ROMEAES World History

By the end of this lesson:

1. Explain the structure of the gov’t of the Roman Republic. Be sure to include the following terms: republic, Senate, consuls, veto, checks and balances

2. “In terms of defense, trade and governing outlying districts, Rome’s location was ideal.” Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?

3. What were some social conflicts that existed because of inequality w/in the Roman empire? Outcomes?

4. What factors helped Rome expand successfully? 5. What were the final results of the Punic Wars? 6. How did the gov’t and social structure of Rome

change as a result of the conquest of new territories?

Legend

Romulus and Remus Video: Roman Empire 101: Founding

Myths

Physical setting Base for controlling E and W

Mediterranean. Probs: vulnerable to invasion through

Alps and from sea.

Dif from Greece b/c

Unity w/in region Farming: Veggies, olives, grapes, citrus

Early people

Etruscans (late 600s BC) Cultural influence: written lang later

adapted by Romans. Fine clothing, pottery, jewelry, metal,

wood, paved roads, drained marshes, constructed sewers.

Etruscan Custom later adopted

Parade for conquering military leaders.

Location of Rome

Protected from Sea Invasion On river’s easiest crossing, center of land

trade routes.

Roman Gov’t

Est A republic: form of gov’t where voters elect officials to run the state.

Vote: ONLY adult males 3 main groups of citizens governed: Senate, Popular Assembly, and

Officials (called magistrates)

1. Senate Most powerful of 3

governing bodies. 300 members Jobs: Controlled public funds Decided foreign policy Could act as court In times of emergency:

propose dictator (only ruled for 6 mo)

2. Popular Assemblies Citizens get together and vote on laws and

elected officials Some assemblies voted on war or peace, some

had judicial roles. Tribunes: (10 elected officials) elected by

assemblies. Job: could refuse to approve Senate bills and judged actions of public officials. (checks and balances!)

3. Magistrates

Public officials 2 Consuls : Chief

executives (like Presidents)

Jobs: Ran gov’t and military

commanders. Appointed dictators Powers: Could veto (Latin

for ”I forbid”) acts of other consul, governed with the advice of the Senate.

To help Consuls:

Romans elected Praetors: commanded armies in times of war and oversaw legal system in peace. They also created lists of potential judges and jurors.

The Census!

Censors: Elected every 5 years only for 18mos. Job: registered citizens acc to wealth, could apt candidates to Senate, and oversaw moral conduct of citizens.

Checks and Balances

Prevented any one part of the gov’t from becoming too powerful.

Let’s make this more confusing!

Changes were made to the composition of the assemblies and elected officials based on the common people’s attempts to win more rights.

The Conflict of the Orders

Roman Society divided b/w 2 social classes after 509 BC: patricians and plebians.

Patricians: powerful aristocratic class. Controlled gov’t. Provided financial, social, and legal support in exchange for political backing and loyalty.

Plebians: All other citizens.

Plebians suffered

Couldn’t hold public office or serve in the military.

Didn’t know what the laws were because they weren’t written down! Judge stated laws and inly Patricians were judges.

Changes Made

Plebians demanded change and led strikes. Eventually forced Romans to write down laws.

The Twelve Tables: placed in public square.

More rights for Plebians

By 300BC, wealthy Plebians AND Patricians joined to form Roman Nobility.

Then, only POOR people discriminated against, not Plebians.

Officials Limited

Only rich nobles could hold office, b/c of lack of salary. Nobles controlled the Senate and dominated the

republic.

Video Clips! Greece and Roman Politics - Ancient Greek and Roman Gov’tFor 3rd graders

Main Ideas about gov’t

Roman government was supposed to give normal people (poor) a voice in gov’t

There were checks and balances to ensure that certain parts of gov’t didn’t get too powerful

If people felt like they weren’t getting a fair deal, they could appeal to try to change the way the gov’t was run.

Extending the Republic

Many wars. Army: all adult males w/min property

must serve army. Strict discipline in army. Good org,

training, high morale

Parts of the Army

Legions: most imp unit (4500-6000 male citizens)

Auxilia: army units of non-citizen men.

