Aerodynamic Performance of the 17-M-Diameter Darrieus Wind ... · Iaeued by %rrdia National...
Transcript of Aerodynamic Performance of the 17-M-Diameter Darrieus Wind ... · Iaeued by %rrdia National...
SANDIA REPORTSAND79–1753 ● Unlimited Release ● UC–60
Reprinted August 1982
. Aerodynamic Performance of the17-M-Diameter Darrieus WindTurbine in the Three-BladedConfiguration: An Addendum
Mark H. Worstell
Prepared bySandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550for the United States Department of Energyunder Contract DE-AC04-76DPO0789
Iaeued by %rrdia National Laboratories, operated for the United StateeDepartment of Energy by Sandia Corporation.
NOTICE This report wee prepared ae an account of work sponsored by anagency of the United States Government. Neither the United Stnt.es Govern-ment nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of theircontractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makee any warranty, expreesor implied, or aasumes any legal liafility or responsibility for the accuracy,completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatua, product, or prO-cess disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately ownedrighte. Reference herein to any specific commercial pmduc~, proceae, orservice by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwrse, does notnecessarily constitute or imply ite endorsement, recommendation, or favoringby the United Statee Government, any agency thereof or any of theircontractor nr subcontractors. The views end opinione expreaaed herein donot necesmily state or reflect those of the United States Government, anyagency thereof or any of their contractors or subcontractors.
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SAND79-1753UnlimitedRelease
AERODYNAMICPERFORMANCEOF THE 17-M-DIAMETERDARRIEUSWINE TURBINE IN THE THREE-BLADEDCONFIGURATION: AN ADDENDUM
Mark H. WorstellAdvanced Energy ProjectsDivision 4715
Sandia LaboratoriesAlbuquerque,NM 87185
ABSTRACT
The U.S. Departmentof Energy (DOE)/Sandia17-m wind turbinehas been tested in thethree-bladedconfigurationat five rotationalspeeds. These data are presentedalong with some fundamentalcomparisonsto the earliertwo-bladedresults. Alsoincludedis the theoreticaloutput of the three-bladed17-m wind turbine at two selec-ted rotationalspeeds.
1.
CONTENTS
Introduction
Test Results
Data Trends and Comparisonswith Two-BladedData
Conclusions
References
APPENDIXA -- PerformanceData
EkwE
1
2
3
4
y
6
7
8
ILLUSTRATIONS
DOE/Sandia17-m Wind Turbine
Cp as a Function of TipspeedRatio
c as a Function of ReynoldsNumberPmaxKp as a Function of Advance Ratio
K as a Function of ReynoldsNumberPmaxPower Output as a Functionof Ambient Wind Velocity
Comparisonof Predictedand ExperimentalPower Output at 37 rpm
Comparisonof Predictedand ExperimentalPower Output at 52.5 rpm
TABLES
Table
4
6
10
12
13
3
7
7
8
9
9
11
11
.
●
1 Three-BladedTest Data Summary 5
AerodynamicWINX ‘TURBINEIN
PERFORMANCEOF THE 1.7-M-DIAMETERTHE TRREE-BLADEDCONFIGURATION:
DARRIEUSAN ADDENDUM
[n~mduction.
1
This report is alladiendum LO a-rlearlierpublishedreport.A The first report
coveredthe performanceof thp POE/Sandia17-m turbine in the struttedtwo-bladeri
mode. This machine incorporatesthe flexibilityof testingwith either two or three
blades. The effect of adding a third blade was to increaserotor solidity-- in this
case, from u = 0.14 to u = 0.21. The thirdblade is identicalto the other two.
Testing in the three-bladedmode began in January 1978 and continued- 1 year,
of which 6 months were lost,for repair of the low-speedtorque sensor. Aerodynamic
performancedata were fic(:’vfl.l,:l:t‘“. ?jm: r~tationalspeeds. The nature of data
assimilationand reductionis identical.to that describedin Reference1. The de-
scriptions,notations,eqllati,:li;~ .l,~r~.fe~ieneesin Reference1 are directlyappli-
cable to this report.
This report presents aerodynamicperformancetest data for the three-bladed17-m
turbine and makes some comparisonswith the earliertwo-bladedtest data~ in order to
identifythe trends and characteristicsof increasingthe rotor solidity. In aero-
dynamic terms, there is a differencein changing soliditythrough the additionof
more blades or by increasingthe ~hoi-d of the originalnumber of blades, although
the calculatedvalue of soliditymay be the same in either case. For example,Rec
will change. The test resultsand data comparisonsof this report are attributable
only to the former case. Reference2 presentswind tunnel test results of a 2-m
turbine in both two- and three-bladedmodes with varyingblade chords.
Test Results
AppendixA presents aerodynamicperformancedata of the 17-m turbine in the
struttedthree-bladedmode. Rotor speeds tested were 37, 42, 45.5, 48.4, and 52.5
rpm. As in Reference1, the printed data, wind frequency,Cp, power, and K curvesP
are presented for each rotationalspeed. Table 1 presents a summary of these test
data. The K max figwresand P stated in Table 1 are 95$ of the observedhighestmmax
test data n&bers.
