• 1

i. Regional Upland Rice Research Station •••••••••••••••••••••••• 4

ii. Regional Mangrove 9warrp Rice Research Station ••••••••••••••• 30

iii. Regional Irrigated Rice Research Station •••••••••••••••••••• 49

iv. Regional Deepwater Rice Research Station •••••••••••••••••••• 66

v. Seed laooratory ................•............................ 82

vi. Activities on International Rice Testing and Gentp lasrn PrograIIt'1l?s ..•••••••.•••..•.•••••••••••..•••••.•••. 82

vii. WARDA/IlTA/CARI Iron Toxicity Research Project •••••••••••••• 83

viii. Technical Assistance ••••.•••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••• 83

2. Training Deparbrnent Activities ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 89

i. Regional Training Centre ..........................•......... 89

ii. Training in Member Countries •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 90

iii. Other Ac.tivities ••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••.• 9()

3. FiTlaIlces •••••••••••••••••.•••••••••.••••..••••••••••••••••••••• 92

4. MenDers of the Governing Council and Scientific and TeChnical Cammittee •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 93

5. PerSOTU1e 1 .........................•.................•.......... 99

6. Ptlblicati<>ns ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 1()l.

- iii -

PREFACE

The solution to the food crisis which has per­

sisted in Africa over the past decade requires the de­

termined effort of all concerned to grapple with the

problem of ensuring sustained growth in agricultural

productivity. While food production per capita has been

declining by about 1°1. per annum in Africa, the population

has been increasing steadily by about 3% per annum.

Adequate food to meet the growing needs of our population

requires increases in domestic production of about 4%

per year and sustained increases in crop yields.

Agricultural

in the effort

research has an important part

to play to increase production and enhance

the capacity at the national and regional levels to conduct

research, if the minimum food production targets to arrest

the declining trend are to be a~hieved.

WARDA's overall research effort, against the

background of the desperate and urgent needs for a tech-

nological breakthrough in the sub-region, continues to

be hampered by the paucity of its resources and severe

restrictions in the use of the funds made available to

it. The fai lure of its member states to meet their finan­

cial obligations to it and delays on the part of its

donors to provide funds have resulted in a crippling

liquidity crisis, with adverse consequences for some

of its field activities. In spite of this, substantial

advances were made in the research, development and train­

ing activities of the Association in 1984.

- iv -

It is expected that the major restructuring

of WARDA's research and deve lopment programmes begun

in 1984 with the merger of its Departments of Research

and Development into a single department and with the

formulation of an Integrated Programme of Research, Develop­

ment and Training activities will enhance the effective­

ness of the Associat ion and result in the more efficient

use of its resources.

Alieu M.B.JAGNE Acting Executive Secretary

- v

ACKNOloILE ')GEMENT

West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA)

is an intergovernmental association established in 1971

by countries in West Africa (see Map) to assist them

in finding workable solutions to problems of rice develop­

ment in the subregion. WARDA is among the . 13 research

and training centers located in different parts of the

world to promote food production in mainly developing

countries. All these centers are under the aegis of

the Consultative Group on International Agricultural

Research (CGIAR) which is sponsored by Food and Agriculture

Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the International

Bank for Reconstruction and Development (lolorld Bank)

and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

Besides the member countries, WARDA received financia l,

material and other support during 1984, through CGIAR,

and a number of Special Project donors including:

International Bank for Reconstruction and

Development (World Bank)

International Fund for Agricultural Development

(IFAD)

The European Economic Community (EEC)

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

International Development Research Center (IDRC)

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

(OPEC)

Rockefeller Foundation

- -vi

Internat iona1 Inst itute of Tropical Agricul­

ture (IITA), and the

International Aid Agencies of

governments:

the following

Abu Dhabi

Canada (Canadian Inter­

national Development

Agency - CIDA)

Germany

Saudi Arabia

Switzerland

United Kingdom

Belgium

France

Japan

The Netherlands

United States

of America (United

States Agency

for International

Development

- USAID)

WARDA is most grateful for the continuing support

from these institutions, ~gencies and countries.

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES

INTRODUCTION

Organizational arid Other Changes

The year 1984 began with a merger of the former

Research and Development Departments into a

and Development Department (Figure 1).

single Research

The programmes

and activities of tl}e two

quently integrated. The

were re-set. Emphasis

former departments wereconse­

focus of work and priorities

on the research activities of

the new department shifted from testing and transfer

of promising · technologies already developed from within

and outside West Africa to technology generation taking

into consideration the environmental, technical, socio­

cultural, economic, pol itical and other constraints faced

by the preCo:ninantly small-scale rice farme·rs in the

region (Figure 2).

The ecological priorities for

and development activities are:

1. upland,

ii. mangrove swamp,

iii. irrigated, and

iv. deepwater growing conditions.

rice research

-2-

I'lliURE 21 WEST AFRICA RICE DEVELOPMENT ASSOCtA'flON fo'OCUS OJ-' REGIONAL Ht:SI;;AHCH ANlJ lJl::VU.O/,Ml::N'I' I ' HOGHAMMI';::;

WARDA 'I'tochnology Gene rd l i un/ Adap t:. i Vtf,

Re!>eurch

Farmer Const:.nlinls

I dent i ficotion Studies

Rese .. rcher Veri! iCCItion Tri.d

(Off-Station)

Farmer Field Adaptive

Tried

Improved 'feC'hnolvgy Idl:nlific ... tion from

N .. t.i on.11 .. nd Inlenl .. liCJnuJ Rese .. rch

Extension StrittO:!gy, Educatiou and iJell\UfI!>tratiol'ls

(Liaison wi th Natiol'lal Exttonsion Agcllcit!,,)

Post-Adoption dnd

Impac'l Studies

- 3 -

The research and development activities

also shifted almost completely from the headquarters

in Monrovia to the four ecologically sited Regional Rice

Research Stations at Bouake, Rokupr, St. Louis and Hopti.

Consequent ly, most of the headquarters I scientific staff

of about 22 at . the beginning of 1984 were transferred

to the regional statio.ns

one IITA liaison sc{entist

remaining scientists, made

leaving only

at the end of

up of two

five including

the year. The

economists, one

agronomist, one rural engineer and one agro-statistician,

who perform some administrative duties, are responsible

for coordinating activities among the regional stations,

organizing and .conducting regional studies, conferences

and other activities which are not the responsibility

of any single regional station.

- 4 -

I. REGIONAL UPLAND RICE RESEARCH STATION,

BOUAKE, IVORY COAST

The !egional Upland Rice Research Station at

Bouake, Ivory Coast, became functional in 1983 with princi­

pal emphasis 00 . the Technology Assessment and Transfer

Programme (TAT). Technology development was expanded

during 1984 with the transfer of scientific staff from

Headquarters.

The main activities at the station in 1984

included those of the TAT programme, varieta 1 improvement,

diseas~ and pest identification, control and management.

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND TRANSFER (TAT) PROGRAMME

The findings of the exploratory constraints

identification study carried out in Ivory Coast in 1983

became available in 1984. These findings are highlighted

below:

Upland Rice Farming Practices

i) Land Preparation, Planting Methods and

Source of Labour

Land preparation in the forest area consists

mainly of slashing and burning the vegetation,

using hand tools. Rice is either sown direct ly

in holes or broadcast on small plots; labour

is exclusively from family sources or social

groups.

- 5 -

A wide variety in land preparat ion methods

is found in the savannah area, ranging from

manual preparation using hoes to the use of

heavy tractors (75-80 hp) with disk, ploughs

and harrows. In between, animal (oxen) traction

and small tractors (25-35 hp) are used. Rice

is sown mainly by broadcasting and to a less e r

extent, in rows using seeders.

Most of the farmers interviewed in both the

forest and savannah areas acknowledged problems

in land preparation

and/or costs.

due to

ii) Land Use and Cropping Patterns

labour scarcity

In · the forest area, the land after the initial

and allowed

except where

subsequently

clearing may be used for 1 to 2 years

to lie fallow for about 3-5 years

permanent crops such as coffee are

grown on the land. Rice may be intercropped

In most

piece of land

with vegetables followed by, tubers.

cases, rice is cultivated on

for 1 to 2 seasons only.

In

in

the savannah . zone, rice

rotation with cotton and

a

is usually grown

other foodcrops

such as maize, yam and groundnuts; and commonly

intercropped with sorghum. In a fixed cultivation

system, the field is divided into three plots

and cultivated under cotton, rice and other

foodcrops.

- 6 -

In the forest area, the method of shifting

cultivation is decreasing due to (i) increasing

population growth, particularly during the

last decade and (ii) increasing cultivation

of tree crops notably coffee and cocoa for

cash, eventhough in the forest area rice is

also grown as a cash crop.

iii) Rice Varieties and Time of Planting

In the areas covered in the exp loratory survey,

about 75 to 95% of the rice cultivated are

of traditional varieties.

varieties being promoted,

Cateto and Dourado .Precoce

sful. The most recently

such as I RAT 112, I RAT

Of the

Moroberekan,

are the most

improved

Iguape

succes-

introduced varieties

104, I RAT 109, etc.

are almost unknown to both farmers and extension

agents. From the farmers point of view, the

traditional varieties are tastier, more resistant

to drought and storage pests than the improved

v;grieties. The traditional varieties are prefer­

red for subsistence while the improved varieties

are grown for the market.

The planting date in the areas with one long

rainy season varies with varieties, both improved

and traditional. For example, Moroberekan

- 7 -

is usually sown first, ancl Dourado Precoce

is sown up to July 25. In areas with one short

rainy season, only short duration varieties

such as Iguape Cateto and Dourado Precoce are

cultivated.

In areas with two rainy seasons, such as Gagnoa,

Guiberona and Quine, only one crop of rice

is cultivated during the major rainy season.

A second crop is possible during the minor

season provided labour competition from coffee

and cocoa during the Septemher-November period

can be resolved. Varieties such as I RAT 109

and IRAT 144 are promising for two crops per

year under rainfed upland conditions.

iv) Weeding and Fertilizer Use

Most of the farmers do not weed their rice

fields, particularly during the first cropping

season, as there is very little weed infestation

following the clearing of fields ltlhich have

undergone fallowing for a lengthy period of

time.

Where weeding is carried out, it is done manually

once or twice. The first weeding takes place

one month after sowing and the second weeding

- 8 ,..

generally takes place

mation. .Less than

just before

3% of the

panicle for-

farmers inter-

viewed use chemicals, notably Rondstar, to

control weeds and most of the farmers did not

apply fertilizers although they are recommended

by extension agents.

Major Constraints Identified

Some of the major constraints

upland rice cultivation in Ivory Coast are:

identified in

i) Weed infestation: This is a serious problem

under all systems of cultivation. The most

common weeds are Rotboellia exaltata and Euphorbia

heterophylla. Others include Imperata cylindrica,

Pennisetum spp, and Paspalum orbiculare.

ii) Low yields and yield stability: Yields are

iii)

iV)

low and variable ranging from 400 kg to 1000

kg/ha. This is part ly due to the fact that

yield-increasing technologies, which are avai la­

ble at the experimental stations, have not

reached the farmer level.

Land tenure: Shifting cultivation and migrant

farmers make proper land tenure difficult.

Pests and diseases: Although pest and disease

problems are mentioned; ·farmers do not consider

these as important. However, farmers consider

v)

- 9 -

damage caused by birds, followed by rodents

as more important than that caused by insects

and diseases, etc.

Soil erosion: Soil erosion is quite a problem

and tends to force farmers to abandon their

fields after a few seasons' cultivation.

vi) Ins tit uti 'on a 1 , and infrastructural problems:

The problems identified relate to:

a) poor extension services,

b) inadequate credit facilities, and

c)

On-Farm Trials

inadequate mechanization

particularly for land

and harvesting.

faci lities,

preparation

A series of on-farm researcher-managed improved

technological packages were tried during 1984. The trials

were aimed at verifying how the improved technological

packages can be adapted into the local production structure

as well as the socio-economic and other constraints faced

by farmers.

Two technological packages were tested in nine

villages located in three distinct upland ecological

zones, namely, forest, transitional and savannah.

as : (a)

- 10 -

The technological

low leve 1 input and

packages were classified

(b) high level input. The

content of the packages were as follows:

a) Low Level Technology Input

i) Land pr~paration: hand tools

ii) Varieties: IRAT 112, IRAT 104 and lAC 164.

iii) Fertilizer: only urea -- 75 kg/ha in two

applications.

iv) Seed rates: 60.kg/ha, 80kg/ha, 100 kg/ha

and 120 kg/ha.

v) Other practices: all other practices were

those of the local farmers.

vi) Check: most popular local variety.

b) High Level Technology Input

i) Land preparation: animal traction or use

of tractors.

i1) Varieties: IRAT 109, IRAT 170, lAC 164.

iii) . Weeding: use of herbicides (4 1. . Rondstar

per ha) plus one hand weeding at two ¥leeks

after sowing.

Iv) Fertilizer: NPK (10-18-18) (150 kg/ha) and

urea (75 kgiha).

v) Seed rates: 60 kg/ha, 80 kg/ha, 100 kg/ha

and 120 kg/ha.

vi) Other practices: all other practices were

the same as those of the local farmers.

vii) Check: most popular local variety.

- 11 -

Yield Analysis

The yield analysis of the varieties in the

two techno'iogical · packages and by the various seed rates

are presented in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. In the

low level technological package, I RAT 104 yielded 7-9%

higher than the other two improved varieties, namely;

lRAT 112 and lAC 164. In the high level technological

package, lAC 164 yielded 2-3% higher than the other improved

varieties, namely, IRAT 109 and lRAT 170.

Yield with respect to seed rate: the highest

yie ld was obtained in the low leve 1 techno logy input,

with a seed rate of 100 kg/ha while the highest was obtained

in the case of the high level technology input with a

seed rate of 80 kg/ha. Comparing the results, one can

infer that a better seedbed preparation using animal

traction or small tractors seems to have remarkably

contributed to the · higher yield with the high level input

technological package,

- 12 -

Table 1 Average Yields of Varieties in the 1984 Trials

Technological

Package

Low

High

Variety

I RAT 104

I RAT 112

lAC 164

lAC 164

I RAT 109

I RAT 170

Average Yield

(kg/ha)

2354

2195

2161

2820

2755

2738

Table 2: Average Yield by Seed Rate Applied*

Technological Seed rate (kg/ha)

Package 60 80 100 120

Low 2023 2040 2155 2106

High 2661 2756 2613 2616

*Average for all varieties.

- 13 -

Farm Unit Profile of Participating Farmers

Labour

The nucleus family of participating farmers

constitutes the major labour force available to the farmers.

This family consists of the wife or wives, children

and sometimes other close relat ives (brothers, sisters,

nieces, and nephews). The farmers are fairly old with

an average age ·of 50 years. These older farmers ~.Jith

their larger families (polygamy) are more represented

in the savannah areas than in the forest region. Farmers

with larger number of wives as well as larger families

are also represented in farmers operating with high input

technology (draught cultivation and intermediate motori­

zation).

Land Use

Land use varies in the two main vegetational

zones (Table 3). Average area cultivated by a farmer

in the forest area is about 8.3 hectares out of which

2.2 hectares or 27% are devoted to rice.

- 14-

Table 3 Land use of participating farmers in forest

and savannah areas

I I Total I Area ' I Percentage

~thod of Cultivation Cultivated I Under I of Rice in (Hectares)! Rice I Total Area

I ' I Av. Cve'/. I Av. CV/o I %

I I I

Manual Cultivation Forest 8.3 47 I 2.23 59 I 27

Manual Cultivation Savannah 3.76 54 ! 1. 56 55 I 41 I I Total Hanual Cultivation 4.85 66 I 1. 73 58 I 36

Draught Cultivation 10.3 42 I 2.37 36 I 20 ! I

Intenrediate ~chanization 27.36 19 I 8.9 25 I 25 I I

- 15 -

In ' the savannah areaS, the average size of

farms cultivated manually is about 4 hectares out of

which about 41,?o (1.56 ha) is ' devoted to rice. Where

ox-drawn imp lements are used to ti 11 . the land,

size of holding is about to;3 hectares of

20% (2.37 ha) is devoted to rice. Among

the average

which about

farmers who

use tractors and accompanying implements to cultivate

the land, the average holding is about 27.4 ha out of

which 38.3% and 32.5% are cultivated under cotton and

rice respectively.

Capital

The farm equipment available to the farmers

varies with the technology the farmer is using. In manual

cultivation, the equipment consists mainly of simple

hand tools. In draught cultivation, the equipment consists

of draught animals and draught equipment as well as simple

hand tools. Farmers using intermediate mechanization

technology also have tractors with implements as well

as simple hand tools. However, a few of the farmers

had tractors as well as draught animals.