Video Clips!

IMPORTANT! Led to fall of Rome

Military because more important

Distant regions hard to control

Generals gained loyal followers (private armies) and could gain political power as Senate depended on them for protection.

Wise Policies

Conquered people also got partial citizenship and political power

Could own property and marry but not vote.

Rome made treaties and alliances w/distant cities. Allies promised to help military in times of need.

Conquered Regions

Also, conquered people provided land for resettled farmers. Helped to maintain military control, spread language, law and culture.

Brain Pop Time!

Roman Republic style! Yeah! Roman Republic

Family

Most imp unit: center of religion, morals, education.

Father=paterfamilias: authority. Conduced religious ceremonies, made all imp decisions, supervised son’s education.

Roman Women

Higher Status than Greek! Mother managed household, did buying

and helped entertain guests. Wife Swap clip!

Religion

Identified gods w/Greek gods. Observe will of gods by looking at organs

of sacrificed animals or flight of birds.

Roman Expansion

The entire Italian peninsula south of Rubicon River

Burden of defending Conflict with Carthage (originally

Phoenician colony) powerful city on coast of N. Africa.

Fought 3 wars b/w 264 and 146 BC: Punic Wars

Rome=better army, easier to defend Carthage=better navy, more wealth

1st Punic War

Rome won in 241 BC Carthage had to pay (indemnity) for

damages caused to Rome. Gave up control of Sicily.

2nd Punic War (218 BC)

Hannibal: created army in Spain w/infantry, cavalry and war elephants!

Crossed Alps from France into Italy: many died!

Video:Roman Empire101: HannibalAnd his elephant

Hannibal is one crazy awesome general!

Won many victories against the Romans. BUT Rome invaded N. Africa and turned

the tables. Battle of Zama.

Rome wins 2nd Punic War

Again, Carthage pays indemnity and gives up navy and Spanish colonies.

3rd Punic War

Some Romans hated Carthage at this point, sieged Carthage, enslaved population.

Salted their fields!

Conquest of Hellenistic East

Won war with Macedonia in 197 BC

Problems of Roman Expansion

Larger territory forced change in operation.

Senate gained almost complete control of army and foreign policy. Nobles gained more power.

No more freebie citizenships

New territories only given rules and taxes!

Provinces Separately

Governed by someone appointed by Senate. NOT closely monitored. Often took bribes and ignored needs of the people. Tax collectors lined pockets.

Changes in Agriculture

Large estates w/slaves (Latifundia)

Rome depended on grain from provinces.

Farmers lost land and livestock during Punic Wars and were forced to sell what they had and move into the cities . Some couldn’t find jobs and depended on gov’t for food.

Worse: couldn’t serve in military!

Growth of Commerce and Social Change

Inc. trade. New class of business and landowners

(equites) had great wealth and increased political influence.

Many jobless

Weakened ideals of discipline and devotion to the state.

Exchange of ideas New religions and cultures from

conquered territories. Slaves taken from territories. Some

treated badly. Spartacus! Slave. Led revolt but killed.

6000 of his followers crucified.

Check up

1. What were the final results of the Punic Wars?

2. How did the gov’t and social structure of Rome change as a result of the conquest of new territories?

Video: Rise of the Roman Empire: Brain pop!

Bigger Check up!

1. Explain the structure of the gov’t of the Roman Republic. Be sure to include the following terms: republic, Senate, consuls, veto, checks and balances

2. “In terms of defense, trade and governing outlying districts, Rome’s location was ideal.” Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?

3. What were some social conflicts that existed because of inequality w/in the Roman empire? Outcomes?

4. What factors helped Rome expand successfully? 5. What were the final results of the Punic Wars? 6. How did the gov’t and social structure of Rome

change as a result of the conquest of new territories?

By the end of the lesson

1. What was the First Triumverate? Why was it formed?

2. Identify Marius, Sulla, Pompey, Cleopatra, Marc Antony, Nero, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius

3. Describe the significance of the reign of Julius Caesar.

4. Contrast the rule of the Julio-Claudians w/ the rule of the Good Emperors

2 Bros try to do the right thing….

Tiberius and Gaius

The Roman Empire

Tiberius: 1st attempt to change Rome. Some Senators used public land for

private purposes. So, Tiberius limited amt of public land Senators could use.