In general.,the Cp, power, and K curves ofP
tours, which is quite en(:oura[+in~;for field test
0.368 @?x = 5 for 37 rpm to a low of 0.jz3 @X =
the test data exhibitedsmooth con-
data. C ranged from a high of’
4.45 at tY~m. The windspeedat
●
which the turbine rotorwould be[:;inproiucingpower increasessteadilyfrom 9.5 mph
at 37 rpm to 13.5 mph for 52.!;rpm. ‘I’iiehi~;hestaerodynamicpower output achieved
4“
by the 17-m turbinewas 81.4 kW at 34.5 mph and 52.5 rpm. This figuremight have
been higher if ambientwinds greater than 35 mph had been available.
The inherentcharacteristicof the constant-speedDarrieus turbineto level
off in power output for increasingwind velocity (X < 3) is particularlyevident in
the power curve for 37 rpm. This is also seen at the other rotationalspeeds.
Maximum turbine outputpower increasedfor higher rotationalspeeds,occurringat
progressivelyhigher ambientwind velocities.
One bothersomearea of the field-testdata was the Cp curve for 42 rpm. Unlike
the other Cp curves, this one appears quite rough with no clearlydefinedmaximum.
(Note that the power curve for 42 rpm is indeed smooth,witha clearlydefinedmaxi-
mum that does not depend upon a V3 calculationas does C .) The range in questionP
is 1+< X < 10 (20 mph to 8 mph). A review of the individualtest recordsof 42 rpm
showed that seven recordswere in this particularrange,with the majority of sam-
ple points confinedto three reco~ds. Each of the seven recordswas examined;no
clear-cuterrorswere apparent. One noteworthyfact was that all seven records
were taken in the last three days of testingbefore*
turbine.
Because there were no anomaliespresent in the
retrofitwork began on the 17-m
data taken before the last
three days of testing, it is suspectedthat some aberration,such as unusualwind
conditionsand/or instrumenterror, occurredduring these last three days. Due to
lack of further data, the combinedperformancerecord for 42 rpm is presentedin
its entirelywith the wind range in questionto be noted.
Data Trends
It is the intent here to
and ComparisonWith Two-BladedResults
provide both the trends of the three-bladeddata and
to make a fundamentalcomparisonwith the earlier two-bladeddata presented in Refer-
ence 1. The figurespresentedhere combineboth two- and three-bladeddata at two
selectedrotationalspeeds of the turbine rotor.
Figure 2 plots the results of field testing of the DOE/Sandia17-m turbine in
both the two- and three-bladedmodes at 37 and 72.5 rpm. The first impressionof
Fig. 2 is that the Cp curves for the three-bladedmode are shiftedtowards lower
tipspeed ratios (higherVm) relativeto those of the two-bladedconfiguration. This
indicatesthat the 17-m turbinewith three blades can produce more power in higher
*This was the changeoverto unstruttedaluminum-extrudedblades with other modifica-tions.
IPm37.052.5
● A 3 BLAOES, u. 0.210 A 2 BLADES, u- 0.14
0.4 r 1 I ! 1 1 1 I000
● 00# AA A 0
be0.3-
RAUAA
A“ ~●
2
% A
0= 0.2 - AOAo
A
● O ● 0
● OA
0.1
t01 1 , , A , ( Io 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6,0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
R(JV
Figure 2. Cp as a Function of TipspeedRatio
&Lmbientwinds than with two blades at the same rpm, but less at lower V@. C ofpmax
both two and three blades was higher at 37 rpm than at 52.5 rpm. The simila~ityof
the relationshipbetween the CP
curves is also particularlystriking.
Figure 3 plots C for both the two- and three-bladedconfigurationsover thepmax
● 3 BLADES,a = 0.2102 BLADES,0. 0.14
:F
“’4,,,,,.-6........29.6 33.637.0 42.045.54&4 52.5 ROTOR rpm
Figure 3. C as a Function of ReynoldsNumberPmax
range of rotationalspeeds tested. Although two data points of this figure are in
question (45.5 rpm, u = 0.14 as describedin Reference1, and 42 rpm, u = 0.21 as
described earlier),this figure is still presentedas a matter of consistency. With
7
these points excluded,no definite conclusionscan be drawn other than that Cpmaxfor both solidifiesis roughly the same, and the highest C for both solidifies
pmaxoccurredat 37 rpm.