Participating Farmers Opinion on Improved Varieties

Findings concerning how collaborat ing farmers

evaluated the new improved varieties are contained in

Table 4. For IRAT 112, about 53% of the farmers appreciate

its earliness, taste and cooking quality, while 40% of

- 16 -

them found that IRAT 112 was too short. For IRAT 109,

its earliness and good yielding potential were appreciated

by ~bout 8370 of the farmers, but 70% of them found it

either too short or not very tasty. IRAT 170 was preferred

by nearly 83% of the farmers despite some problems with

shattering. Seve~ty-eight percent of the farmers found

lAC 164 excellent in terms of all the nine parameters

measured in the lIadvantages ll category. Only 17% of them

indicated problems with lodging and 9% with shattering.

- 17 -

Table 4 Perccr~~2e of farmers ~resaing opinions on advantages and disDevantages of Unproved variet4!:S.

-r I I I Total I A D V AN TAG E 5 1 D I · 5) A D V ANT AGE S

V/\Etlm:::s I r-uroerl I 1 II I I I I I I I ! I of . I 1 I t

l I 3 I 4 5 1 6 7 1 8 9 I 2 .1 j 1 4 1 5 I 6 1 7 I I 1 I 1 ! I I FaIn!rs I I

I I I I I I I I I ! i 1

I, I -I -.---

I IRAT 112 1 30 1 53.3 : 53.31 53.31 .. 40.01 6.7130.01 - 6.91 40.01 - 1 - 116.71 46.11 - j16.7

1 1 I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 IRAT 109 1 23 1 32.61 3 ... 1j 30.41 82.61 39.11 39.1139.1 139.1 I 39.1169.6 \69.6169.6 169.6 152.2 117.41 -

I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 .1 1 1 1 1 1 IRAT 104 1 30 I 30.01 16.71 16.71 .30.0( 16.71 16.71 - '116.7 1 16.71 - 136.7 j36.7136.7116.7116.7: -

1 1 1 I I 1 I I 1 1 1 1 t I 1 I I I

InAT 170 t 23 1 32.61100.01100.0(100·01 91.31100.0182.6 le2.6 t 69.61 I I· - 130.4 130.4 I - 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1

lAC 164 1 54 1 7 i • 7i 77. 71 77. 71 77. 71 77.71 77.7177.7 177.7 I 55.51 - I - 1 - 1 9.3 148.1 116.71 9.3

I I I t I 1 I t I I I I I 1 I 1 I I

Source Ivory · Coast socio-~conomic survey of rice farmers, 1983.

Note These evalua:ions (f improved vari.cties were made using local variety as a reference.

Advantages

1 = Sho.~ cycle length 2 = acceptable taste 3 • fast cooking quality 4 = gooa vield 5 = little sh~ttering/ ' and lodging 6 = plant heiEht acceptable 7 = fer ""air" on leaves and grains 8 = good exertion 9 • less labour requirement

Disadvantages

1 = Plant too short 2. taste nbt acceptable 3 = slow in cooking 4 = too much shattering 5 = highly a~tractive to birds and rodents 6 .. "hair" and/or lodging 7 = poor yield/tillering

- 18 -

VARIETY IMPROVENENT

The activities of the varietal

programme have been so far limited to:

improvement

i) Evaluation of some promising germplasra involving

44 entries.

ii) Progeny selection from F2 lines of the cross

IRAT 109 x Mizuhata Machi made earlier.

iii) Identification of promising varieties for yield

trials from the HARDA lET and IRTPs.

iv) Survey and evaluation of varieties on the TAT

on-farm trials and the farmers' fields.

v) Varietal suitability to mechanization specially

for shattering aspect.

From these activities, the

were obtained and observations made:

following results

- Fran the first set of gcmplasm (44 entries) evaluated

in 1984, 12 were selected for preliminary yield trials.

The varieties are being multiplied.

- Eleven varieties were chosen fran IURCN and IURYN of 1983

for observational trials.

- ~lve varieties were selected fran IET of 1984 for observa­

tional trials.

- ~nty-one fixed lines of the cross !RAT 109 x Mizuhata

M:x::bi were selected for observation.

- 19 -

- A local variety, CNN<CNsa<A, was chosen fran farners'

fields for thorough study. The variety has excellent growth

behaviour, adaptability, diS<'.8se resistance and good grains.

1Wo other farners' varieties, MAI.aJKA and TCl.JB.l>JOJ, were

also chosen for intensive study.

- !RAT 136 appears to be rrore suitable for rrechanica1 harvest­

ing as it does not shatter, whereas a lot of shattering

was observed in IRAT 13 and IRAT 104. Mechanical harvesting

of IRAT 13 and IRAT 104 will therefore lead to very serious

grain losses.

Under the upland conditions, the rrost irrportant desirable

traits of a variety are:

1. Good grain quality as detennined by trans1uscent, slender,

trediun to long grain.

2. Blast resistance.

3. Height of 120-1.50 an for ~d control and ease of harvest.

4. Deep root system for drought tolerance.

A recently identified superior variety is lAC 64. It has

been extensively tested in the TAT trials in Ivory Coast. It showed

very good perfonnance with acceptable plant type and grain quality.

- 20 -

PESTS AND DISEASES

Pests

Several pest species were observed during the

on-farm trials (Table 5). The incidence and severity

however, appeared to be great ly influeoced by a number

of factors among which the stage of crop growth, varieties

grown and geographical location seemed to be of paramount

importance. Stemborers were cosmopolitan and endemic

in all locations but the level of severity varied at

the time of the visit. Termite attack was severe at

Odienne and N'golodougou, while rice bugs were prominent

at Man. Sesamia SEE were the most important stemborer

on upland rice. Preliminary observations on data collected

on the trials indicated that at most locations, insect

pest infestations were not high enough to evaluate for

varietal resistance.

Major insect Eests of upland rice

Many of the insect pests \\1ere common to all

rice ecosystems but their relative abundance varied.

There are those that are strict ly upland and they are

classified into internal stemborers, leaf feeders, stem

and leaf suckers, root feeders and grain suckers.

Internal stem feeders

These pests include lepidopterous stemborers

and internal stem feeding diptera, the stalk-eyed flies.

- 21 -

- 22 -

Damage caused by these pests are the characteristic

'deadhearts' and 'whiteheads' which .are the results of

internal stem feeding activities . during the vegetative

and reproductive stages of plant growth respectively.

Three genera of lepidopterous stemborers found on upland

rice are Sesamia, Chilo and Maliarpha.

a) Pink borers (Sesamia sep.)

The pink borers are the roost inporcimt stenborers on

upland rice in terms of the damage they cause due to

their voracious feeding habits.

'00 species of Sesamia which are canron in West Africa,

Sesamia calamistis <.!:~) occur all over Ivory Coast

and.§.. nonagroides botanephaga (T. and B.) is found mainly

in the forest zone.

b) White borer (Haliarpha sep~ratella)

This is a unique rice stemborer found widespread and

predaninant in many rice ecosystems in West Africa.

There is only one knavn species attacking rice in Africa.

It is monophagous, feeding only on rice. During the

off-season, it survives in a state of larval diapause

at the base of rice stubbles. The feeding activities

occur at lower internodes with the result that deacfuearts

and whiteheads are not usually fanned.

-23-

c) Striped borers (Chilo spp.)

In Ivory Coast, six species of Chilo are reported to

occur but only three, Olilo diffusilineus (~. de Joannis),

f. zacconius (Blesz) and f. aleniellus (Strand) are found

on rice. Olt of the three, f. diffusilineus and f. ~­conius VRre fOlttld to be pests of upland rice. C. zaCConillS

is fOlmd in the savannah zone while C. aleniellus is

found in the forest zone.

d) Stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis spp.)

Leaf feeders

The stalk-eyed fly is an inportant indigenous pest of

rice in West f.frica. It is CatmJrl on irrigated rice

but also attacks upland rice in the hunid trcpical zone.

Several species such as Diopsis (thoracica) macroph-­

thalna, Q. apicalis, Q. tenuipes and D.collaris have

been reported but the IlPst inportant are D. macrophthalma

and £. apicalis.

Irrportant leaf-feeding insect pests on upland rice in West

Africa are the ladybird beetles, Epilachna similis ~; a~nns,

Spodoptera exerpta; grasshoppers; leaf folders and leaf-sucking han:pteran,

Locris spp. The alll1)'lNOnns are polyphagous and attack other upland creps.

They inflict severe damage by their swanning habits and voracious feeding.

- 24-

Root feeders

Tennites are by far tt'1e rost inportant root feeding insect

pests of upland rice in West Africa. Several species were found associated

with upland rice, am.::Il'Ig which Macrotenres and Microtenres are the rrost

predcminant. Other root feeders ioclude the rolc cricket, Gryllotalpa

africana (P. de Beauv.) and aphids.

Grain suckers

Several species of insects have been recorded as rice grain

suckers but the inportant ones found on upland rice are Aspavia annigera,

Stenocoris c1avifonnis Ahnad, Mirperus jaculus Thun, Riptortus dentipes

F and Dysdercus supertitiosus F. These bugs feed on grains at milky

and dough stages. Infested grains rrey ramin mpty, partially filled

or nay develop a brown spot where the stylets are inserted. Bacteria . .

and ftmgi are · also introduced during feediIl8 activities. Grain suckers

are inplicated, to a large extent, in the so-called glt.m2 discolouration.

IlaImge caused by these pests is significmt as it irwolves losses both

in grain yield and quality.

Pest Control

Varietal resistance

Many upland rice insect pests are also found on irrigated

rice, and irwestigations on resistance in rice varieties to these pests

had been undertaken under irrigated conditions. These results arc relevant

to t.pland rice inasrruch as these tested rice varieties could be utilized

as parents in the development of uplpnd rice varieties.

- 25-

Screening for varietal resistance to insect pests is Going

on at lITA, NCR! (Nigeria) and IDESSA (Ivory Coast). For exarrple, in

Ivory Coast, several rice varieties have been screened and those identified

as resistant to starhorers include Noroberekan, Madeba D, C6 6, Kototouro

S 7, and S 1.

Diseases

A review of literature on the work alrea&; done and visits

to various research institutions in the region revealed the follewing

diseases ~ich are listed in order of bnportance:

Neck blast

Leaf blast

Seedling blast

Brown spot

Panicle disco-

louration

Leaf scald

False srrut

Narrow brown

Pyricularia oryzae

Pyricularia oryzae

Pyricularia oryzae

Drechs lera oryzae

Drechslera oryzae

Rhync.hosporiun oryzae

Ustilaginoidea virens

leaf spot Cercospora oryzae

Sheath blight Corticiun sasaakii

Sheath rot Acrocylindrium oryzae

Bacterial blight Xantharonas oryzae

Rice yellow

rrott le virus

Nematodes

- 26-

The result of a series of surveys which were carried out

in upland rice areas of Ivory Coast confiITl'¥2d the presence of these

diseases. H~ver, the incidence of bacterial blight and the rice yellow

IlPttle virus which are typiealbf lowland/swarrp/irrigated rice cultures

in upland rice needs further study.

The existing rrethods of disease control in the region include

the use of regulatory rrethods through plant quarantine irrportation and

exportation laws to prevent the introduction of exotic diseases; cultural

rrethods which involve judicious use of fertilizers, reroval of alternative

hosts by burning in sare cases and crop rotation to reduce pathogen

population in the soil; biological control rrethods using antagonisrrs

and natural enanies to pathogens; chanical treat:mmts as foliar spreys

or seed disinfectants to 'prevent or eradicate prevalent diseases ; and

finally the use of resistant cultivars. Although the latter appears

to be the roost feasible and econanical rreans of control, reports of

the break-down of r esistance in pranising varieties were encountered

in literature.

The plant pathology programre in upland rice and in the

concept of integrated disease control regards the use of resistant cul­

tivars as a major control Treasure and chemical control as a last resort

in case of a sudden break-down in the resistance of a variety. Research

activities in upland rice pathology will be tailored along these lines.

- 27 -

Results of field surveys

Observations were made on seven varieties involved in t,.'e

TAT on-fann trials at eight sites nnd also the coordinated variety trials

conducted in Ivory Coast in 1934.

a) Rice blast disease (P. oryzae)

The rice variety lAC 164 appeared to be the only variety

that had maintained its level of resistance to leaf blast infection.

IN:, 164 was also fOtmd to be free of neck b12st. It was outstanding

in its resistant reactions at all levels of seed rates and different

envirornental conditions (Table 6) at various sites iocluding N'golodougou,

Ivory Coast, an area of high disease pressure. IRAT 112 and IRAT 109

were affected by seedling blast but recovered two weeks later. Despite

this recovery, the two varieties scored highest in tenns of susceptibility

to leaf blast at the vegetative phase. Neck blast reaction scores of

!RAT 109 and IRAT 112 varied fran 3-4. The two varieties are m::xlerately

susceptible to neck rot.

b) Bro.m spot (D. or;Tzae)

All the varieties exhibited highly resistant to resistant

reactions to brCMn spot at Gblapleu. In Nanciougou, reaction scores

of 3-4 were obtained. For IRAT 104, at Gbaana, the score was (3.5)

(MS). At N'golodougou, 19u:lpe Cateto also sh~d n syrcpton of (3.5)

(t13) •

c) Leaf scald (R. oryzae)

Traces of leaf scald were found on lAC 164 with a reaction

score of 3.3 (MR) at Gblapleu. At N'golodougou, 19uape Cateto, mAT . 109

Table 6

<0 (>~

('01"

O¢ 1

<5' t Varietie

I IRAT 104 I I I RAT 109

I I I RAT 112 I I IRAT 136 I I ITA 144

I I I RAT 170 1 I lAC 164 1

1.0

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

- 28 -

Comparison of Test Varieties to Leaf Blast

in Different Locations

Varietal Reactions to Leaf Blast

I I I 1 1 2 3 1 4 5 1 6 7

I I 1

HR I MS MS I I I - I I I 1 I I I I MS I R 1 MS I MS

I I I I I MS I S S I I - I I R

I I I I I I I I I I S

I I I I . I I - I I I I MS

I I I I I 0- I I MS I R I I1R I MS

1 I I 1 I R 1 R R I R 1 HR 1 HR 1 R

1 I 1 1 1

1.4 = Highly resistant (HR)

2.4 = Resistant (R)

3.4 = Moderately Resistant (MR)

4.4 = Moderately Susceptible (MS)

5.4 = Susceptible (S)

= Not planted

Locations:

1. = Gblapleu 2. = Bogouine II 3. = Mandougou I 4. = N'golodougou I 5. %: N'golodougou II 6. = Mandougou II 7. = In CVT Man 8. = In CVT Odienne

' I 1 1

I 1

1 8 1

I I I

1 I I I I MS I I 1

I MS 1

I I I MR I I I I S I I I 1 MS 1

I I I R I 1 I

and !RAT 170 exhibited leaf scald infection which was negligible.

CXJIl.AOORATICN WIlli ornER INSTI'IUI'ICNS

The station collaborated with the folloong national and

internatiork~l institutions in its activities in 1984:

a) National institutions

Ivory COc1.st - Horkshop on t<'Ochnology evaluation

- Workshcp by IITA/OFRIC on on-fann trials' design

Burkina Faso - l>1orkshop on fanning syste:ns in Africa

Niger - Saninar on pest m .. maganent strategy in Sahel

Nigeria - Tour NCR!, IART and NAFPP to survey upland rice research activities in Nigeria

b) International institutions

TAC - ~etings in Rare and Addis Ababa

IRRI - To give lectures at the 2nd Upland Rice Training Q)urse at Los Banos, Philippines

lITA - To collect infonmtion on upland rice research acti-

vities.

- 30 _

II. REGIONAL 11ANGROVE SWAMP RICE RESEARCH STATION,

ROKUPR, SIERRA LEONE

The research and development activities of

this station were reviewed and priorities reset in 1984.

The new priorities are:

i) varietal improvement,

ii) pest control management,

iii) soil fertility and crop management,

iv) technology assessment and transfer, and

v) training of farmers, researchers and their

assistants and university students.

The station's 1984 activities covered the

mangrove areas of Sierra Leone, Guinea, Guinea Bissau,

Senegal and The G.ambia.

VARIETAL IMPROVEMENT

One of the objectives of the varietal programme

ment /is to develop or identify from within or

the region high yielding varieties with pest and disease

improve­

outside

resistant,

toxicity tolerant, and ot!1er good agroncmic and organoleptic characte­

ristics to replace those being grCMn in the mangrove swanp areas in

the region. The varietal inpI'OVE'mmt programre enccnpasses testing

and/or evaluating prorrdsing varieties and hybridization.

- 31 -

The NE."W Introductions

Five hundred and t:YIenty-seven new materials were screened

in the Initial Evaluation Trials (Th"Ts); 322 were tested for adaptability

to mangrove swmp conditions out of which 77 were selected for further

testing. Eight of the varieties gave higher grain yields and also received

higher phenotypic acceptability scores than ROK 5, the check variety.

Thirty varieties were tested for early rmturity and yield

against R<l<. 5. Six of the varieties gave higher yields and all were

early rmturing with intennediate plant height. These v;nuld be further

tested in the short season areas of the region.

One htmdred and seven varieties were tested for salinity

and alkaline tolerance, and also for ability to withstand tidal intmdation.