Moved landless citizens to work on Senators’ old land.

Senators and sympathizers clubbed him to death.

Gaius: Tiberius’bro

Elected 123 BC Introduced using public funds to buy

grain for poor people and sell to them for low prices.

Gaius killed in a riot. Marked new trend: use violence to get what you want!

The Social War

Italian cities wanted right to run for office in Rome. Senate refused so the Italian allies rebelled.

Very bloody, Italian States well trained Italian cities beaten but Senate granted

benefits of citizenship.

Changes to Military

Consul: Marius: military hero. Signed up any citizen to serve in army regardless of land ownership.

Soldiers were paid and kept booty Led to volunteer army Soldiers could advance even if poor.

Armies became loyal to leaders instead of gov’t.

Consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla

Good general. When consulship ended Marius tried to stop him from commanding military.

So, Sulla marched legions on Rome led to civil war.

Results: Sulla won and executed hundreds who opposed him

Dictator Sulla (82-79 B.C.)

Reforms: restore power to Senate. Inc by 300 members.

Change in thought about military commanders counting on loyalty of soldiers to do bidding.

The 1st Triumverate

Julius Caesar: popular Good speaker, gained support from poor

citizens of Rome. Made him UNPOPULAR with Senate so he

teamed up w/2 generals: Gaius Pompey and Licinius Crassus to create the 1st Triumverate

Caesar becomes consul 59BC

Brought Gaul under Roman rule and wrote about victories in Commentaries on the Gallic Wars.

Became famous. Crassus died but Pompey grew jealous.

Pompey Persuades Senate

To force Caesar to return home w/o army. Caesar marched his army to Rome in

49BC and Pompey and followers ran away to Greece.

Caesar defeated Pompey in Greece, secured power in Italy and Spain and made Cleopatra of Egypt an ally.

Cleopatra!

Video Clips: Brain Pop: Cleopatra HH Cleopatra HH Cleopatra and Mark Antony

Dictator for life 44 BC

Good politician: granted citizenship fo ppl in provinces, gave land to veterans, and grain to poor.

Reduced Senate to advisory council and increased to 900 members.

He controlled everything although it was a republic.

Conspiracy!

Senators and conservatives didn’t like Caesar’s power. 2 of his friends organized conspiracy against him (Brutus and Longinus).

Stabbed Caesar to death in the Senate. (The Ides of March)

The 2nd Triumverate

Scramble for power after Caesar’s death. Octavian (Caesar’s nephew), Marc Antony

(general), and Lepidus (Caesar’s second in command) became the 2nd Triumverate (43 BC).

Antony and Octavian divide empire

E=Antony W=Octavian

Octavian persuaded Senate to decl. war on Antony and Cleopatra. Octavian captured Alexandria and A and C committed suicide.

Video: Roman Empire 101: Mark Antony and Friends

Octavian: princeps (1st citizen)

NOT called emperor b/c scared of uncle’s fate.

Senate gave him the title “Augustus”or “the revered one”

Historians refer to him as the first Roman Emperor even though he didn’t use this title.

Expanded territory.

The Julio-Claudians

Relatives of Julius Caesar who ruled the empire from AD 14-68

Crazy and inconsistent leaders

Caligula: apt horse as consul

Nero: Many believe he started a great fire throughout Rome. People also hated him because of his cruel and unpredictable policies.

The Good Emperors

5 different emperors who ruled from AD96-180

Some accomplishments: Added new areas to empire, supported the

arts, organized and Romanized the provinces, built fortifications to protect boundaries of empire, gave up territories conquered, studied philosophy

Brain Pop: Rise of the Roman Empire!

The Good Emperors

 Nerva, Trajan , Hadrian, Anthony Pius, Marcus Aurelius

Check up!

