AESTHETICS PART FOUR. EDUCATION IN THE ARTS Introduction Key Questions Some effects of art.
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Transcript of AESTHETICS PART FOUR. EDUCATION IN THE ARTS Introduction Key Questions Some effects of art.
AESTHETICSPART FOUR
EDUCATION IN THE ARTS
• Introduction
• Key Questions
• Some effects of art
BERNSTEIN: ON EDUCATION
• The Problem
• America’s built-in distrust of the arts
• In the days of the depression
• The problem still exists
• Solution
• Undercutting the attitudes
• Education
• Music
• Proposal
• Conclusion
ART, MORALITY & CENSORSHIP
• Introduction
• Key questions
• Arguments for and against censorship
• Plato
• LaBossiere
• Wilde
PLATO’S EPISTEMOLOGY & METAPHYSICS
Introduction Knowledge & Opinion
Argument against relativism (Theatetus) Relative
Self Refuting
Protagoras
First Problem of the Senses: Change Changing world
Cannot have certainty
Appear at a specific time
Source of knowledge
Senses cannot be a source of knowledge
PLATO’S EPISTEMOLOGY & METAPHYSICS
Second Problem of the Senses: Definitions Objects of knowledge must be universal & unchanging
Unchanging definitions are necessary
Language would not work
Perfect Standard Argument Physical things fall short
Knowledge of something perfect
Knowledge cannot come from senses
Knowledge is Not Right Opinion Right opinion (true belief) vs. knowledge
True opinion
Account
Rational justification
PLATO’S EPISTEMOLOGY & METAPHYSICS
• Knowledge is
• Objective
• Not obtained by the senses
• Universal
• Changeless
• Based in reason
• The Forms & Ideas
• Particulars (tokens) & categories (types)
• Universal/form
• Eternal
• Changeless
• Perfect
PLATO’S EPISTEMOLOGY & METAPHYSICS
• Participation
• Idea
• The Doctrine of Recollection (Meno)
• Meno’s Paradox
• Acquiring knowledge
• Communing with the forms
• Forgetting
• Doctrine of Recollection
PLATO’S DIVIDED LINE
a
The Line
D
Ideas: Reason
C
Mathematics: Intelligence
B
Physical Phenomena: Belief
A
Images: Imagination
•Visible World of Opinion: A+B•Intelligible World of Knowledge: C+D•The Good
PLATO’S EPISTEMOLOGY & METAPHYSICS
• Plato’s Metaphysics• The Forms
• Real, objective, independent, unchanging
• Not spatial or temporal
• Participation problem
• Change
• Paradox of Change
• Heraclitus
• Parmenides
• Platonic compromise
• Particulars: changing, imperfect, object of opinion
PLATO’S EPISTEMOLOGY & METAPHYSICS
• Particulars
• Reality comes in degrees
• The forms are causes of particulars
• Particulars resemble the forms
• Particulars participate in the forms in varying degrees
• The forms group particulars into types, making them intelligible.
PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE
a
Four Levels of Knowledge
Fully Liberated PersonsReason: Understanding the ideas as connected to theGood (the Sun: the Good).
Semi-Liberated Persons (beyond the cave)Intelligence: Understanding the ideas not seen asconnected to the Good (mathematics)
Dividing Wall Dividing Wall
(cave entrance)
People unbound in the caveBelief: Sense perception (Fire: the sensible Sun).Images of Ideas: natural and artificial.
People in chainsImagination: Images, sensations.The World of Illusion.People are in chains and confuse shadows and echoswith reality.
World ofKnowledge
World ofOpinion
The Realm of theIntelligible
REALITY
The Sunlight
The Realm of theSensible
THE WORLD OFAPPEARANCE
The Cave
PLATO’S REPUBLIC
• Introduction• Characters
• Claims
• Imitation• Ideas/Forms
• Artist
• The Painter
• The Three Beds
PLATO’S REPUBLIC
• Arts & Imitation• Makers & Imitators
• The Painter
• Knowledge
• Homer• A question must be put to Homer
• Argument against the claim about Homer
• The Poet is like a painter
PLATO’S REPUBLIC
• The Imitator• Appearances
• Three Arts
• The Imitator
• Principles• Imitation
• Illusions
• The rational principle & the inferior principle
PLATO’S REPUBLIC
• Poetry• Goal
• Imitation & Unity
• The Good Man
• The Higher Principle
• Imitation
• The Poet
• Analogy
PLATO’S REPUBLIC
• The Power to Corrupt• The Power of Poetry
• The Effect of Tragic Poetry
• The Ridiculous
• Lust & Anger
• Homer
• The Ancient Quarrel
• The Return of Poetry
LABOSSIERELIGHTS, CAMERA, BLOOD
• Introduction• Motivation
• Objectives
• Background
• Arguments for Censorship• Introduction
• First Argument: Normalization
• Second Argument: Curriculum
LABOSSIERELIGHTS, CAMERA, BLOOD
• Argument Against Censorship• First Argument-Part One: Dilemma
• First Argument-Part Two: Learning
• Objection: Other types of works should be censored
• Reply to Objection: Lessons
LABOSSIERELIGHTS, CAMERA, BLOOD
• Concerns• Less than satisfying
• Assumption of moral lesson
• Limited protection
• Response• First Reply: Plausibility
• Second Reply: None or sanitized
LABOSSIEREVIRTUAL VIOLENCE & MORAL PURPOSE
• Plato’s Argument & GTA• Plato’s censorship argument
• Video Games
• GTA III
• Violence with a Moral Purpose• The difference
• The difference in Aristotelian terms
• Conclusion
WILDEPREFACE FROM THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY
• Wilde• Beauty
• Critcism
• Morality & Books
• 19th Century
• Morality
• Artists
• Arts