Based on seedling vigour, plant height, gror...'tb duration and resistance

to seedling blast and lodging, 28 lines were selected for further testing

or for use as parents in breeding activities.

Out of the 20 varieties tested in acid lowland soils,

only three showed adaptability and will be further tested in the next

season.

Promising Varieties/Advanced Lines

a) Observational Yield Trials (0Yr)

The trials were conducted with several pranising and

advanced lines of short, rrediun, long and very long ch.lration varieties.

The nll'lbcr of varieties selected for further studies are shown in Table

7. The perfonnance of the best pranising and advanced lines are shcMn

in Table 8.

-32

-

Tab

le

7 N

on

-Rep

lica

ted

Ob

serv

atio

nal

Yie

ld T

rials

19

84

Lo

cati

on

N

o.

of

Che

ck

Ave

rage

T

est

vari

e-

No.

o

f V

ari

ety

o

f v

ari

eti

es

vari

ety

y

ield

of

ties y

ield

-v

ari

eti

es

tria

l te

sted

ch

eck

in

gh

igh

er

se le

ete

d

for

ch

ara

cte

rist

ic

vari

ety

th

an

the

furt

her

test

(kg

!ha)

ch

eck

Sh

ort

d

ura

tio

n

Tid

al

lim

it

43

IR

10

78

1-

3416

18

18

zo

ne

14

3-2

-3

Hed

ium

d

ura

tio

n

Tid

al m

angr

ove

60

ROK

5 31

11

2 8

swam

p

Lon

g d

ura

tio

n

Dee

p ti

dal

110

Ku

atik

16

63

80

15

flo

ati

ng

zo

ne

Kun

dur

Ver

y lo

ng

Je

ep ti

dal

44

ROK

10

13

13

du

rati

on

Jl

1ang

rbve

sw

amp

- 33 -

Table 8 Performance of some selections from the entries in the Observational Yield Trials (OYTs),

1984

--------------------------------------------------Short Duration (~ to 135 days)

WAR 74-23-2-2-B-1 5930 119 118 135 WAR 74-23-Rl-1-2-1 5849 129 119 129 IR 1356-9>'1 3818 116 82 135 WAR 81-2-1- 2 3823 118 94 125 IR 10781-143-2-3~«Mean) of 27 plots) 3416 84 134

Mediun Duration (136-155 days)

WAR 27-28-1-3-1 3348 138 121 131 WAR 24-2-1-1 3409 144 121 138 ROK 5* (Mean of 31 plots) 3111 136 152

Long Duration (156-179 da~s)

WAR 38-62-4-3-1 3710 256 127 164 WAR 50-51-2-1-1 3338 151 108 162 WAR 52-384-3-2-1 3208 157 129 160 IR 54-39-3-2;0-1 3144 1L() 137 158 Kuatik Kundur* (~an of 55 plots) 1662 120 169

Very Long Duration (180 da~s)

WAR 36-33-2-3-1 3508 138 168 181 WAR 87-4-R2-1-1 3453 122 118 179 WAR 87-4-Rl-1-1 3343 272 129 178 Ra<. 10>'<' (Mean of 25 plots) 1807 162 186

*O'Ieck variety

- 34-

'The selected short and rrediltll duration varieties will

be further tested in areas where salt incursion early in the season

forces farmers to grw short to .rrediltll duration vdrieties. The long

duration varieties selected could provide alternatives for cultivation

in the mangrove SWCITps of Sierra Leone and Guinea having salt-free period

of about five tronths. The very long duration varieties have potential

for use in Sierra Leooe and Guinea where very long duration and phot~

sensitive rice varieties are found.

b) Replicated Yield Trials (RYTs)

Seven replicated yield trials, four in associated and

three in tidal mangrove swanps were corrlucted. The nurber of varieties

tested, the check varieties and those pranising varieties yielding better

are shown in Tables 9 and 10.

KAIJ 2036 which perfonred best in the 120-12~y category

had low spikelet sterility and high tillering (Table 10). It can . serve

as a donor of these characteristics in the hybridization progranrnz.

In the 12S-129-day category, the three top varieties, B 54416Kn 47-

1-1, IR 3~9-3-1 and KAU 2039 were short statured. Their early I1l3turity

makes them potential candidates for use in bunded water controlled mangrove

swanps with less than 4 ~ths of salt-free period. In the 130-13S­

day category, all the test varieties had lower levels of spikelet sterility

than Ra< 5; and t.\.lo of then, B 2039Kn-7-2-S-3 and KAIJ 2019, had low

iocidence of seedling blast, and mature earlier than RCK 5.

In the rrediltll duration varietal trial in tidal rrengrove

swarrp, Rohyb 15-WAR-3-3-B-2 arerged the best variety. It has potential

for use in salt limited short season areas in Guinea, Guinea Bissau,

The Glri>ia, Senegal and Sierra I..eooe, areas where early maturity is

desirable so that farmers can harvest the crop before the iocursion

of saline flood water.

i)

ii)

iii)

i)

ii)

- 35-

Table 9 Some Data on the Replicated Yield Trials (RYTs), 1984

Varieties Location No. of Check No. of varieties

of yielding higher than

Characteristics trial varieties varieties check variety

Short duration Associated swamps 30

120-124 days " 10 IR 13240-39-3 3

125-129 days " 12 IR 2797-125-3-2-2 3

130-135 days " 8 ROK 5 4

Medium duration Associated swamps 12 IR 3259-P5-160-1 2

Medium duration Tidal swamps 12 ROK 5 4

Lung duration " " 160-179 days " II 14 Kuatik Kundur 7

180-200 days " " 12 ROK 10, CP 4 and Kuatik Kundur

- 36 -

Toble 10 Results of the KPnlic;:ted . Yield Trials (RYTs) , 1904

Yield lIeig.'1t Gru..th Eff~ti"e Filled 1((x) ~ain St<!rility Variety pl.:mt duration ttHers grain t.'Ci(;ht

kg/ba (em) (~ys) (m~) . per panicle (9!1) '-

Shert duration

120 - 124 ~ys

;~,u 2036 3123 100 125 314 45 21.7 ~2.1 ~"'·lf 2013 2851 102 125 282 57 1'1.7 15.2' C 22 2791 87 125 2IB 34 24.4 19.0

lAc '-.I .. 129 day!!

B 5441~:(..,..t.i-l 2915 C9 12B 266 52 25.7 14.8 ill 3646-9-3-1 20i4 99 1:5 260 55 24.1 16.7 ?"'lJ 2()3:; 2649 98 123 281 57 22.9 8.6

!e'.diun duration

137 - 1l() dals

Ro;lYl 1,5...t.~·"1.-3-3-1>-2 3919 139 137 194 82 31. 7 20.4 Pchyb /· .. lelNl-1-3-B-2 3783 146 140 204 71 33.7 14.0 Rcbhy 4-W.R-I-I-B-1 3722 138 139 179 79 32.2 11.1

Long au-ation

160 - 179 Cays

RoI~ t>-W.:.R-6-2-B-2 3254 161 ~61 183 90 29.3 12.5 l1.'.R 4+--5-5-2 3214 155 176 227 118 21.7 13.8 I·r:~ 39-17-2-2 3187 148 189 198 104 22.5 8.2

1:xJ .. 200 dill! ;(a~ Jawa (Guard) 3248 168 183 324 74 24.4 12.6 t1a1.nl; Nyo B24-92 3156 152 188 204 120 19.9 19.1 !<uatik I~ 2916 152 169 IS1 91 25.5 8.4

- 37 -

ti1ltilocational Farrrer Field Trials

Three sets of six varieties were tested in rcultilocational

trials tmder farrrer field conditions in Sierra Leone and Guinea. Seedlings

were planted at randan in I.mreplicated 2m x 5m plots without fertilizer

and weeding. The varieties which perforrred better than those gravn

by farrrers are presented in Table 11. The yields were generally lower

in Sierra Leone than in Guinea because of lower soil fertility and early

incursiOn of salt water causing severe spikelet sterility. For the

rrediun duration varieties, Rohyb 15-WAR-3-3-B-2 had sturdier culm, shorter

stature and .duration than RCl< 5, giving this variety an advantage on

fertile sites ¥.here lodging can be severe and also in areas near the

sea where salt incursion t~rds the end of the season can cause considera­

ble reduction in yield.

Breeding

The breeding programre focused on developing varieties

with salt and iron toxicity tolerance, disease resistance and .ratooning

ability. Using RCK 5 as a check, 13 WARrn-bred advanced lines showed

better salt tolerance. The finst selections of salt tolerant varieties

would be available for regional testing in 1985.

In iron toxicity evaluation trials, 13 WAlID\-bred advanced

lines perforrred better than Suakoko 8, the check variety. .1he first

selection of iran-toxicity tolerance varieties would be available for

regional testing in 1986.

One htmdred and fifty variedes were tested for stable

resistance to various diseases. · Several varieties including 10 WARDA­

bred advanced lines shO\<Ved rcultiple resistance to seedling blast, bravn

spot, leaf scald and leaf srrut. Fourteen other varieties were identified

as having resistance to rice yellow m::>ttle virus. These are being used

as donors in the breeding programme for resistance to tl1e diseases.

Table 11 Summary of means of the varieties which out-yielded those of farmers in the farmers field trials

Variety Sierra Leone Guinea

Yield '7. of best Yield '7. of best (kg/ha) farmer's (kg/ha) farmer's

variety variety

Medium duration

Rohyb 15-\vAR-3-3-B-2 2370 119 3000 124

ROK 5 2099 105 2750 114

WAR 44-21-5-2 2001 100 2500 103

Long duration

Rohyb 6-WAR-2-B-2 2122 106 3000 120

WAR 44-72-4-1 2100 105 2000 80

Very long duration

Padi Mentul 3786 122 6000 120

CP 4 3764 121 5250 110

Maung Nyo 624-92 3415 110 5750 115

ROK 10 3347 107 5500 110

- 39--

In the ratooning ability trials with PaFoday Yoreh . 260

as check, 28 WARn\-bred advanced lines exhibited greater ratooning ability,

and eight iines only out-yielded the check. The trials will continue

in 1985 before selections are made for national prograrrroos.

OOIL AND CROP MANAl::'»fNI'

The soil and crop managerrent research erJFhasiZed the

develcpnent of appropriate teclmiques for Azolla-rice cultures' in the

lowland ecologies and rrethods for inproving efficiency of fertilizer

use. The efforts are geared towards promoting self-sufficiency for

resoorce-poor fanrers in the face of .. current scarcities and escalating

prices of agricultural inputs, particularly, fertilizers.

Azalia as an alternative source of nitrggen

Trials conducted in the past 4 years ShCM that Azolla

can substitute effectively for . cl:eniq!.l nitrogenous fertilizers for

rice cultivation in the non-tidal mangrove associated swarrps.

The 1984 trials showed that in situ cultivation and utiliza-

tion of Azolla can effectively control lr.Ieeds. Although Azolla can ef­

fectively substitute for chemical nitrogenous fertilizers · in lowland

rice production, the successful utilization of Azolla is to a large

extent, dependent on adequate water control and phosphate fertilization.

It was found that the nonnal level of phosphate applied to rice may

be adequate in a IOOl1OCrop Azolla-rice culture, but under dual-cropping

or intercropping, supplerrentary arrounts of phosphorus may be required.

Future trials will attenpt to detennine phosphorus requirerrents for

dual-cropping Azolla-rice cultures.

-40 -

Fertilizer response

lhe grain yield of six rice varieties to nitrogen were

evaluated at ~r. The yield response of all the varieties was signifi­

cantly affected by the levels of nitrogenawlied. The yield response

was. still positive at the highest quantity of nitrogen applied (Figure

3). In previous trials, grain yield response tended to level-off at

80 kg N/ha. The contrast may be attributed to low and erratic rainfall

in 1984.

Mathod of. nitrogen fertilizer application

In previous trials, urea injection produced significantly

heavier grain yield than the broadcast nethod. . The 1984 urea injection

trials also gave .heavier grain yield than basal incorporation or post­

transplant top-dressing of urea. ·· ~r, . urea super granules produced

similar grain yields as the injection rrethod. The granIles awroach

~IS to haVe an advantage over application. The approach also requires . .

relatively less labour than the injection teclmique. It therefore offers

a suitable alternative to the injection teclmique . of applying urea in

rmngrove swarrps.

Response to phosphate

Studies on the rrangrove swarrp catena at ~r showed

response to phosphorus to be low and inconsistent. Soluble fonns of

phosphorus are quickly. fixed as ir90 and aluninitrn bolmd-phosphates

and rendered unavailable to the crop. In the green house and the field,

four types of phosphorus fertilizers (Single Superphosphate (ssp), Jorda­

~ian, M:>roccan and Togo rock phosphates) carbined with rice husk were

evaluated for agroncmic effectiveness.. Without hU!ik, grain yield response

to the phosphorus fertilizers varied; llirocco rock phosphate was nore

effective than SSP in increasing grain yield in tidal mangrove swarrps

but in the associated swarrps, SSP produced higher yield than both the

untreated check and the rock phosphate materials.

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In the tidal mangrove swmp, the grain yield response to different phos­

phorus fertilizers was evaluated under graded levels of incorporated rice husk. On

the average, the application of husk increased grain yield but did not significantly

influeoce grain yield response to phosphorus except in the case of Togo rock phosphate.

The residual and long-tenn application effects of husk will be evaluated in future

trials.

Pest nenagatent research activities continued to atphasize pest surveil­

lance and nonitoring, crcp loss asseSSirent and research to evolve suitable integrated

pest rnanagarent at the farrrer level.

Weed survey

Weed surveys ~re conducted in G..tinea to find out the type of ~ds

and extent of their occurrence. The najor ~ds identified in the tidal SWCIIps ~re

Paspalun vaginatun, Alternanthera sessilis, S~lea zeylanica, Cyperus articulatus

and Eleocharis~. Of these, f,. Vaginatun followed by A. sessilis ~re the roost

irrportant with respect to density and extent of occurrence. In the associated swoops,

the rmjor ~ds ~re Sesbania 2., FUirena strica, Ischaenun rugosun, Nynphea 2"

and Panicun~. The waeds identified in both rmngrove and associated swarps in

G..tinea are similar to those found in similar, places in Sierra Leone.

Weed control research

Chemical and cultural rrethods of , controlling ~eds ~re evaluated in

Sierra Leone. A field experirrent that has be~ going on since 1982 to investigate

the effect of roo.nual and rrechanical cultivation rrethods on the sedge, c. articulatus

in tidal mangrove swarrps at Rokupr was continued in 1984. The 1982 results shcMed

that rrechanical plooghing '. and puddling significantly suppressed the ~d carpared to

rmnual land preparation. However, there ~re no significant differences in grain yields

bebem the treat:rrents. By the third season (1984), the WL'ed had been virtually eradi­

cated fran the research plots. This shcMs that with good cultivational nethods, the

\oleed can be effectively controlled or eradicated over a period of three seasoos.

<hemical ~d control

The herbicides, Starn F 34T and Herbamix IM 410 ~re evaluated to find

out the rates and the best tines for their application to be rrost effective. Both

Herbamix and Starn F 34T follCMed by one hand ~ding at 40 days after transplanting

significantly reduced weed groWth.

Diseases and their control

In Sierra Leone and GJinea, seedling blast is a major nursery problem.

BrCMn spot is less conspicuous except on older seedlings and at infertile spots.

A survey showed that the prevalent fungal diseases in Sierra Leooe,

Guinea and GJinea Bissau are brCMn spot, leaf scald and leaf snut. Grain discoloration

or dirty panicle disease was found sporadically in G.linea only. The neck blast disease

was fo.md in the saline affected areas in all the three countries but less prevalent

in G.linea Bissau. Other diseases recorded were prest.rrptive s}'llptans of rice stem nata­

toc\e ''Ufra'' (Dityleochus angpstus) in Sierra Leone and G.linea Bissau and rice yellow

rrott1evirus in all three countries.

Crop loss assessrrent studies

Studies were conducted in Sierra Leone to assess grain yield losses

caused by brown spot, neck blast and rice yellow rrottle virus diseases. The grain

loss due to the brown spot disease was estiImted at 15%. The loss caused by rice yellow

rrottle virus ranged fran about 20 to 96% and, in the case of the neck blast, the yield

loss ranged fran about 16 to 31%.

Control of diseases

The strategy to control rice diseases is to use resistant varieties

augrented by appropriate cultural practices and crop husbandry, and the use of chemical

pesticides particularly in seed treatment.

-44-

Cultural control

A trial was conducted to study the seasonality of incidence of the preva­

lent fungal diseases in rice crop transplanted fran July to NoITatber under two nitrogen

(urea) levels. There were significant differences in brown spot incidence with respect

to date of transplanting, the incidence being higher in Novarber transplants (65.8"1.)

than in July transplants (31.3"/.). S:i.mi.larly, leaf scald and leaf sm.tt also sha.led

rmrked seasonality in incidence; leaf scald was not recorded in the Novarber transplanted

crq>, while leaf sm.tt was observed to decrease in the crq> transplanted after August.

nv= application of 40 kg N/ha suppressed brown spot significantly but

leaf scald severity was increased. Leaf SllUt was not significantly affected by nitrogen

application. These trials which began in 1983 W)Uld be carpleted in 1985.