1. What was the First Triumverate? Why was it formed?

2. Identify Marius, Sulla, Pompey, Cleopatra, Marc Antony, Nero, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius

3. Describe the significance of the reign of Julius Caesar.

4. Contrast the rule of the Julio-Claudians w/ the rule of the Good Emperors.

By the end of the lesson

1. What is Pax Romana? Colonus?

2. how did the army contribute to the protection and expansion of the Roman empire?

3. How did the life of wealthy Romans compare to that of poor Romans?

Roman Society and Culture

Empire building helped by Law, military org, widespread trade,

transportation. Held empire together for 200+ years.

Pax Romana

27BC-AD180 (From beginning of Augustus’s reign to the death of Marcus Aurelius.

Emperors of Pax Romana (p157)

Brain Pop! Pax Romana

Gov’t

Strongest unifying force in empire. Maintained order, enforced laws,

defended frontiers. Emperor: made all policy decisions, apt

officials who controlled provinces and ran entire gov’t.

Provinces

Gov’t kept closer check on provincial governors: citizens in provinces could appeal governor’s decision directly to the emperor.

Replica Rome’s

Many new cities looked just like mini-Rome.

Senate building, theaters, public baths, aqueducts, paved streets, sewer system.

Wealthy citizens donated money for public buildings, streets, schools and entertainment.

Laws

Changed and adapted based on 12 Tables to address needs of huge empire.

New laws passed and old laws interpreted by judges for fit new circumstances.

New Belief: basic legal principles apply to ALL people.

The Army

Frontier and border armies turned into cited.

Over 300,000 soldiers Border tribes helped army in exchange

for citizenship after 25 years of service. Huge walls and forts around frontier.

Some still there!

Trade and Transport

Agriculture: primary occupation Italy: large estates for olive and wine prod Provinces: small farms Colonus: new tenant farmer replaces

slaves Rented small amt of land from owner and

had to stay for a spec amount of time and pay owner w/crops (like tenant farmer!)

Trade

Easy! Low taxes and Roman currency everywhere!

Rome and Alexandria: greatest commercial centers.

‘’Äll Roads Lead to Rome”

Living Conditions

Inequality b/w rich and poor. Most poor: ate cheese, bread, and fruit.

Many ate only cereal and vegetables and not Lucky Charms!

entertainment

Theater, chariot racing, Colosseum (wild beasts vs beasts or vs humans OR gladiators!)

Entertainment imp b/c distracted poor from miserable conditions.

Science, Engineering and Architecture

Collected info. Applied Greek knowledge

in cite planning, water and sewage systems, imp farming and breeding livestock.

Constructed roads, bridges, aqueducts, amphitheaters and public buildings

Use of concrete! Unlike Greeks, could build

arch and vaulted dome!

Education

Sons learn from fathers about duties of citizenship.

Daughters learn about how to take care of the house.

Boys went to school and often learned from former Greek slaves.

Literature

Good emperors and Augustus encouraged dev of art and literature.

Virgil: Aeneid: story of prince of Troy Ovid: Metamorphoses: collection of

myths Tacitus: historian: Annals: story of Julio-

Clauduan Emperors. Criticism of gov’t est by Augustus.

Tacitus worried about the rich living of some and lack of public virtue and decline of Roman political freedom.

Check Up!

1. What is Pax Romana? Colonus?

2. how did the army contribute to the protection and expansion of the Roman empire?

3. How did the life of wealthy Romans compare to that of poor Romans?

By the end of the section

1. In what ways was Christianity like Judaism?

2. Why were Christians persecuted in the Roman Empire?

The Rise of Christianity

Jews exempt from having to worship emperor and gods. Monitheistic

Jews wanted independence from Rome and began to home for Messiah (divinely appointed liberator)

Jewish Revolts

After revolt of AD 66 to AD70 Romans slaughtered thousands of Jews and destroyed their Second Temple. Only one wall left: Wailing Wall.

Jewish Leadership

Rabbis(men who studied scriptures) became religious leaders instead of priests.

Jews banned in Jerusalem after revolt suppressed in AD 135.

