AEROSOL SOURCES AEROSOL SOURCES APPORTIONMENT IN SOUTHEAST APPORTIONMENT IN SOUTHEAST

BRAZIL (PIRACICABA): BRAZIL (PIRACICABA): INFLUENCE OF SUGAR CANE INFLUENCE OF SUGAR CANE

BURNINGBURNING

Lara, Luciene L.S.1; Artaxo, P.2; Camargo, P.B.1;

Martinelli, L.A.1; Ferraz, E.S.B.1

1 Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo -

e-mail: luciene@cena.usp.br2 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo

Piracicaba River Basin - Geographical LocationPiracicaba River Basin - Geographical Location

Brazil

State of São Paulo

Piracicaba BasinPiracicaba Basin

Equator

Capricorn

Area: 12.400 km2

Population: 2.800.000Counties: 61The second most developed area ofSão Paulo State.

PiracicabaPiracicaba

(%

)

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

Sugar

Pasture

Silvicu

lture

Crops

Citrus

Urban

Forest

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Bas

in a

rea

(%)

1978

1993

19 years later

Changes in Land-Use in the Piracicaba BasinChanges in Land-Use in the Piracicaba Basin

1993

1978

1997

The sugar cane burning season extends every year from May to November.

Approximately 20 tons of sugar cane per hectare is burned.

100,000 tons of organic matter or 50,000 tons of C per year.

In Brazil 22% of all gasohol is actually ethanol from sugar cane.

Number of Hot Spots in Number of Hot Spots in the State of São Paulothe State of São Paulo

MayMay

AugustAugust

0

200

400

600

800

Jan

Mar

May Ju

lSep

Nov

Number of fire

spots

0

50

100

150

200

250

Precipitation (mm)

Data from INPE (www.inpe.br)Data from INPE (www.inpe.br)

Rain Water sources in the Piracicaba BasinRain Water sources in the Piracicaba Basin

Bragança: Bragança:

Soil dustSoil dust

Sugar cane burning Sugar cane burning

Campinas: Campinas:

Industrial emissionsIndustrial emissions

Sugar cane burningSugar cane burningPiracicaba: Piracicaba:

Sugar cane burningSugar cane burning

SoilSoil

Santa Maria: Santa Maria:

Sugar cane burningSugar cane burning

SoilSoil

Acid rain in Piracicaba River BasinAcid rain in Piracicaba River Basin

Bragança: Bragança:

pH = 4.7pH = 4.7

DOC DOC

Campinas: Campinas:

pH = 4.4pH = 4.4

SOSO442-2-, NO, NO33

--

Piracicaba: Piracicaba:

pH = 4.8pH = 4.8

DOC, NODOC, NO33--

Santa Maria: Santa Maria:

pH = 4.9pH = 4.9

DOC, NODOC, NO33--

Se n s i tiv i ty

H ig h

M ed iu m

Lo w

C ity an d W a ter B o d y

B a s e s a tura t ion (% )

0 - 2 5

2 5 - 5 0

5 0 - 7 5

7 5 - 1 0 0

Soil sensitivity to acid rain in Piracicaba River basinSoil sensitivity to acid rain in Piracicaba River basin

WET DEPOSITIONWET DEPOSITION

* Lara et al., 2001

** Willians et al., 1997

*** Pauliquevis et al., 2002

N wet deposition – kg N.ha-1.yr-1

Piracicaba * 5.5

NE - USA 6.0 – 8.0

Central Amazonia * * 1.6

Balbina (Amazonia) *** 1.4

Rondônia (Amazonia) *** 0.8

Relative sources of nitrogen to the Piracicaba River basinRelative sources of nitrogen to the Piracicaba River basinAfter Filoso et al. (2002) - After Filoso et al. (2002) - BiogeochemistryBiogeochemistry

Differences between forest and sugar cane Differences between forest and sugar cane firesfires

Forest mostly in smolderingForest mostly in smoldering200 to 300 tons C /ha200 to 300 tons C /ha

Sugar cane very fast and all in flaming phaseSugar cane very fast and all in flaming phase20 tons/ha = 0.5 tons C/ha20 tons/ha = 0.5 tons C/ha

Mass concentration

(µg.m-

3 )

050

100

150

200

250PM2.5

CPM

0

24681012

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

BC concentration

(µg.m-

3 )PM10 and Black Carbon concentration in

PiracicabaConcentration Averages:

Dry Season:PM2.5 = 22.7 g.m-3

CPM = 68.1 g.m-3

BC = 4.2 g.m-3

Wet Season:PM2.5 = 11.6 g.m-3

CPM = 22.6 g.m-3

BC = 2.1 g.m-3

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00

PM10 concentration

(µg.m-

3 )BC concentration

(µg.m-

3 )Diurnal cycle for PM10 and BC

concentrations

Burning SeasonBurning SeasonNon Burning SeasonNon Burning Season

Aerosol elemental composition in Piracicaba

1

10

100

1000

10000

PM Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn Br Pb

Con

cent

ratio

n (n

g.m

Con

cent

ratio

n (n

g.m

-3-3))

PM2.5

CPM

11

1010

100100

10001000

1000010000

BCPM2.5

CPMPM10 Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Ni

Cu Zn Br Pb

PM

PM 2.

52.

5 Con

cent

ratio

n C

once

ntra

tion

(ng.

m(n

g.m

-3-3))

Burning SeasonBurning SeasonNon Burning SeasonNon Burning Season

Biomass burning Biomass burning 60%60%

Others Others 2%2%

Oil Combustion Oil Combustion 12%12%

Industries 12%Industries 12%

Soil 14%Soil 14%

Piracicaba quantitative aerosol source apportionment

PM2.5

Biomass Biomass burning 25%burning 25%

Others Others 4%4%

Industries 20%Industries 20%

Soil 51%Soil 51%CPM

(2.5<dp<10 µm)

Piracicaba quantitative BC source apportionment

Others Others 2%2%

Oil Combustion Oil Combustion 12%12%

Industries 12%Industries 12%

Soil 14%Soil 14%

Biomass burning Biomass burning 60%60%

Stable Isotopic Composition of Aerosol in Piracicaba,

Sao Paulo and Santarem

-10

0

10

20

30

40

-36 -32 -28 -24 -20 -16 -1213C (o/oo)

15

N (

o/ o

o)

Soil

Sugar cane leaves

Wood

Canopy Leaves

Aerosol

(a)

Data from:

Martinelli et al., Atmospheric Environment, 2002

Lara et al., Atmospheric Environment, (Submitted)

δδ 13 C values of aerosol particles in: 13 C values of aerosol particles in:

Piracicaba: -20.9 ± 0.8 ‰Piracicaba: -20.9 ± 0.8 ‰

Sao Paulo: Sao Paulo: -24.6 ± 0.3 ‰-24.6 ± 0.3 ‰

Santarem: -25.8 ± 0.5 ‰ Santarem: -25.8 ± 0.5 ‰

-5-5

1515

3535

5555

7575

9595

PM2.5PM2.5 SS BCBC BrBr SiSi KK AlAl PP MgMg

% In

crea

se%

Incr

ease

Burning SeasonBurning SeasonNon Burning SeasonNon Burning Season

Percentage increases (%) in child respiratory hospital admissions at

Piracicaba

PasturePasturePerennialPerennialForestForestSugar caneSugar caneReforestationReforestationWater bodiesWater bodiesAnnual cropsAnnual cropsBare soilBare soilUrban areaUrban areaOthersOthers

New Sampling sites in the New Sampling sites in the

State of São PauloState of São Paulo