A trial was also carried out to assess the arreliorative effect of various

caroinations of N,P,K, Mn and Zn, and rice straw on the incidence of brown spot. In

all caroinations, fC\oler brown leaf' spots resulted than the tmtreated control. This

experirrent, started in 1983, will be concluded in 1985.

Chemical control

Trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of types of fungicides

against seedling blast in upland nursery. Kitazin and Beam (Tricyclazole) were the

IIDSt pranising foll~ by protector, Kocide, Tq> Cop, Benlate (Bencmyl) and Dicloran.

The trials will be repeated with the pranj.sing fungicides next season.

Other trials were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of types

of fungicides against brown spot and other foliar diseases. . Kocide, Beam, Cuprosan

311 sq>er D, Prochloraz, and a. mixture of Benlate and Kocide were the most effective.

The trials will be repeated in 1985, focusing on rates and frequency of alP lication.

Chemical control in fanrers' fields

A mixture of Benlate and Kocide was applied to control rice diseases

in fanrers' fields and to assess the econanics of the method. The mixture effectively

controlled brown leaf spot and leaf scald, particularly in plots receiving three spray-

... 45,..

ings, and after maxinun tillering but before flowering/milk stages. Econanic returns

\mder the present level of fanrers' technology were very low. The trial ~s started

in 1983 and will be. concluded in ~ 985.

Entcm:>logy and other pests

The research activities 'in this area' contirrued to focus on crop loss

assessrrent in fanrers' fields, insect pest population dynamics, varietal tolerance

to crabs, and management of insect and crab pests.

The rmjor sterrborer identified is ~. separatella \oi}ich starts with a

gradual infestation build-:q> in early <xtober and reaches a peak in mi~arber.

In field surveys in Guinea Bissau, the prevalent sterrborers identified in the soft­

dough stage were Q!!1£~, Diopsis !EE. and Orseola oryzivora.

The grain yield losses were estirmted at Roktpr. The losses due to

insect pests ranged fran 4 to 2<110 (Table 12). Sterrborer infestation on Rchyb 6-WAR-

6-2-B-2, Segon Mega, Kuatik Putih and Kuatik Bene were high but corresponding per cent

grain yield losses were lower in Segon 11=ga and Kuatik Putih. These two varieties

therefore appear to be more tolerant to stemborer attacks that the other varieties.

In field trials in Sierra Leone, a yield loss of 16.5% due to insect

pests ~ estirmted and the major pest identified was the starborer, ~. separatella.

In GJinea, grain yield lossesobtalned fran irrproved variety RCK 10 and local variety

Konyan were 8.2 and 1.9'/0 respectively, indicating that the local variety was more resistant.

The stemborer infestation was also evaluated in relation to seedling

age, tine of transplanting, insecticidal protection and fertilization. Seedlings trans­

planted in Septerrber had higher infestation that those transplanted in August. Higher

incideoce also occurred in younger seedlings than older ones, indicating that younger

seedlings are preferred for oviposition. Stemborer infestation ~s also significantly

higher on fertilized but tmprotected plots than on protected but \mfertilized plots.

Similar observations were made last year.

Crab dan:ige study

Up to 4C1'1. crab dam:tge to RCK 10 did not cause significant differences

in grain yields ~n transplanted at wider spacing; however, the yield ~ lower at

-46-

Table 12 Average grain yield and percent stemborer infestation at harvest of five Breeder's elected varieties with and without insecticide protection on mangrove swarp levee

bank, Rokupr, Sierra leone, 1984

Percent Stemborer Average grain yield

Variety Infestation (kg/ha) Yield

Insecti- No. Insect i- . Insecti- No. Insecti- Loss cide cide cide cide (%)

* Rohyb 1>-wAR-3-3-B-2 O.Sa 12.2c 4181.4'1 3710.6a 11.3

Rohyb 6-WAR-6-2-B-2 0.6a 17.2b 4375.9a 3644.6a 16.7

segon~ 0.5a 15.5b 3536.1a 3396.3a 4.0

Kuatik Puteh O.la 22.4a 3795.2a 3380.9a 10.9

Kuatik Bene 0.4a 20.3a 3908.2a 3118.00 20.2

* Means followed by the same letter in the column are not significan~ly different at the 5% level Il£f.

- 41-

closer spacing. Closer spacing is less suitable for the crop's CCl1JlCnsatory efforts.

It was also observed that higher seedling rate yielded significantly better, and plots

transplanted with vigoroUs seedlings yielded 'significantly better in spite of dam:1ge.

Adaptive fanrer-field trials of inproved technology packages continued

in Sierra Leone, Qlineaan:l 'The GanDia.Inall three cOlD'ltries, low and poor distribution

of rainfall adversely affected the trials.

In Sierra Leone, the inproved variety Kuatik Kundur which is being evalua­

ted to replace Ra<. 5 in the rrediun season areas failed to perfoIm better. Reduction

in yield was caused by blast at the seedling stage and also high salinity levels in

the flood water at maturity. In the 'event of continuing low and poorly distributed

rainfall, the replacing of R(l( 5 with Kuatik l<undur because of bird scaring problems

associated with the fonrer will have to be given a second thought.

Daronstrations of inproved technology packages in Sierra LeCtle was done

in collaboration with the North Western Integrated Agriculture Develqxrent Project

(NWIAIP) in the north and the M::>yarrba Integrated Rural Develqxrent Project (MIRDP)

in the south. The inproved teclmology packages included two recOOmended inproved va­

rieties (RCl< 10 and Ra< 5 for long and short season areas, respectively), nitrogen

application by the injection \'lEthod and ploughing using single axle ~r tiller.

The packages were deronstrated on 24 fanrers' fields in 4 villages in the north and

on six fanrers' fields in 2 villages in the south. In the short and long season areas,

the yield increase of the inproved packages over the fanrers' practices averaged 143"1.

and 9(11. respectively.

CXlUAImATICN WIlli INSITnJITCNS

The station collaborated in its work with the following institutions:

International

- International rice Research Institute (IRRI); on IRfP progranmc.

- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE); partici-

pation in a workshop.

Sierra leone

Ganbia -Senegal

QJinea Bissau

QJinea

-48-

- Trq>ical Developmmt Research Institute (~); pherarone of fanale

Maliarpha seperatella identification and synthesis. . : .

- Njala University College

- Fourah Bay College

- North West Integrated Agricultural Develq:m;mt Project(NY.IAIP)

- Moyooba Integrated Rural Devel~t Project (MIRIlP)

- Bo-Pujehtm ~al ~velcprent Project: (BPRIF)

- National Rice Research . Center (NRRC)

- Seed Hultiplication Project (~)

- Adaptive Crq> Research and Extension (ArnE) ~ject

- Minist,:-y ~f Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR)

- Freedom From Hunger Campaign~inistryof Agriculture

- Crop Research Institute

- Ministry of Agriculture (DEPA Division)

- CNAIER/Ministry of Agriculture

-49 -

III. THE REGIONAL IRRIGATED RICE RESEARCH STATION,

SAINT LOUIS, SENEGAL

The Regional Irrigated Rice Research Station which was

based at Richard~Toll (Senegal) since its establishment was transferred

to Saint-Louis (Senegal) in 1984 for reasonS of convenience.

As a result of the reorientation of UARDA's research

and development programme in 1984, priorities were set for the station

as follows:

1. Varietal improvement, plant protection, soil fertility;

2. Techno logy assessment and transfer, water management;

3. Training.

VARIETAL IMPlU.1FMENl'

The objective of varietal inprovemmt is to identify high-yielding rice

varieties that are adaptable to the eco-climatic conditions of the West African region. , . '

The activities undertaken in 1984 included initial evaluation tests, varietal yield

trials, and ~fann verification trials.

Initial Evaluation Tests (IEI')

These trials ~re conducted using local West African varieties, varieties

of Atrerican origin and varieties fran the International Rice Research Institute ORRI).

One hundred and fifty-one West African varieties ~re tested to detennine

their photoperiodism in order to identify those varieties that could be selected for

the station's hybridization programre. The check varieties used were lR 8 and Epima.

lXIring the dry season trials, 15 varieties genninated, ,with 13 of them

being photoperiod-sensitive and maturing aroond 180 days. The variety, ~'IT-79-530

matured early in 160 days. In the wet Se..'1SOl1 tri<=lls, 57 varieties genninated and natured

.... 50 .....

fran 132 to 140 days. The only varieties that scored well in tenns of phenotypic accepta­

bility were t-Q-TI-79-468 , ~TI-79-530 and ~TI...;.79-340~ One hundred and thirty-five

out of 986 short duration (110 days) varieties received fran IRRI were tested. The

local check, IKP, had a longer duration as catpared with 100 of the test varieties.

Seventeen varieties ~ich were further tested in 1984 were prCnlising in tenns of their ·

agronanic <haracteristics. Eight varieties recei.ved fran Arrerica were tested in 1984

and only 4 germinated, arrong than are La Belle and New Rex ~ich are pranising as early­

maturing varieties. The check variety was IKP.

Yield Trials

'I\.Jo yield trials were conducted. The first trial was intended to identify

high-yielding, short duration varieties with well-protected panicles, while the second

was to assess the yield potential of the varieties selected franIRRI varieties in

the eco-clirnatic conditions of the region.

In the dry season, the follcui.ng varieties shaved hi~yielding potential:

RP 112~1~1-4-3 maturing in 140 days gave the best yield of 9665 kg/ha while RP

112~1526-2-2-3 maturing in 1.50 days gave a yield of 9580 kg/ha. Varieties with the

shortest dunition were IR 9782-144-33-3 (109 days) with a yield of 5300 kg/ha and Yone....

shiro (105 days) with a yield of 4637 kg/ha.

In the wet season, the highest-yielding varieties . ~re 84-312 (7777

kg/ha) followed by lEI' 236 (7187 kg/ha). T he shortest duration varieties were 32 x

VAN-~1-3 (120 d8ys) andMRC 603 (121 days) with yields of 5718 and 57.50 kg/ha

respectively.

hrong the early~turing varieties, 17 varieties had a shorter duration

than the local check, Tatsuni M:x::hi. The only variety that gaVe yields significantly

higher than this check variety (5324 kg/ha) was UPR 231-28-1-2 with a yield of 7018

kg/ha~ None of the short duration varieties outperfonred the locai check, IKP. On

the whole, all the varieties tested were pranising with the exception of IR 9782-111-

2-1-2 and'1NAIJ (AD) 103 which gave a lower yield (4620 kg/ha) • .. 'Of the rrediun duration

varieties, ITA 212 showed excellent yield potential (11510 kg/ha).

- 51 -

Verification Trials

Verification trials were condu!:ted to test, under ' fanrer conditions,

the best varieties selected fran trials at the station. !lmJng the varieties tested

in Senegal (~1atam, N1an8a) and in Mauritania, the follCMi.ng gave the best yields: KH

998 (7461 kg/ha), R 35-2674, lET 7161 (7831 kg/ha) and ~, (7953 kg/ha).

Crq> protection activities errphasized weed, insect and disease control.

\veed Control

Surveys conducted in the irrigated plots of the SAID have confinred

that lNeeds consti~ute a limiting factor to rice production. In the 'Senegal River Valley

the ITPSt irrportant lNeed species are in order of, irrportance: ~ barthii, 2. longista­

minata, Scirpus maritinus, Ischaenun n;gosun (Sa lib) , Cyperus diffonnis, ~. prostrata,

Echirochloa colona.

Chemical . tVeed Control

The aim of the trials, conducted at Fanaye, . was to assess the effect

of herbicides on lNeeds and to select the .nPst effective ones that could easily be applied

by the fanner.

The trials s~d that the dry weight of the weeds was significantly

reduced as a result of using Butachlor-based products. The mixture Molinate/Sirretryn/l£PB

was very effective against ~ds but was toxic to the rice plant.

For other types of trials, Rilof-H was the nPst effective herbicide,

and succeeded in controlling 86.5% of the weeds. However, it was also found to be

toxic to rice plant.

The highest yields were obtained fran plots treated with Butachlor and

Tamariz. weed control increased yields fran 0.5 to 1.5 tortnes per hectare.

- 52-

Cultural Practices in Weed Control

Studies of the effect of -weeds and the numer of hand weedings on yield

were carried out on IR 3941 transplanted and sa.m directly. A carparison of the check

without weeding and the check with weeding showed that a decrease in yield by rrore

than 100'1. in direct sowing and 54% in transplanted rice can be attributed to weeds.

Three mmual wcedings gave good results, especially with transplanted rice, and seared

to be econcmically profitable • .

Evaluation of San:! Weed Control tI..ethods

The objective was to carpare the effect of hand weeding with weeding

using the rotary hoe and herbicides.

The results .shcM that hand weeding is still an efficient ~d control

rrethod in irrigated rice. These results also confinn that tw) hand weedings are abso­

lutely necessary if rice yields are to increase significantly. The use of the rotary

hoe can reduce ~rk titre by 8 days per hectare. Jb.lever, use of the hoe 3 weeks after

transplanting disturbs the root system of the rice plant and causes a drop in yield.

On-Fann Herbicide Trials

Trials were conducted on the effect of hand weeding and the use of Basagran

PU, 2.4-D, Spiglan anc Rilof-H. There 'NaS n< significant difference although Basagran

PU and 2 hand weedings were rrost effective and produced 800 kg rrore than the yield

obtained by a fanrer Thho was not involved in the trial but used STAH F34 and one hand

weeding.

RICE PESTS

Insects and Other Pests

; The principal rice pests of econanic inportance identified in the Senegal

River Valley were the following:

Insects: ~ zacconius, HieroglYphus daganensis, Mythirma loreyi and

Aleurocybotus indicus

lUtes: Olygonichus sp.

- 53 -

Yield losses attributable to these pest.s have been estitmted at bebleen

5 and 44% for Olygonichus sp., 30 to 7CJ'1. for~. indicus, and 15-7CJ'I. for £. zacconius.

Bird Pests

At. the ~anaye Station, birds are a problan for the dry season crop (De­

ceTber to Jure). Losses can be as high as 90'1. in spite of bird scaring.

Screening for Resistance to Mites

. The objective of this trial w:lS to screen selected cultivars for their

resistance to mites. Two varieties, . RKN-2 and Yoneshiro, suffered the IroSt seriCXJS

grain losses as ccnpared with the other · varieties which showed sore varietal tolerance

to mites. Certain pranising cultivars will be tested again, for exanple, B 733-C-KN-

67-10-3-1-8, Orub, CN 297 and RPK N-2.

Sc~ing of Miticides

Three miticides, Azodrin, Hostathion, and MJr6cicle were tested to determine

their effectiveness. . The degree of attack w:lS small, xmking it difficult to accUrately

determine the effectiveness of the miticides.

Population pynamdcs of Insect Pests in Farmers' Fields

The sterborer population was rrede up .of O1ilo(55 to 91%) and of Maliarpha

(9 to 4SIa). The infestation rate for 100 hills may reach 390 for Chilo and 200 for

Maliarpha.

Hieroglyphus dagenensis is a major species in terms of population and

the leaf damage caused. This species appears in UNo forms: the large winged (3.04%) winged

and small (96.94%).

Light Trap Catches

The objective was to study the seasonal population and distribution

of insect .pests as well as their natural enemies. V Jr the IlDSt frequent species, the

weekly catches were: Mythinna loreyi, Diacrisia scortilla, 4389; Creatonotus lencanoides

,78; ~ saccharina, 240; Sesamia calamistis, 19; and O1ilo zacconius, 64.

- 54 --

RIa: DISEA$ES

Research in plant pathology involved drawing up a list - of irrigated

rice diseases and designing control rrethOOs.

The following varieties ¥Jere used in the trial: Jaya, KSS, I Kong Pao

and Sri Malaysia. There was no disease attack in Jt.tne and July. lA1ring the rainy

season (August to early Novatber), s}'lTptcms of bacterial leaf blight (Xantharooas oryzae)

¥Jere observed on II<P and!<SS. Blast disease (Pyricularia oryzae) was only observed

on Jaya. No disease s}'lTptans were observed on the IRCN lines tested. Trials to detennine

bacterial leaf blight (Internatiorial Nursery) revealed that 32 lines showed syrtptans

of the ''Kresek'', bacterial leaf blight and seedlings blast.

Cultural Practices and Iocidence of Bacterial Leaf Blight

The a:im of this trial was to cletennine the effects of agronanic practices,

in particular, the use of mineral nitrogen, on bacterial leaf blight. Different nitrogen

rates with or without burnt straw incorporation were tested. TIle iocidence of bacterial

leaf blight gave values ranging fran 1 (very low) to 3 (low) on IRRI scale of rice

disease assessmant.

F\.mgicide to Control Bacterial Leaf Blight

Kirtazan was tested on rice variety KSS in three applications, at the

begiming of tillering, at maxinun tillering and at the booting stage. The results

~ that in order for Kirtazan to be effective against bacterial leaf blight, it

Ill.lSt be applied in tv.o to three doses.