Jesus appears at this time

The Life an Teachings of Jesus

Gathered disciples Taught 2 great rules: Love God more than

anything and love your neighbor as yourself.

Forgiveness

Death of Jesus

Crucified. Rose from the dead for 40 days

Through His death, all others can achieve redemption.

Christianity and its Rivals

Appeal inc as life grew more dif. Accepted everyone: poor and rich. In this

life: be good citizen, obey laws, charity and help poor and outcast.

Persecution of the Christians

More likely than Jews to try to convert people.

Appeared an attack on Roman religion and law.

Romans outlawed Christianity. Some executed. Martyrs.

By 300ss, Christian Church became too large to punish all members, Roman law accepted Christianity as a religion.

The Success of Christianity

Imp with Emperor Constantine In AD 391: Christian emperors

persecuted Pagans! Role reversal!

Organization of the Church

Bishops, patriarchs (bishops of empire cities), pope: bishop of Rome.

Church councils: strengthened early Christian Church: Trinity doctrine proclaimed in the council at Nicaea.

Check up!

1. In what ways was Christianity like Judaism?

2. Why were Christians persecuted in the Roman Empire?

Fall of Rome

1. Describe the Problems of the Roman Empire in the AD 200s.

2. What was he system of divided rule? What problems were caused by this org?

3. What were the major reasons for the collapse of the Roman Empire in the west? Give examples to help support your answer.

The Fall of the Roman Empire in the West

Problems: pop decline, unrest w/in the empire, attacks from outside forces.

Civil Wars and Barbarian Invasions

Travel unsafe, merchants hesitant to sell goods. Rural pop grew poorer. Pop decreased b/c of plague caused sev million deaths.

Taxes

All free ppl of empire given citizenship to pay taxes.

Money declined in value. Inflation: rise in prices caused by a decrease in the calie of the exchange medium.

Trade Union: collegia

Workers forced to join! Couldn’t quit jobs. And had to do public service.

Diocletian

Good emperor. Appointed co-emperors to help with large empire.

Transformed Rome into a rigid and bureaucratic order where almost all of life was controlled by gov’t.

Ended lawlessness w/in empire and drove our barbarians

BUT his policies were dif to enforce.

Constantine

Became sole emperor Known for protecting Christians and

creating new capital: Constantinople. After his death, instability and corruption His 2 sons split empire into E and W.

The Germans

Visigoths. Invaded

No single cause

For the fall of the Roman Empire. Gradually disintegrated.

Results: tribal Germans couldn’t control empire: anarchy: absence of any gov’t at all.

Ppl left cities, soldiers tampled crops, learning declined, no gov’t to est and maintain schools, Libraries destroyed, literate people declined, knowledge of world replaced with superstition.

Video: HH The Roman Report

Why Rome Decline

1. Political Weakness: Tried to control entire Mediterranean. Too large. Lack of civilian control of military. Emperors needed to be strong to control military.

#2

Economic Decline: Gov’t expenses too heavy. Even taxes not enough. Unrepaired roads, bridges, inc banditry. Danger in travel led to dec in trade. Economy didn’t produce enough wealth to support great civ.

#3

Social Change: Romans lost sense of patriotism, were not interested in gov’t and lacked political honesty.

Lasting Impact

Christianity and Language

Brain Pop! The Fall of the Roman Empire.

Roman Empire 101: An Ancient Empire

Check up!

1. Describe the Problems of the Roman Empire in the AD 200s.

2. What was he system of divided rule? What problems were caused by this org?

3. What were the major reasons for the collapse of the Roman Empire in the west? Give examples to help support your answer.

Review Questions: 1. Why did the Roman empire collapse?

Be sure to talk about political, economic, and social factors.

2. Compare the government systems of Athenian democracy vs. the Roman Republic.

3. Read the following statement: “The abilities of the emperors varied

greatly but they all maintained internal stability and continued expansion of Roman territory.”

Do you agree with this statement? Choose one emperor and explain how his reign supports or refutes this quote.

Rome in the Movies!

Ancient Rome is in many movies/t.v. shows but are these accurate depictions of what Rome was really like? You decide!