SOIL FERI'ILI1Y

The soil fertility programoo in 1984 concentrated on an evaluation of

mineral fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphates) and the use of Azolla to generate nitrogen

for rice plant 'growth.

- 55-

Inorganic Fertilizers

Carparative Study of Urea and Supergranules Urea (SQJ) Using Three ScM:i.ng ~thods in Irrigated Rice Olltivation

The results obtained at the station and on fanners' fields show that

supergranules urea (SQJ) is 5CTI. less efficient than urea under transplanted conditions.

In direct and line SOOng, urea was again IlPre efficient; h~ver, in direct broadcast

soong, the tYlO nitrogen sources gave the ~ results irrespective of the dosage.

Grain yields obtained in relation to the dosage and nature of nitrogen are shown .in

Figure 4. Straw yields shcM similar pattern as grain yields. However, with supergranules

urea, transplanted rice matures, on the average, .15 days later than directly sown rice.

EffectiVeness of Phosphorus from Different Sources

Seven fonns of phosphate fertilizer (from Morocco, Tunisia, Jordan,

Togo, Taiba, Thies and triple superphosphate) were tested. The results showed no sig­

nificant differeoces with respect to yield be~n the sources of phosphate or be~

dosages. Long-Tem NPK Effect on Vertisol and Hydrcm::>rphic Soil in the Senegal River Valley

This trial began in 1979. It is in its 10th season on vertisol and

5th on hydrcrrorphic soil. The aim is to assess the effect of intensi~ rice cultivation

on the . level of soil fertility in order to detennine the m..rrber of seasons necessary

to bring about a decrease in yield. . The results (Table 13) confinned those obtained

earlier, I'ICIrely, that the use of nitrogen and phosphorus has a great effect as a result

of a clrqJ in fertility after sore t:iIre in ' continuous cultivation fran the third season

OIM:Irds.

Organic Fertilization

Evaluation of Sesbania rostrata As a Source of Nit en in Irrigated Rice Rainy Season)

The study focused on the influen::e of Sef:bania rostrata on the response

of irrigated rice to the application of mineral nitrogen as well as the detennination

of the q>tirnal period for s\.Wlerentary mineral nitrogen application after ploughing

in Sesbania rostrata. Preliminary results showed that ploughing in Sesbania rostrata

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NIT

ROG

EN

DOSA

GE

Kg

N/h

a

SG

U

67

A72

1 +

R

2=

0.9

60

4

y =

15

37

+ 3

S.7

X_

0

.08

X2

R2.,

0

.99

68

y .=

13

42

+

3

0.0

85

)(,

-O

.06

llX

2 ~

R2=

0

.98

42

DJR

F.C

T

I. TH

E SO

WIN

G

.. ..-_~

DIR

ECT

SOW

ING

BR

OA

DCA

ST

A--

-...

...

TRA

NSP

LAN

TIN

G

17

4

26]

FIG

UR

E 4

: R

ELA

TIO

N

BETW

EEN

CRA

IN

YIE

LD

S.

SOW

ING

MET

HODS

AN

D N

ITRO

GEN

DO

SAGE

IN

TH

E FO

RM or

URE

A AN

D SG

U.

- 57-

Table 13 Influence of intensive rice cultivation on grain and straw yields in irrigated rice on vertisol

(1984 hot dry season: 10th season)

Treatment (kg/ha) Yield (kg/ha)

N P265 K20 Grain Straw

0 0 0 2525 2475

0 60 0 .3175 3650

0 0 60 2725 2750

0 60 60 3500 3425

130 0 0 4225 4575

130 60 0 5775 6050

130 0 60 4950 5150

130 60 60 5575 6075

Test F

- Nitrogen 178.1657* 127.3650* - Phosphorus 11. 2199* 25.2244* - Potassium 2.6558n.s. 0.5900n.s. - N X P 1. 3550n. s 0.4224n.s. - N X X n.s. 0.4224n.s. - P X K 1.5417n.s. 1.5396n.s. - N X P X K 2.6558n.s. 0.0034n.s.

SE 455.58 cv (%) 11.23

* : Significant at 1':10 n.s.: Not significant

-58-

increased grain and straw yields by 2-3 tomes ccnpared with the check. Figure 5 shows

the yields obtained at the different nitrogen dosage levels.

The preliminary results are encouraging. It can be concluded that plough­

ing in Sesbania and awlying 45 kg N was equivalent to the recanrended 120 kg N per

ha dose. The study also s~ that the effectiveness of the supplarentary urea can

be increased if the entire dose is applied at the flowering stage or applied in split

application (!2:~ as basal application and at panicle initiation, and as ~:h\; as basal

application at the tillering and panicle initiatiOn stages) •.

Azolla Research

Azolla trials were carried out to detennine whether the encouraging

results obtained at the statiOn could be obtained ' in farmers' fields.

variety.

The Effect of One or Several Azolla pirmata Crops . Ploughed in or not on Irrigated Rice Yields at Different Levels of ' Mineral IX>sage :

The Azella strain, 1'.zo11a AIlJL 7., was tested on the Sri ~1alaysia rice

The results showed that ploughing in one or tVJO Azella crops before

transplanting increased yields by 48 to 100'10. The highest . yields were obtained by

carbining tVJO Azolla crops ploughed in with tVJO applications of 30 kg N/ha. This yield

was 17(J'/o higher than that of the nitrogen check and 12'% higher than that obtained with

120 kg N/m.

Ccnparative Study to IRtennine the Equivalent of the Quantities of the Urea and Azella Used to Obtain a Quantity of Rice Yield

The satre rice variety and Azolla strain were used as in the previous

trial. In confonnity with the previous results, ' equivalent yields were obtained with

the application of 120 kg NIh? or with a carbination of tVJO Azolla crops ploughed in

and 60 kg N/ha (Fig. 6).

· ~ til .II:

Q ..l ~ Pot >-Z H

i2 CI

7000

boaa

~OOO

4000

3000

2000

o bO

- S9 -

4632 + 44 . 0oX - 0.2X2

R2 0.9565

F .. 43.\il7'J0**

120 180 240 NITROGEN DOSES kg./ha

Y 2174 + 46.72X - O.112X2

300

0.<)643

125.7U30X**

WITHOUT

SES8ANIA

i"lGURE 5: EFFECTS OF SESBAN lA ROSTMTA ON THE N lTROGEN ANU YIEl.D REl.AT lONSHl P (1963 RAINY SEASON)

9 8 7 6 5 4 2 1 o

FIG

UR

E 6

: EF

FEC

TS

OF

THE

APP

LIC

ATI

ON

O

F EQ

UIV

ALE

NT

DO

SES

OF

UREA

AN

D A

ZOLl

A

PIN

NA

TA A

DUL

07

, ON

TH

E Y

IELD

OF

SRI

MA

LAY

SIA

IN

TH

E HO

T DR

Y SE

ASO

N

AT

FANA

YE

(SEN

EGA

L)

GRA

IN

YIE

LD

(kg

./h

a)

8 9

10

'C

heck

~r

eodn-_

Com

bina

-Azol~Alone

~ ..

A

l ~.

• tI

on

•

1/ U

rea

Azo

lla

1.

Che

ck

wit

ho

ut Hitrog~n

2.

30

kg

N/h

a (U

rea)

in

th

ree s

pli

t ap

pli

cati

on

s (1

/2,

1/4

, 1/

4.>

3.

60

kg

N/h

a

(Ure

a)

.. "

.. ..

(l1

2,

II" ,.

1

/4 )

*".

120

kg

N/h

a (U

rea)

..

II

.. (1

/2,

11

4.

1/4

)

5~

One

A

zo

lia c

rop

in

co

rpo

rate

d s

ho

r.tl

y b

efo

re tr

an

s­

pla

nti

ng

plu

s 3

0

kg N

/ha

ap

pli

ed

1/2

at

till

eri

ng

sta

ge

and

1/2

at

pan

icle

in

itia

tio

n s

tag

es.

*6

. Tw

o A

zolJ

a cro

ps

inco

rpo

rate

d s

ho

rtly

befor~ tr

an

s­

pla

nti

ng

plu

s 6

0 k

g N

/ha

(Ure

a) applie~ 1

/2 a

t ti

ller­

.ing

an

d 1

/2 at

pan

icle

in

itia

tio

n s

tag

es.

7.

Two

Azo

lla

cro

ps

plu

s tw

o A

zolI

a cro

ps

inocul~ted

and

in

co

rpo

rate

d su

ccess

ivel

Y a

fter

tran

spla

nti

n!j

.

8.

Tw

o A

zo

lla

cro

ps

incc

.rp

ora

ted

sh

ort

ly befor~

tran

spla

nti

ng

.

9.

One

A

zolI

a cro

p i

ncorporat~d sh

ort

ly b

efo

re tr

an

spla

nti

ng

.

10

. A

zoli

a in

ocu

late

d a

fter

tran

spla

nti

ng

is

main

tain

ed

in

m

ixed

cro

pp

ing

wit

h ri

ce-u

p t

o h

arv

est

ti

me.

* N

earl

y e

qu

ivale

nt

yie

lds

are

ob

tain

ed

.

g

- 61 -

Study of the Effect of Azolla on the Effectiveness of Phosphate Fertilizer in Rice

The results obtained show that there is no response to phosphorus irrespec­

tive of the fomulation used (natural Or chaniCal).

Effect of Azolla on Weeds

The results in Table 14 show arrong other things, that there is 13-15%

better \>leed control With one hand weeding .~ weeks after transplanting + Azolla than

with 2 hand weedings 3 and 6 weeks after transplanting without Azolla. If this result

is confinred in fat'lrers' field tt'ials to be carried out in 1985, it would have far­

reaching socio-econcmic effects.

INSFFER Trials with Azolla

These \>lere new INSFFER trials. proposed by IRRI. The objective of the

trial was to ccnpare the effects of Azolla and. chemical fertilizers when used individual­

ly, and when these ' fertilizers (N and IIzolla) are used in catbination in plots where

Azolla is gra.m alone before rice transplanting or the Azolla is ' intercropped with

rice and later ploughed in.

The results obtained showed that the t:w:> fonns of nitrogen (mineral

and Azolla) act in a cooplerrentary manner and make it possible for the rice plant

to i.rnnadiately obtain the nitrogen it needs for its cJevelqmmt at the beginning of

the cycle. Also, ploughing in of AzoUa results in a better utilization of nitrogen

during panicle formation.

The Effects of Ploughing in of Azolla Garnpared to the Effects of the Reccrrm:!nded Dosages of Mineral Fertilizers on the Yield of BG 90-2 OJltivated at Contuboel in QJinea Bissau

The aim of this trial was to introduce scientists fran Guinea Bissau

to the use of Azolla in paddy fields. The AzoUa variety used was !aoUa pirmata,

harvested in the Geba River and ITllltiplied in situ for the first crop.

The results of the treattrents T,oRre significant ccnpared with the check.

Ploughing in 2 Azolla crops, and camining 2 crops of ploughed-in AzoUa + 43.5 kg

- 62 -

Table 14: Effects of sore weeding methods and use of Azolla crop on weed develoJXrent and yield of the Sri Mali:lysia rice variety (Fanaye Station, 1983 wet season and 1984 dry season).

1983 Wet Season 1984 Dry Season Treatment

W4!6d Weight Yield Weed Weight Yield

(gm-2) 45 (kg/hal) (gm2) 45 (kg/hal

)

Il\T Il\T

* Untreated check 213!7 4194 .c 145.6 4521 d

Hand weeding, 3 WAR1

0.5 6971 ab 77.6 6062 ab

Hand weedirig, 3 and 6 WAT 3.9 6590 ab 76.0 5f:IJ7 be

Basagrart PL 81/ha 15 DA~ 2.9 6877 ab 52.0 5175 cd

Treatment 1 + Azolla 40.3 5923 b 128.0 5818 ab

Treatment 2 + Azolla 2.6 74PIJ a 68.0 6427 a

Treat:r'!)ant 3 + Azolla 0.1 7201 ab' 76.8 6317 ab

Treatment 4 + Azolla 0.3 6850 ab 43.2 6117 ab

*Figures follONed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level.

WAT = Weeks after transplanting

Il\T = Days after transplanting.

- 63-

N/ha increased yields by 58 and ~1. respectively. These promising results can be ' improved

upon by applying the nitrogen fertilizer in split application cc:r.binations.

TEommY ASSESS-:IENI' AND 'IRANSFER (TAT) p~

The first pl¥tse of the programre was launched on the left bank of the

Senegal River Valley during the 1983-1984 season. This initial phase focused on surveys

of envirarrental conditions, production systems and socio-econanic conditions of fanrers

as well as identification of constraints.

In the Senegal River Valley, a distinction is usually made between the

Delta, the ~liddle Valley and the Upper Valley. The surveys were conducted in the first

t'-U zones atrong 160 <::CI!pOtmds, 55 in the Delta and 105 in the Middle Valley.

traditional The preliminary results indicate that there are two fanning systems:

the (upland and water subsidence) and rice-based irrigated cropping system

(large plots and small village plots). Cultural practices as far as irrigated rice

is coocemed (rotation, soil preparation, soong rrethod) vary according to the fanning

system.

The major constraints to irrigated rice cultivation identified are:

Irrigation problems, weed infestation, the price level of inputs, pests (birds, insects,

mites) the small size of village plots, emigration, adjustrrent of the cropping calendars

and difficulties in the management of fanrer associations.

Special Water Managarrent Studies

Studies in the area of water managcmmt carried out between 1982 and

1984 have resulted in the identification of constraints and problens in the use of

irrigation water in the small irrigated village plots in the Senegal River Valley in

the middle and upper valley areas. Studies conducted in SITk.'lll village plots in Halpular,

Maures and Soninke have shewn that the problems are as in the foHewing accol.mt.

Problems linked to the quality of irrigation net'-Urks can be attributed

to poor design, and construction and maintenance of these facilities.

In the ~urp.s. r:nc\Halpulars plots, water requirarents are rret at between

- 64-

65 and 90"/ •• The water consurption efficiency is high, ranging fran 80 to 90"10. In the

Scninke plots, as a result of the highly penreable nature of the soil (fonde soils),

water consmption is high and the distribution of water is very irregular on the plots.

In all the plots, water distribution is carried out in rotation, with

plots and sectors being provided with water in an orderly fashion. The interval between

bIO periods when water is sq>plied is adapt~d to the crop needs.

In the Maures and Halpulars, each famer irrigates his plot himself.

In the Soninke, irrigation water is supplied by successive groups of fatm:!rs. The

only paid staff is the pump attendaQt w.ho is paid by the famer association.

Haintenanc:e and repairs of the network arc undertflken irregular ly, as

and when necessary. Preventive mainteriance is c,arried out collectively.

hroog the t1aures and Halpulars, rainfed and water subsiclerce creps play

a very minor part in the cereals produced . for household constrrption.

is true of the Soninke.

The opposite

Im:lng the Halpulars, funds for . gr<M.ing . irrigated crops are obtained

during migration, while arrong the Maures, iocare is earred fran handicrafts and ' the

sale of fir~.· The soninke, .on the other hand, obtain their funds fran the sale

of crops.

Existing village institutions have, for the rrost part, proven to be

an effective base for the organisational structure of the irrigatiennetwork.

Training programmes were organized for scientists from various institutions

in the region (SCNAIER, t1auritania, CILSS and ISM). A seninar on Azolla was organized,

with the participation of 12 WAROO. n:arber states.

- 65-

roI.LAlDOO'Irn WI'nl 01HER INsnnmrns

The station collaborated with the follCMing institutions in int>lem:mt~

its activities in 1984:

a) NatiOMl Institutions

Sierra Leone: The seed nultiplication fanns at Magbolontor, Menge and

"Mile 58".

GUinea Bissau: The experinental station at Contuboel.

Burkina Faso: CERCI.

Bali: The Soil Scieoce Depart:Irent of SRCVO (Bamako).

b) International Institutions

- The Catholic University of Louvain, Belgiun.

- The Wageningen University, The Netherlands.

- FAD, Rome, Italy.

- IRRI, Phillipines.

- 66 .....

IV. RF.G!CNAL DEEEWA1ER RICE RESEARCH STATICN ,

MJFTT" t ll\LI

In 1984, the programnes of this station -were reviewed and priorities

reset with fff1!Jhasis on technology generation. The new research and developrent programne

priori~ies are:

i) varietal inprovarent;

ii) technology assessment and transfer;

iii) soil fertility and crop management;

iv) pest rnanagarent; and . . '

v) training of farmers, field assistants and agricultural students from

national institutions.

The 1984 activity results -were adversely affected like in the previous

years by the intensifying drought in the area since 1982. The najor results are high-

lighted belCM.

VARIETAL IMPRI'JVEl1ENr

The varietal irrprovement programne is ained at developing and identifying

from within and outside the region, high-yielding varieties to replace the existing

traditional and inproved lCM-yie1ding varieties grown in West Africa. The varietal

irrprovement programne covers gemp1asm collection and utilisation, initial evaluation

tests, observational and advanced yield trials and seed multiplication.

Gerrrplasm Collection

Due to poor storage facilities, old collections of gemplasm are replaced

periodically. In 1984, sore ~ glaberrirna varieties were sent to Vienna for irradia­

tion, with the objective of irrproving their shattering charactersistics.

Initial Evaluation Tests

Four najor tests were conducted under this programne. These are: (i)

the International Rice Testing Programne (IRrP), (ii) WARTh-". Initial Evaluation Testing

- 67 ....

(IET), (iii) Introduction of IRRI lines, and (iv) Drought Resistance Testing.

International Rice Testing Progrmrre (IRl'P)

The three sets of trials conducted tmder the IRIP are: (i) flood tolerance

rice screening set (nm.rn I), (H) the roodiun deepwater rice screening set (IRIHN

II), and (Hi) ~ter rice screening set (IRlRN III). In 1984, the IRIln1 II and

IRIllN III sets were substituted for the InteI'Qational Floating Rice Observation Nursery

(IFKN). Selection of entries for all the IRI'P materials is based on the following

(i) elongation ability, (H) early naturity, (Hi) resistance to sten'borers, and (iv)

phenotypical acceptability.

Results of tests conducted tmder IRI:KN I indicated that lOOSt varieties

were capable of perfonning well in both. water levels and the rest only in one level

- shallCM or roodiun. Unlike the IRVtDl I, the IFRCN trials were conducted in the

rrediun and deep zones. Trials in the deep zone failed du-e to early inundation.

tVAIm\ Initial Evaluation Test (IET)

Forty-three were tested with the aim of identifying those varieties

'-lhich have a broad spectrun of adaptation to environrental stress such as drought and

flood tolerance, insect and disease resistaoce. 1\velve varieties found to be adaptable

to the environrental conditions in the ~fopti area were tested in an observational yield

trial. The highest grain yield of 1920 kg/ha was obtained with variety \olAR 44-17-32

foll~d by WAR 73-1-1 with a yield of 1684 kglha.

Introduction of IRRI Lines

Sixty-five lines frem single, double and back crosses were tested at

M:pti with the objective of identifying lines adaptable to the envirormmtal stresses

in deefMater rice areas. Most of the lines tested perfonned very well. Sare varieties

sh~d short plant life cyoles (98-100 days to 5CrIo fl~ring) and have high phenotypical

acceptability. Such varieties coold be suitable for flash flood areas with favourable

rainfall. The best varieties identified are:

m 45546

m 46520

m 46587

m 46591

IR 46534

IR46540

IR 46554

Drought Resistance Test

-68-

IR 46592

IR 46597

IR 47405

Forty-three lines received fran a dry season screening set in Thailand . .

vtlich sha.Rd drought resistance and good recovcry values were tested. The best varieties

were 8PR 7295-2-1-2~2-{) and IR 42 (the check variety). Sare pranising varieties which

could withstand a drought situation of 14 to 21 days and still recover after watering

were l}t~ III and 8PR '76 Can 2-9-1. The trial will be repeated in the dry season using

the variety IR 20 as a check.

Observational Yield Trials

Lines in the Observational Yield Tdals carprisc lines selected fran

the 1981 IIDm I and IRIliN II nurseries, the 1983 J:RI:Xrn I, IPJRN II, lET and crosses

fran the station's Rapid Gene~ai:iOn Advancelines~ These lines were tested in and

out of station on the basis of plant height, duration and resistance to diseases and

insects.

(i) Thirty-bolO lines 'selected fran the 1983 preliminary screening sets

perfonred faily well in both mediun and deepwater zones, particularly

IR 19061-57-4E-Pl and HAR 3"~2-1 milc four varieties IR 13260-135-

1E-P1, IR 111~1':"'1, HAM 2-15-79 and WPM 2"';16-79 perfonred well only

in the deepwater zone.

(ii) Crosses fran materials developed fran the rapid generation advance

method at IRRI using pedigree method of breeding are still under observation.

(iii) In the off-station observational yield trials conducted at Dire

in Mali, 18 out of 48 varieties tested had satisfactory phenotypical

awearance at harvest (Table 15). 8tarborer attack was observed bud

did not affect the perfonnance of IlPSt varieties.

-69 -

Table 15 Promising lines selected from the .Observational

Yield Trials in Dire (Mali) - 1984.

Days to Days to 50% flo- Maturity

Varieties wering

(DAS)

1. Nam Sangui 97 127

2. IR 43 93 123

3. IR 13 20-13 5-1 E-Pl 100 130

4. Leb Mue Nahng III 103 133

5. IR 13260-60-100-1E-P3 115 145

6. DweT 37-2-B-B 108 138

7. DM 16 112 142

8. WAR 44-17-2-3-2 118 148

9. SPR 7292-151-21-B-B 117 147

10. KAU 2039 103 133

11. BKN 76109-1-2-1 103 133

12. IR 134-27-20-4E-P1 92 127

13. IR 134-29-109-2-2-1 91 121

14. IR 19061-57-4E-Pl 106 136

15. BKN FR 76035-112-1 91 121

16. WAR 35.,.8-2-2 118 148

17. IR 112-88-BB-118-1 108 138

18. BKN 6987-161-1-3 116 146

Date of transplanting seedlings: 26-06-84

DAS = Days After Sowing (transplanting).

Stem- Pheno-borer typical attack accepta-

0-9) ~i!~5Y

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

3 3

3 1

3 1

3 1

3 1

3 1

1 3

1 1

1 1

1 1

3 1

3 1

1 1

- 70 -

Advanced Yield Trials

The .Advanced Yield Trials cooprise WARllt. Coordinated Trials and

Yield Potential trials · ~ich were conducted on and off station.

WARn\ Coordinated Trials

In the WARDA Coordinated Trials, 15 varieties iocluding the local check,

!<hao Gaew were tested in the Irediun zone polder at the station. The yields were quite

lCM due to poor rainfall and the absence of floods. Varieties ~ich perfo~c!ightly. better were BI<N 6987-161-1-3 with a yield of 2.2 t/ha, foll~ . by BI<N 6986-38-1-1

and Wakaiyo with yields of 1.95 and 1.91 t/ha respectively. No major disease attack

was recorded.

Yield Potential Trials

Station Trials

Thirteen varieties selected from the Observational Yield Trials in previous

years were grown in the Irediun and deep zones. In the deep zone, varieties such as

FRRS 43-3, Sentral ~rah and 111 16 yielc'lCd 4.1 t, 3.75 t and 3.7S t/ha respectively

~ile the check variety !<hao Gaew yielded 3 t/ha. Three new floating rice varieties

BI<N FR 76050-10-1, SPR 7410-0-147 and SPR 7410-0-256-R1 gave promising grain yields

of 3.3 t, 3.4 t and 3.9 t/ha respectively with alrrost the sane life cycle (169-170

days) as the check variety. Their resistaoce to stemborer attack was high.

In the Irediun zone I trials, there was little or no signifiCant differeoce

between the tested varieties and the check, !<hao Gaew, ~i1e in the Irediun zone II

trials, the highest yield was obtained from the new variety IJ.O' 156-1-2-0 (3.9 t/ha).

The check, !<hao Gaew yielded 2.9 t/ha. Other varieties ~ich perfonred better than

the check were CR 1030 0.6 t/ha), BH 2 (3.4 t/ha), BR 118-3B-17 (3.3 t/ha) and Baligrodak

and Sentral ~rah (3 t/ha each).

Off-stationTrials

a) Segou (Mali)

... 71 · ....

In the deep zone trial, 8 out of the 12 varieties selected gave pranising

yields. Varieties BI<N 6323, Bakutu and AIM' 301 were subrerged due ~o their inability

to cope in gra-Jth with the rapid rise of flood W"lter. IM 16 and IM 17 did fairly well

but were destroyed by birds due to their earliness in maturity. The best grain yield

of 3.S t, 3.1 t and 3 t/ha were obtained fran varieties Nang Kieu, Mali Sawn and Indoc:hine

blanc respectively.

In the roodiun zone trial, Khao Gaew gave the highest . yield of 3.1 tlba

followed by NangKieu (2.9 t/ha) , BI<N 6986-81-S (2 tlba) and Cula (1.8 t/ha). IM 16

and IM 17 were again destroyed by birds due to their earliness in maturity.

In the shallow zone trial, the following varieties gave the highest

yields: BI<N 7022--6-4 (2.3 tlba), BH 2 (2.2 t/ha~ and BI<N 7022-10-1-4 (2.1 tlba).

No disease problems were observed during all the trials.

b) Banfora (furkina Faso)

Sixteen varieties were tested for the roodiun and shallow water levels.

In the roodiun zone trials, with the exception of BI<N ·6323 and <lila, all the other va­

rieties gave yields of over 3 t/ha. TctJ yielders were Nang Kieu (S.3 t/ha), Khao Gaew

(4.9 t/ba), IM 17 (4.S t/ba), DA. 29 and FRRS 43-3 (4 t/ba each). In the sballow zone

trial, all the varieties perforrood well, including the check ' variety BR 51-319-9 which

yielded 4.3 t/ba. SL 22-617, BI.<N 6~38-1 and BKN 6986-105P gave high yields of over

S t/ha.

c) Mane (Sierra leone)

~lve varieties were tested in the roodiun and deep zones in the Waanje

River basin. In the roodiun zone trial, Cula Nang Kieu, . Khao Gaew and BKN 6986-81-5

varieties survived the high · floods due to their ability to elongate with · the floods

and their long life cycles. The highest yield of 3 t/ba W"lS obtained with Nang Kieu

followed by Khao Gaew (2.4 t/ba) and Cula (2 t/ha). In the deep zone trial, tw:) out of

-72-

the ~lve varieties tested gave pranising yield results: Indochine blanc (2.6 t/ha)

and Mali Sawn (2.4 t/ha). These are varieties with long duration and good elongation

ability.

Seed Multiplication

The ~ti station has a 14 hectare seed !Tllltiplication fann where founda­

tion seeds are produced for national seed !Tllltiplication projects of MenDer States.

Only the Malian Goverrmmt has regularly requested . seeds. The c1anand for varieties

such as Khao Gaew, Mali Sawn and Cula which before received greater attention has noo

shifted to 1M 16, FRRS 43.3 and Il<N varieties, which can fit into the changing weather

patterns. In 1984, part of the area was used to produce 12 tons of seed of different

varieties, 6 tons less than the 1983 production figure.

1Eamux.Y ~ AND 'l'RANSFER (TAT) ~

Constraints Identification

Under the TAT prograrrrre, constraints identification studies were carried

out in Segou and Sikasso areas. in Mali, Banfora in Burkina Faso and Baro in Guinea.

~~jor constraints identified were:

i) unreliable flooding~

ii) lack of improved cultural practices,

iii} 100 yield potential of p~sent varieties,

iv)disease, insect and other pest attack,

v) soil toxicity, particularly in the Banfora area.

~~ptive Farmer-Field Trials

Three teclmological packages were tested in 36 adaptive trials in the

mediun and deep zones in the M:pti area. The carplete package carprised land prepara­

tion, inproved varieties, line sowing, fertilizer awlication and weeding. The inter­

mediate package was the same as the carplete package, but ·without line soong. The

mininun package had only th~ improved variety.

- 73 -

In the carplete package, yield of the variety H<N. 6323 was 180'10 higher

than the check Khao Gaew.

Socio-econcmics

Data collected on household characteristics and resoorces of rice fanrers

involved in the adaptive Fanrer-Field Trials indicated that the average age of fanrers

ranged fran 46 to 58 years (Table 16). Females are slightly I1Pre than males in each

household. The average fann size of the surveyed villages (Djibitaga, Di~courou,

MadiarM, Severy, Tenenkou, Tongorongo) was nearly 10.5 ha. The. nt.nber of oxen awned

per household averaged 3.7; and ploughts and harrCMS awned averaged 2.3. Area cultivated

under upland CI'q)S was negligible in all the villages except in Madiana which was relati-under

vely higher (6.7 ha) than the area cultivated rice (5.8 ha). Paddy output was

very low due to drought, the average grain yield being ~7 kg/ha.

crop AND SOIL F'ERl'lLI'IY MANAGEMENT

Cultural Practices

A trial was conducted at . Segou (Mali) to detennine the optimal sowing

date. In the l~diun zone, the best sowing dates were July 15 and 25 (Table 17).

No Significant yield difference was found in row spacing of 2Ocm, 3Q:rn

and 40crn even though significant yield differences were found arrong the various varieties

(BH 2, LM 16, Khao Gaew, BKN 6986-167 and Mali Sawn) tested in different water levels.

Use of Fertilizers Xl the Segou area

A trial conducted / t)n fertilizer dosage and tUre of applica-

tion indicated that the recoorrended fertilizer dosage (100 kg/ha of amroniun applied

at sowing tUre and 50 kg/ha of urea applied 7-10 days before floods) increased yield

by 108% while the application of 100 kg/ha of phosphate at tillering and 50 kg/ha of

urea applied 7-10 days before floods set in increased yield by 119'1..

Trials conducted at ~ sites at the station to detennine the contri­

bution to rice yields of amroniun phosphate and urea used at various rates indicated

-7

4-

Tab

le

16

Suu

mar

y ch

pt'

acte

rist

ics

of

farm

ers

in 1

984-

85 T

AT

prog

ram

--

end

of

seas

on

av

erag

es.

Age

o

f F

amil

y S

ize

Ani

mal

T

racti

on

A

reaa

Cu

ltiv

ate

d

(ha)

ha

dd~

fiae

TA T

vil

lag

e

farm

er)

arv

s

e y

ears

M

ale

Fem

ale

To

tal

Oxe

n Im

plem

ents

5 R

ice

Upl

and

cro

ps

Dj i

bit

ag

a c

46

4.E

3 6

.00

1

0.8

3

4.3

3

1.6

7

16

.40

d .3

3

Dia

mba

cour

ou

47

8.C

O

5.1

7

13 .1

7

1.6

7e

3.1

7

10

.67

0

Mad

iam

a 50

9.

E7

1"()~ 16

1

9.8

3

4.1

7

2.0

0

5.8

3

6.6

8

Sev

ery

c 46

1

0.1

7

12

.33

2

2.5

0

4.0

0

1.8

3

9.6

3

0

Ten

enko

u 58

6

.67

6

.33

1

3.0

0

3.1

7e

1.8

0

6.7

0d

0

Ton

gqro

ugo

50

7.3

5

8.0

0

15

.33

4

.83

3

.17

1

3.5

0d

0

Ave

rage

~O

7.7

8

8.0

0

15

.78

3

.70

2

.27

1

0.4

6

1.1

7

land

s a.

Incl

ud

e la

nd

wit

hin

15

km

o

f th

e v

illa

ge,

Le.,

"C

ampe

men

t de

cu

ltu

re"

,/ m

ore

than

15

km

aw

ay

from

th

e v

illa

ge

are

no

t in

clu

ded

.

b.

Incl

ud

e p

lou

gh

s an

n h

arr

ou

s.

c.

The

se v

illa

ges

rep

rese

nt

free

flo

od

ing

zo

nes

wh

ile

oth

er

vil

lag

es

rep

rese

nt

flo

od

co

ntr

ol

zon

es,

bu

t ~armers

may

gr

ow ri

ce

in b

oth

zo

nes

(s

ee d

).

d.

Com

bine

fr

ee-f

loo

din

g

and

flo

od

co

ntr

ol

area

s w

ith

in 1

5 km

o

f th

e v

illa

ge.

e.

Som

e an

imal

s w

ere

sold

off

at

the

end

of

the

seas

on

.

(kg

)

2724

228 0 0 0

688

607

- 75-

Table 17 Effect of sowing dates on deepwater rice at 8egou (Mali), 1984

2 1 Tillers (Nbr/m ) Mean Yield {Kg/ha)l ScMi.ng Dates Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 . Site 2

25/6 169 a+ 188 be 19l1O a 2713 b

05/7 137 be 156 c 1492 ab 2550 b

15/7 195 a 244 ab 1695 ab 3281 .ab

25/7 156 ab 232 a 1236 ab 3358 a

04/8 105 c 200 ab 1055 be 2619 b

14/8 107c 1CX> be 423c 2281 b

F. test ** * ** * c.v. (%) 25 12 22 15

* Significant at 5% level

** Significant at 1;0

+ Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at S'I. level.

- 76 -

that there was no significant interaction of amroniun phosphate and urea, but when

applied in isolation. siRTlificant contributions to yield lolere obtained (Tables 1&

and 18b). were

The organic fertilization trials which started in 1984 at M:pti to

assess the possibility of substituting expensive inorganic , fertilizer with organic

fertilizer. 'Utere -were no significant differeoc.es arrong treatJrents.

a 3.0 t/ha manure (sheep/goat) the yield loleI'lt as high as ,3.5 t/ha. Another trial set

up to detennire the effect of natural phosphate carplemented with locally available

cow marrure shcMed a yield iocrease of 8470.

Rice Straw Study

An investigation was initiated in 1984 to evaluate the, effectiveness

of rice straw and other plant rraterials on soil rroisture conservation andloleed sq:>pres­

sion. All the treatmmts that received Il1llch arerged better with taller plants and

rrore bianass'- 'Ute"besttreatmmt -was with ' a rate '6f 13.3 tlha straw (Fig. 7). With

increasing water regirre, 10-30 L/rrl2, rice arergeoce, height and bianass of rice iocreased.

However, with the Il1llch at 20 t/ha, iocreasing water regirre at 30 1/rrl2 further did

not iocrease rice arergence when carpared With 20 1/rrl2. It was also noticed that a

loleek after watering, plots that did not receive straw had lost 4(f1o of their hunidity

as against 3-9% of plots that received straw. Four loleeks later, plots without Il1llch

had lost 7Erlo of their hunidity.

Intercropping of Rice with Other Crops

A trial was set up at the station to assess the best way to intercr'l'

rice with other upland c~s in the area with the objective of assuring famers of

at least sore crop harvest in case of inadequate floods. Rice varieties such as 1M

16 (in IOOdiun and deep zones), BH 2 (in shallow zones) were gr~ in association with

millet (3/4 NI<K) am sorghun (1571-73). Only millet survived the drought and yielded

betloleen 235 and 473 kg/ha.

- 77 -

Table 18: Contribution of amroniun phosphate and urea to deepwater rice yield, Mopti Station 1984

a) Rice yield (Kg/ha) at site 1.

Dosages of Dosages of A.P. (Kg/ha) Mean Yield

Urea (kg/ha) 0 50 100 150

0 1907 2350 2820 3456 2633 25 2330 3360 3730 3283 3148 50 2780 3367 3497 3627 3318 75 2923 3577 4033 3480 3503

100 2990 3977 4363 3943 3818 Mean yield 2586 3324 3689 3538

Urea F. test** CV = 12% LSD 5% = 692 kg/ha

A.P. F. test** CV = 11':10 LSD 5':10= 306 kg/ha

Urea X A.P. : F. test NS

b) Rice yield (kg/ha) at site 2.

Dosages of Dasages of A.P. (kg/ha) Mean Yield Urea

(kg/ha) 0 50 100 150

0 1720 1750 2440 2337 2062 25 2183 2493 2600 2733 2502 50 2303 2807 3000 3233 2836 75 2413 2607 2723 2913 2664

100 2777 3170 · 3487 3177 3153 Mean yield 2279 2565 2850 2879

Urea F. test * cv = 24% LSD 5% = 600 kg/ha

A.P. F. test * cv = 8% LSD 5% = 149 kg/ha

Urea X A.P. : F. test NS

A.P. = Ammonium phosphate

* significant at 5% ** significant at 1%

NS = Not Significant.

~ ~

til

<C

:l

N .... .. . , :. :. c ~ 01

to

~

&: Q

·v

U ... OJ:

100

90

80

--

---

-------------

--7

01

• 60

. _O-.-O---~O-~

. .-

A-~-

__

__

:=.:.

..---

-. _

-0--

'>

50

40

30

20

to

10

2

0

. 2

WP

.lek

ly w

ate

r le

vels

.(

1/111

)

30

:.4u

lch

atD

.l t/

ha

Mul

ch a

t n.

7 t/

ha

Mu

lch

at

20

t/

ha

No

Mu

ich

FlG

UR

£ 7

: E

FF

EC

T

OF

MU

LCH

A

ND

W

AtE

R

LEV

ELS

ON

RIC

E

EM

I£R

GE

NC

E

AT

1

2

DA

S •

.

DA

S D

ays

Aft

er

So

win

g.

~

I

PFSl'~

Weed Control

-79 -

Trials carried oUt to assess the influence of spaci~ and sowing mathod

on the eontrol of the armual ~.nld rice, Oryza barthii failed c.\ie . t.O severe drought.

However, . the 1983 results showed that 'Hne drilling and especially line dibbli~ at

30 and ~ an could reduce the quantity of seed required, weeding titre and irrprove the

efficiency of ' hand weeding.

Trials conducted on sites with pure stands of armual wild rice o. barthii

and sites with mixtures of weed species to study the critical period of hanGleeding

deepwater . rice indicated that the best period of han<koleeding under both situations

was 4-? weeks after rice errergeoce. The daninant weed species at the sites were ~lochia

corchorifolia, Panicun anabaptistun, Bracharia sp, Eleocharia Plantaginea and O. ~­

staminata.

Herbicide Evaluation

Trials in 1984 shoNed that zer<>-tillage · weed control using Glyphosate

at the rate of 2.88 kg/ha a.i. was as good as aninal ploughing, mile Paraquat at 2.0

kg/ha a. i. was less effective. <l>setvation on tmreplicated test plots for bIO consecutive

years showed that as high as 3-5 tomes per ha of pacXly could be obtained fran light

clay soils with zero tillage.

Entcrrology l1 "f I>r;' . --" '- .. , I

'The entcrrology programre . covered insect · pq:rulation dynamics, varietal

screening for resistance to stemborers and insecticide screening.

The study on insect population dynamics indicate,G that the drought infl~

ced insect proliferation. The overall clc:Jmge by larvae on stans was lower at the begitr­

ning of the rainy season but darmge caused by ~ zacconius larvae was the roost fre­

quent. Maximrn st€m infestations were observed tQV.lards the maturity stage of the rice

plant with Maliarpha separatella being the roost abundant species. Mali Sam and FRRS

43-3 were the roost susceptible to stemborers.

-80-

D.Je to the lOW' insect population during the season, no significant dif­

ferences were observed among the twenty-nine lines received fran IRRI and tested at

~ti to verify their resistance to African stercborer species (Scirpophaga incertulas

and ~ supessalis).

In the inseCticide screening trials conducted at ~ti and in the fanrers I

fields to detennine the effectiveness of three insecticides Cllolofevinphos (Birlane

10 G), Carbofuran (Furadan 3G) and a binary chemical Deeis and Diazionon (12.5 g +

300 g), there were no significant differences found among the treatments.

Pathology

A Case study to find out the causes of the "Gao Disease", i.e. the drying

of leaf tips and c1.ecay of stans was .conc1ucted using fifteen varieties of 2. ~, £. glaberrirra and annual wild-rice 2. barthii at the c1.eepest .zone of the tank at the

M:pti station, ~re water c1.epth excee(l.!S 200 on. Sate 2. ~, £. glaberrirra and

o. barthii varieties sh~d good ability of withstanding this phencxiJerion~ Varieties

such as Bl<N 6323, MNf 301, Bakutu and Hali Sawn carpletely succurbed to the ''Gao

Disease".

The station collaborated in its work with the.follOW'ing institutions:

International

- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

- United States Agercy for International Develcpn2Tlt (UOOD)

- International Atomic Agency in Vienna

National

Mali:

- ~ration Riz ~ti (CD1)

- ~~ation Riz Segou (OOS)

- Action Riz Sorgho Gao (ARSG)

... 81 -

- Ccrtpagnie Malienne pour le lRvelopparent des Textiles (CMIJI')

- Division d I Experimmtation du materiel agricole (1H1A) , Bamako

Sierra Leone:

.;.. Otristian Extension Service (CES)

- Torma-Bun Rice Developnent Authority (TBRDA)

- Adaptive Crop Research and Extension (ArnE) Project

- Seed Multiplication Project (~)

Guinea:

- National P-esearch Station, Baro

Burkina Faso:

- Centre d'ExperUnentation du Riz et des Cultures irriguees (CERCI)

The Garrbi~

- Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resoorces (WINR)

Niger:

- National AgrormIic Research Institute (INRAN), Kola

Nigeria:

- National Cereals Research Institute, Ibadan

- Kano State Rural Developnent Authority (KNSRDA.)

- 82-

REGICWiL SEED I:I\lmA'IOOY

The · packaging and distributiOn of WARDt\ main season trial materials

are the roost inportant fuoctions of the Regional Seed Laboratory~. , A total of 350 entries

varieties l'epresenting 91% of the total received were ' packed . . and distributed to .58

trial locations in all the 16 rrenber countries in 1984. . The entries consisted of 3

Initial Evaluation Trials (IEI's) and 8. Coordinated Variety Trials (M's), naking up

a total of 130 trials.

The entries were received fran (i) the WARDI\ Regiona~ Research Stations

at St. Louis, Senegal (70), and Bouake, Ivory Coast (28); (ii) IITA (77); anc' (iii)

~ Nursery Faun at Suakoko, Liberia (259).

The Regional Seed Laboratory is the sole inporter and distributor of

all exotic rice varieties caning into the WARDA region,· except Nigeria. WARLVI. therefore

handles all the !RIP materials fran IRRI. Twenty nurseries were handled and 10 COlD'ltries

serviced in 1984.

Begiming in 1985, the Seed Laboratory will no longer package and distri­

bute trial materials, its primary activities will be ·· shifted to the collection of .50-

100 kg of all rice varieties reccmrended in the region and cataloguing and exchanging

gemplasm materials within and out.side the region.

WAlID\' S ACITVlTIES CN JNImJATICWiL RICE 1ES'I'n1; (!RIP) AND GElM'I.MM ~

IRl'P nurseries were planted at many sites in the region. The top entries

in the IRYN-VE conducted at Fanaye, Senegal, were UPR 231-28, IR 2592.5-84-3-2, UPR

254-35-3-2, n<H 9 and IR 2.5898-57-2-3. ITA 212 was the best yielder followed by :oc;

379-2, ~ 74229, BP 112~1526-2-2, etc.

M:>st of the pranising varieties fran the IlUiI, IURCN conducted at Suakoko

were entered into the 1984 l>1AlID\ irrigated and upland Initial Evaluation Trials. In

the acid lowland screening set conducted by WAlID\ at Suakoko, IR 5741-73-2-3, IR 56,

IR 4683-54-2-2-3, IR 3941-25-1 and IR 3839-1 were arong the entries that possessed

some levels of tolerance.

-83-

Three 1984 IRIP nurseries ~re planted by WARIl\ at Suakoko. These were

IURCN, IRCN and acid lcMland screening set. Several prartising entries identified will

be further tested in the caning year and sore will be used for hybridization.

\VARIWnTA/Q\RI m::N TOXICI'IY RESEARCH PIDJECl'

Tho screening trethoclologies were developed and used for the various

trials. Ore is pot screening and the other is field screening. The features of the

rrethodologies are the possibilities of identifying the preseoce or non-preseoce of

acceptable toxicity level in any given pot or field plot. This is possible because

in the pot screening, both the resistant and susceptible checks are in the serre pot

with the test varieties. For the field screening, susceptible and resistant checks

are planted across the plots.

Several tolerant cultivars ~re identified. Sore of these are TCIX 960-

31-1, rox 960-9-2, CIAT 16404, CIAT 21528, TG1 2-38, 1tM 2-66, rox 711-17-4, AD 9246,

1NAU 7893, IR 13240-82-2-3-2, BR 161-2-3-58, 'lUX 903-2-1 and IR 13538-48-2~3-2.

Toxicity synptans were found to iocrease significantly up to eight ~eks

after transplanting. There ~re highly Significant differeoces be~n cultivars re­

actions under toxic and non-toxicconditions.

In the genetic studies, all the F1 plants were found to be tolerant

to iron toxicity. as

In the 1984 IRIP acid lowland screening set, sore entries socW BW 100,

BW29>-5, CR 261-7039-236 and IR 13149-43-2 ~re found tolerant.

'I'ECmIC'AL ASSISTANCE

a) Post Harvest Activities

'The post harvest activities ~re neinly in the area of providing services

to the member countries.

A survey was conducted at the re~st of the goveI"rJOOnt of Burkina Faso

in January 1984 to excrnine post-production technologies, nainly rice milling in the

country. The s~y report with recc:mrenc1.ations . has been suttJp.tted to the Burkinabe

goverrarent for consideration and inplem.mtation.

In July 1984, assistance was given to the goveI"rJOOnt of QJinea-Bissau

to instal new parts on the Iseki rice mills.

In late Novarber 1984, two rice processing engineers and a naintenance

teclmician were assigned to assist the Liberia Produce t1arketing Corporation (11M:;)

to instal three new Satake rice mills ~d to erect storage facilities · at Voinjarm,

Gbarnga and Ganta.

At the re~st of the ARCr, a set of guidelines for inspecting and grading

parboiled rice was prepared to· be used in cormection with ''Rice P arboiler ftardware

Developrent Project in Africa."

Negotiations were carpleted with SESFiat of Italy to set up producer­

gas technology project in San;! WARDt'\ rrarber countries. It is envisaged that the inple­

IlE1ltation of the project will begin about the end of 1986.

b) Policy Studies

As part of the World Bank's Niena-Dionkele Rice Project in Burkina

Faso, a study was conducted in 1984 to assess the Urpact of goveI"rJOOnt policies on

narketing and pricing of paddy and milled rice in the country. ~ of the conclusions

drawn are as foll~:

1. &M>I1XM, a public institution designed to purchase paddy fran fanners,

particularly those in the special goveI"rJOOnt supported rice projects

as well as organized fanners such as cooperatives, was purchasing less

than 10'10 of the national output that enters the local narket annually.

- 85-

2. The institution was having sam disputes with fanners over grading

standards, delay in payrrent for paddy puchased and the aroount of ''pay­

back" fee. Consequently, fanners fran the projects who usually sell

the bulk of their paddy to the agency were selling increasing quantities

of their produce to private traders.

3. Rice is irrported into the country by private traders who find it

both profitable and convenient to handle irrported rice instead of local

rice. This is due largely to govel"ml2nt pricing policies which take

into account all costs and add 8 to 10% profit margin for irrported rice.

4. The guaranteed producer price for paddy as carpared with other creps

has changed less frequently in the last two decades. The changes did

not make any significant inpact on rice production as increases tended

to be still less attractive carpared to those of other creps cctrpeting

with rice for the use of scarce resources (Fig. 8).

5. On weight basis, rice is the rrost expensive cereal; ~ver, the

faster rate of increase · of official consUTEr prices of other cereals

has caused rice to becam relatively cheaper and cheaper (Table 19).

c) Seed Progran:re in Liberia

A collaborative research project involving WAm\, CtJU and SRSP was

initiated in Septatber 1984 to investigate the possibility of introducing high-yielding

varieties, particularly for the upland, to replace the existing ones being cultivated

in Liberia.

WAIID\ staff also continued to serve on two· national carmittees related

to seed in Liberia: (i) the National Seed Cannittee and (11) National Seed Project

Implementation Commdttee.

FIGURE 8:

5Q

~o

2

-86-

~NP~X Of' t)~J:?PVC~ft PRICES Ofo' Ct;flEA""S ~N \lUHKINA rASO ( l~70-n-JOQJ

r - - -r.:;-::-::-::, , , • ,

J , , , , I , , , , , , , , , , ,

I I , • , • I , ,

I ----__ --J

Millet

I

ISol'Uh~n

I I

/ I . Muize

.1/ '/ .

/

lO·~ .... __ -----------------~------------------------~---------------L--------------1970-71 J 975-76 1980-81 1983-8~

YEAR

Table 19

YEAR

1977/78

1983/84

'Yo Increase

- 87 -

Proportional increases in officia'l consumer prices of cereals in Burki.na Faso (CFA F/kg).

MILLET

45

90

SORGHUM nVHITE)

45

88

95.6%

MAIZE RICE

4S 110

88 155

95.6'Yo 40.9%

d) Seed t-fultiplication Report Review - Togo

In 19841 the Goverrrrent of Togo requested a review of a study HARDA t e .

conducted in 1982 on Iseed trllltiplication prograI'!lTe of the cmmtry. The objective of

the review was to enable the Togolese goverrrrent to inplarent sam of the earlier recan­

rrendations.

- 89.-

TRAINING DEl'AlID1ENI' ACITVITIES

In 1984, the Training Departmmt organized and conclucted six courses

which were attended by 126 participants. The courses were offered at the P.egiornl

Training Centre at Fenc1all, Liberia; in Ivory Coast; and in Guinen Bissau (Table 20).

i) Training at the Regional Training Centre

a) Research Assistants Course for staff frcm the stations with the equi­

valent of a bachelor's degree - midway between the scientists and field

nssistants.

b) Post-..9arvest TeclUlology Course for middle and higher-level tecl:micians

invdved in rice milling, storage and processing, ,..nth the equivalent

of the ''baccalaureat'' (12th grade or GCE 'A' level).

c) Rice ProCuction Specialists Course for staff with a minirrun level

of senior teclmician/bachelor's degree; it covers extension, production,

research and training.

Sore of the trainees l.mo undertook applied research trials in groups

of 7 to 10 organized a field day on 31st October, 1984 to present their trials and

results. llimdreds of people (fanrers, students, researchers and others) attended the

field day.

Other trainees who took an intensive ccmrunication, extension and teaching

course, organized and conducted a ~ek workshop for 25 Libericn extension workers

frcm various projects in the country.

-90-

ii) Training Conducted in NeTher Cotmtries

(d) Seminar on Extension and Audio-Visual Techniques (Bouake, Ivory

Coast): This six~k course was conducted for extension workers to

acquaint than with nethods of camunication and extension and the usc

of various audio-visual techniques so that they can better transfer

technologies to the farmers.

(e) Bird Control Course (Suakoko, Liberia): A bird control course was

organized for persormel fran Engli~speaking countries who had not

attended a similar course held in Senegal in 1983. This course was

held fran 1 to 10 October, 1984.

(f) Course on Seed laboratory Teclmiques (C.ontuboel, Guinea-Bissau): ..

This course was organized for 12 persons fran Guinea-Bissau in 1984.

iii) Other Activities

The IRpartrrent took part in the rreetings, discussions and collection

of data for the study on training in the (X;IAR systC?m.

-91

-

Tab

le

20

Info

rnati

on

on

the

var

iou

s co

urs

es

hel

d

in 1

984,

ru

n b

y T

rain

ing

D

epar

tmen

t.

COU

RSE

DU

RATI

ON

Res

earc

n A

ssis

tan

ts

6th

F

eb.-

30

th M

arch

(8

~yeeks)

Po

st-H

arv

est 1e~hnology

9th

Ap

ril-

1st

Ju

ne

(8 w

eeks

)

Ric

e P

rod

uct

ion

8p~cialists

11

th J

un

e to

7

th D

ec.

(6 m

onth

s)

Ex

ten

sio

n a

nd A

ud

io-v

isu

al

19

th H

arch

-27

th A

pri

l (6

w

eeks

)

Bir

d C

entr

o I

1st

Oct

ob

er

to

10

th

Oct

ob

er

See

d L

abo

rato

ry T

ech

niq

ues

T

0 T

A

L

NUM

BER

OF

PAR

TIC

IPA

NTS

19

84

19

28

33

24

10

12·

126

PAR

TIC

IPA

NTS

SI

NC

E CO

URS

E ST

ART

EC

65

179

284 24

26

63

641

-~-

FINANCES

Summary of Financial Support to WARDA Administration, Core and Special Projects for 1984 is shown below

Source Adninis­tration

Member States

CGIAR

Germany Sweden Netherlands Canada (CIDA) France Belgium IBRD IFAD OPEC Japan Rockefeller Foundation SUB-TOTAL

Special Project Donors

USAID France Japan EEC Netherlands UNDP/FAO lITA Switzerland World Bank Belgium

SUB-TOTAL

G RAN D TOT A L

1,127

Core Unrestric­

ted

D3 375

56 J75

44 32

713

1,728

Restric­ted

200 27

400 35

662

2,927 200 125 464

32 287

21 210 102 231

4,599

Special Projects

Total

1,127

2,390

4,599

8,116 ============================================================

- 93 -

MEMBERSHIP OF WARDA GOVERNING COUNCIL AND

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COM}1ITTEE

1. Governing Council (GC)

Minister Ministry of Rural Development and Cooperatives B.P. 03/2900 Cotonou PeOple's Repu6lic of Benin

Minister Ministry of Rural Development Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Minister Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development N'Djamena Republic of Chad

Minister Ministry of Agriculture Central Bank Building Banjul Republic of The Gambia

Secretary of Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture P.O. Box 37 Accra Republic of Ghana

Minister Ministry of Agriculture B.P. 576 Republic of Guinea

- 94-

Minister''1'( Hinistry of Rural Develqxrent and Fisheries CoP. 71 Bissau Republic of Guinea Bissau

Minister Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry Abidjan Republic of Ivory Coast

Minister Ministry of Agriculture M:mrovia Republic of Liberia

Minister Hinistry of Agriculture Barrako Republic of ~..ali

Hinister Ministry of Rural Develqxrent Nouakchott Islamic Republic of M:mritania

Minister Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Ni.arrey Republic of Niger

Minister Federal Ministry of Agriculture 34/36 Ikoyi Road P .M.B. 12613 Lagos Federal Republic of Nigeria

*Olairrran of the Couocil for 1984.

Minister Hinistry of Rural Develqxrent fukar Republic of Senegal

Minister l1inistry of Agriculture and Forestry Freet~

Republic of Sierra leone

Minister Ministry of Rural Develcprent B.P. 341 I..c.Im Republic of Togo

- 95-

- 96-

2. Scientific and Technical Committee (STC)

Mr. Kolli Goli ~lectionneur charge de recherche IDESSA - Centre Vivriers 01 B.P. 635 Bouake Republique de Cote d'ivoire

Mr. Michel Jacquot Chef du Programme Riz de l'IRAT lRAT/GERDAT B.P. 5035 - 39032 Montpellier Cedex France

Dr. V.T. John (up to une 1984) Pathologist IlTA P.M.B. 5320 Ibadan Nigeria

Dr. Kaung Zan (up to Ju~e 1984) IRRI Liaison Scientist IlTA P.M.B. 5320 Ibadan Nigeria

Mr. Moctar Toure (Chairman) ISRA B.P. 3120 Dakar Republique du Senegal

. D~ •. ~oe Quansah P.O. Box 3672 Kumasi Ghana

- 97-

Mr. B.v!. Obura (up to June 1984) ADS Abidjan Ivory Coast

Dr. t-bhared Sayed Balal Director Rice Research Section Agricultural Research Centre Giza Egypt

Dr. Almiro Blurenschein CNPAF-Ehbrapa Caixa Postal 179 Q)iana-Goias CEP 74aX) Brazil

Mr. iliy Vallaeys (up to June 1984) Directeur General Adjoint IRAT 110 rue de l'Universite 75flJ7 Paris France

Dr. Robert Kerr Cumingham 35, Clarence Road l\arpenden, Herts A15 4AN England

Dr. C.O. Obasola Director NCR! P.M.B. 5042 Ibadan Nigeria

Dr. Francis J. Lebeau 225 W. Georgetown St. Crystal Spring, MS 39059 USA

- 98-

Mr. Ibrahim Nebie (up to June 1984) Directeur ORO des Hauts Bass ins B.P. 577 Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso

Dr. Frans Rudolf t-bonmnn Professor Institute of Earth Scieoces University of Utrecht Budapestland 4 P.O. Box 80.021 3508 TA Utrecht The Nether lands

Dr. Rarrasy lamy Seetharaman Project Director (Rice) Hajendranagar Hyderabad 500 030 Andhra Pradesh State India

Hr. M.S. Scrcpo-Ceesay Assistant Director in Charge of Research Departnent of Agriculture Cape St. lliry The GcnDia

Mr. Marradou Fatogara Traore (up to June 1984' and fonrer STC Chainnan) Director General Institut d'Econorrde Rurale Ministere de l'Agriculture B.P. 258 Bamko }tali

-99-

SECTIOn FIVE

PERSONNEL

Office of the Executive Secretary

H. Leroux+ D:x:. d'Etat A.M.B. Jagne, B.A. B. Ly++ A. Niang

Executive Secretary Deputy Executive Secretary FAO Technical Advisor Internal Auditor

Administration and Finance Department

G. Coleridge-Taylor (1 ~.AJ Director J.N. Quaye, M.A. Chief of Administration R. Becker, L. es 1. Personnel Officer G. Olaopa, M.Sc. Finance Officer S.J. Merchant Liaison Officer V. Cooper (Hr}. ),M.B.A. Budget Officer T.S. Traore(2 Procurement Officer

Communications Division

L. Faye, Bcctorat Chief of Communications T. Asong(e~, M.A. jD.E.A. Trans lator /Interpreter D. Gaye, a B.A.(hons) Translator C. Soufllet (Mrs.),M.A. Translator A. Akotoye, M.Sc. Scientific Editor (English) M. Diallo, M.L.S. (b) Documentation Officer A. Fahnbulleh (Mrs}), B.A. :Jnr. Translator . F. Gaudin (Miss)~c Documentalist/Translator E. Neblett Technical Photographer A. Mbarquie* Technical Photographer

+ Dismissed from office in December 1984 ++ Left WARDA in August 1984

(1) Appointment terminated in January 1984 (2) Resigned in April 1984 (a) On study leave from mid-August 1984 (b) Returned from study leave in July 1984 (c) Resigned in May 1984 * Died in May 1984

Sub-Regional Coordination

R.B. Kagbo, Ph.D!-N. t\,oniIre 1++ s. Diatta+++ S. Bangura+ S. Assegninou++++ M. Diakit~ J. Oluf~te+++ D. Pankani+ O. Koffi-Tessio+ A. Kourouna++ ~i. Daffe++++

- 100-

Coordinator, Zone I, Banjul, Ganbia Coordinator, Zone I, Banjul, Ganbia Coordinator, Zone II, Conakry, QJinea Asst. Coordinator, Zone II ,Conakry, QJinea Coordinator, Zone III, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso .Asst. Coordinator, Burkina Faso Coordinator, Zone N, lv::.cra, (}}ana

Asst. Coordinator, lv::.cra, Chma Coordinator, Zone V, Niarrey, Niger Coordinator, Zone V, Ni.:m:y, Niger Asst. Coordinator, .Zone V, Ni.arrey, Niger

Scientific Staff of Research and Develq:m:nt Depart:rrent;, Headquarters

J .E. Johnston, Ph.D+++++ D.S.C. Spencer, Ph.D(a) D. Sanni, M.Sc. V.K. Nyanteng, Ph.D S.A. Botchey, Ph.D G.A. Paku, Ph.D t1. Amat, M. Sc. J. Varango, B.Sc.+ A.O. Abifarin, Ph. D M. Briat, M.Sc.+++(1) J.P. Faucher, M.Sc.+++(2)

Director Director Rural Engi~r Senior Economist Agronanist Agro-Statistician Econanist Architect Senior Bree0er -- lITA Liaison Scientist Mechanization Expert Agronanist

+Awointmmt tenninated in July 1984. ++Awointed in August and tenninated in Decarber, 1984. +++Reassigned to other places. ++++Appointment tcnninated in Decarber 1984 as a result of closing down the sub-regional

offices. +++++Assl.ITed office in August 1984. (a) Resigned, March 1984. +++(1) and +++(2) Assigned to Bouake and Mopti stations respectively but could not

leave till January, 1985.

- 101 -

Fendall Training Centre, Liberia

A.O. Adewusi, M.Sc.

A. Miyaishi, B.Sc.

L. Kandakai, M.Sc.

* A.M. Larinde, M.Sc.

Processing Engineer, Post Harvest Technology Laboratory.

Processing Engineer, Post Harvest Technology Laboratory.

Seed Technologist, Seed Laboratory

Seed Technologist

Regional Upland Rice Research Station, Bouake, Ivory Coast

K. Miezan, Ph.D M.A. Choudhury, Ph.D D.K. Das Gupta, Ph.D V.A. Awoderu, Ph.D E.A. Akinsola, Ph.D P.T. Fotzo, Ph.D B.K. Sarfo, M.Sc. R. Dia1lo, M.Sc. M.A. Diallo, M.Sc. J. Dallard, m.Sc. P. Letourury

,,: On study leave

Geneticist/Station Director Senior Breeder Senior Agronomist Senior Plant Pathologist Senior Entomologist Agricultural Economist Agricultural Economist Extension Agronomist Soil Scientist Breeder Agro-Statistician

- 102 -

Regional Mangrove Rice Research Station, Rokupr, Sierra Leone

M. Agyen-Sampong, Ph.D

K. Prakah-Asante, Ph.D

A.S. Sandhu, Ph.D

M.P. Jones, Ph.D+

S.N. Fomba, M.Sc.+

C.A. Dizon, M.Sc.+ + H.M. Bernard, B.Sc.

W.A.E. Cole, M.Sc.+

S.J. Fannah, M.Sc.+ + J.M. Adam, M.Sc.

Entomologist/Station Director

Extension Economist

Extension Specialist

Breeder

Pathologist

Soil Scientist

Weed Scientist

Extension Agronomist

Entomologist

Agricultural Economist

Regional Irrigated Rice Research Station, St. Louis, Senegal

A. Coly, Ph.D

W. Godderis, M.Sc.

T. Diop, M.Sc.

N. Bangura, M.Sc.

H. Van Brandt, M.Sc.

H.F. Diara, M.Sc.+ + • Camara, M.Sc.

+ B. Gaye, M.Sc.

A.M. Diop, M.Sc.+ + A. Kouroma, M.Sc.

T.P. Sessou, Ing.T.E.R.

J. Moreira, M.Sc.

Physiologist/Station Director

Breeder

Associate Entomologist

Pathologist

Agronomist

Associate Biologist

Associate Soil Scientist

Agricultural Economist

Associate Weed Scientist

Associate Extension Agronomist

Rural Engineer

Processing Engineer (Based in The Gambia)

+Seconded from National Programmes.

- 103-

Regional Deepwater/Floating Rice Research Station, Mopti, Mali

* M.K. Moolani, Ph.D ' ++ G.C. Nyoka, Ph.D

F.J. Bangura, Ph.D

1.5. Ouedraogo, Ph.D

D. Guindo, B.Sc.+

A. Coulibaly, B.Sc.+ + A. Traore, B.Sc.

M. Goita, M.Sc. +*"!( .

+** A. Diarra, M.Sc. +"(* A. Dembele, B.Sc.

+** A. Toure, B.Sc.

Agronomist/Station Director

Weed Scientist/Ago Station Director

Plant Breeder

Agricultural Economist

Associate Entomologist

Associate Extension Agronomist

Associate Agronomist

Breeder

Weed Science

Extension

Agronomy

Training Department, Headquarters

D.K. Awute, Ing. T.A. ** K. Conteh, M.Sc.

T. Co le, M.&:.

A. Maiga, Ph.D+++

1. Akintayo, Ph. D

J. Nketsia, Dip.

T. Seddoh,llp.

L. 2anoni++++

Director

Head, Training Centre

Trainer (Pathologist)

Trainer

Trainer

Interpreter/Translator

Interpreter/Translator

Special Assistant to the Director

+Seconded from National Programmes

++Acting Station Director after Dr. Moolani's death +++ .

Acting Chief, Training Centre, after Mr. Conteh left in August 1984 on study leave.

++++Left the services of WARDA in May, 1984

* Died in January 1984

** On study leave.

- 104-

SECTIO:" SIX PUBLICATIONS AND OTHER, PAPERS

- Aspects of Rice Production, Marketing and Pricing in Upper Volta, April 1984. (V.K. Nyanteng).

- The Role of Rice in Food Self-Sufficiency in ,West Africa, 1984. A paper for a Conference on Food Self-Sufficiency in Africa organized by the University of Ghana, 10-13th April, (V.K. Nyanteng).

April '-lest

1984.

- A Review of Nigeria's Seed Rice Programmes, August 1984. (Mission Report).

- Programme Achievement, Contribution to and Impact on Rice Deve lop­ment in West Africa, October 1984.

- The Adopt ion, Spread and Impact of t10dern Rice Product ion Techno­logy in West Africa. Working paper ,for the 16th Session of the Inter­national Rice Commission of FAO. (J.O. Olufowote).

- The Strategies of the West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA) Towards the Attainment of Self-Sufficiency in Rice Production in West Africa. A paper presented at the International Seminar on Food Self-Sufficiency in West Africa organized by the University of Ghana, Lego, 10-13th April 1984. (J.O. Olufowote).

- Inventory of Training, Research and Development Institutions in WARDA Member States.

- The Resistance of Rice Varieties t o Crab Damage in Mangrove Swamps of sierra Leone. A paper presented at a Symposium on Host Resistance organized by ICIPE, Nairobi, Kenya, June 1984. (M. Agyen-Sampong).

- Influence of Azolla on Rice Productivity at Rokupr, Sierra Leone. (H.F. Diarra, C.A. Dixon and C. Van Hove).

- The Ecology of Birds and Their Damage to Rice in Liberia. (E.A. Bashir).

- Monitoring Salt Content in the Rokupr Trial Area - Sierra Leone. (M~P. Jones and J.W. gt~nhouse). - Preliminary Survey of Soil Related Problems, Their Incidence and '-Ieed Flora in the Nangrove SW,amp Rice Growing Regions of Guinea. (S.N. Fomba, W.A.E. Cole and H.M. Bernard).

- 105 -

- Importance of Rice in West Africa. (V.K. Nyanteng). - Irrigated Rice Pests at Fanaye, Senega 1. (E .A. Akinsola and A. Coly). - Grain Yield of ROK 5 and Some Traditional Rice Varieties in Mangrove Swamps of Sierra Leone. (Stenhouse, J.W. and M.P. JOnes). - The Importance of Rice Awns in the Re duction of Bird Damage. (A.O. Abifarin) •

- Performance of Some Deepwater and Floating Rice Varieties at Hopti, UalL (Bangura, F.J. and M. Dione).

- Recommended Mangrove Swamp Rice Varieties in Sierra Leone. (Stenhouse, J~W. and M.P. Jones).

- Variability in Salinity tolerance by Rice in 11angrove Swamps of Sierra Leone. (M.P. Jones).

- Occurrence of Bacterial Leaf Blight on Rice tries: Senegal, Mali, Niger and Upper Volta. John).

in Four (Awoderu,

Sahe 1 ian Coun­V.A. and V.T.