Figure 4 shows a plot of K as a functionof advance ratio for both solidifiesP
1.0
0.8
0.6TRx
X= 0.4
0.2
[Pm
37.052.S● A 3 BLADES,u- 0.210 z’.2 BLADES,a= 0.14
, 1 ,
A
A
● 9Ao
●
AA
%0
“R
A
:
9A
.4
ok0:0.1 0.20,30.40.5
VIRU-0.2
6
Figure 4. Kp as a Function of Advance Ratio
at 37 and 52.5 rpm. What is clearly evident in this figure is that for V/RU >0.26,
Kp is decidedlyhigher for o = 0.21 than for o = 0.14, with Kp favoringthe higher
rotationalspeeds for both solidifies. At lower advance ratios, K slightlyfavors
0 = 0.14 at 37 rpm. Not clearly evident in Fig. 4 is that Kp for ~he higher solidity
mode is slightlyshifted towards higher values of advance ratios relativeto the
lower solidity.
In conjunctionwith Fig.
number, correlatedto turbine
in Fig. 5. One is that Kpmax
4, Fig. 5 presents Kpmax as a functionof Reynolds
rotationalspeed. !I%odistincttrencisare apparent
increasesfor increasingrpm for both solidifies.
Second, K for the higher solidityconfigurationis greater than for the lowerpmaxsolidityover the entire test range of turbine rotationalspeeds. Note that at 52.5
rpm, higher ambient winds than those encounteredduring testing are necessaryto
establishactual K ; the points shown are the highest for the availablewinds.pmax
.
.
b
.
● 3BLADES, o= 0.21
0 2 BLADES,u - 0.14
0.008~ ●
-1
2 0.007x’
O.Ci16I
0.005
[
0
0
0.004
0
000 1c?
[A,I 1 1 1 1 1 t0.70.8
J0.91.01.11.21.31.4Recx10-6
1 1 1 1 1 I 129.6 33.637.0 42.0 45.548.452.5 ROTOR rpm
“’HIGHERWINOS NEEDED
Figure 5. K as a Function of ReynoldsNumberpmax
Figure 6 shows the power output of the DOE/Sandia17-m turbine
IPQ37.052.5. A 3BLADES, u= 0.210 A 2 BLAOES, U. 0.14
I , I
9.6 19.2 28.9 38.530FT.REFERENCE
V~(mphl
as a functionof
Figure 6. Fewer Output as a Function of Ambient Wind Velocity
winc[velocity. This is essentiallyanalogousto Fig. 4, which was expressedin
dimensionlessparameters. This clearly shows the effect of shiftingthe C curvesP
9
of Fig. 2 towards a lower tipspeedratio for the higher solidityconfiguration. At
higher Vm (lowerX) Cp for u = 0.21 is greater than for u = 0,14, which manifests
itself as increasedrotor power output. The converseis also true; at lower Vm>
Cp for U = 0.14 is greater. This can also be seen in Fig. 6, althoughnot as dis-
tinctly.
Conclusions
Field-testresults of the DOE/Sandia17-m wind turbine appearedto be quite
acceptableand exhibitedbasic trends and characteristicsseen in the earliertwo-
bladed data of Reference1. Comparingthe two- and three-bladeddata revealed
several interesting(thoughpredictable)trends. For the same rpm:
1. The peak turbinepower outputwas higher for three blades than two.
2. c was roughly the same for both two and three blades.pmax
3. The Cp curves for three blades were shiftedtowards lower X relativeto
two blades. This manifests itself as increasedturbinepower output at
high winds and less output in low winds when comparedto two blades.
Again, the resultspresented in this report are based upon a rotor solidityin-
crease throughthe addition of a third blade, not by increasingthe chord of the
two-bladedrotor.
The predictedand experimentalpower output of the three-bladedDOE/Sandiawind
turbine is presented in Figs. 7 and 8 for 37 and 52.5 rpm, respectively. The
theoreticalpredictionis based upon the aerodynamiccomputermodel PAREP, described
in References3 and 4. Very good agreementwas obtainedfor 37 rpm, with the
theoreticalmodel tending to overpredictat 52.5 rpm.
As stated earlier,the DOE/Sandia17-m turbinewas refittedwith unstrutted
extrudedaluminumblades. These blades are of a NACA 0015 airfoil sectionwith a
24-in. chord. The geometry of the rotor is the same as that describedin Reference
1 except for the struts. Current testing is in the two-bladedmode. Test results
obtainedto date indicatea significantimprovementin performanceover the original
struttedNACA 0012 21-in. chord blades.
10
— THEORETICAL@ FIELDTESTDATA
1 1 1
31.0rpm
a’10I20 30
@ 44FT.REFERENCED
1 ! I
)
V- (mph)
9.6 19.2 28.9 38.530FT.REFERENCE
Figure 7. Comparisonof Predictedand ExperimentalPower Output at 37 rpm
—THEORETICAL PREDICTION
A FIELDTESTOATA
I 1 1 I IA
84-17 m u. 0.21
52.5rpm
?=?$60mgn.g 40-~
2~ 20-2,
0 I.AAIOA
44FT. i#FERE,NCE,xl 40 V~(mph)1
0 9.6 19.2 28.9 38.5?CIFT.REFERENCE
Figure 8. Comparisonof Predictedand ExperimentalPower Output at 52.5 rpm
11
References
3. M. H. Worstell,AerodynamicPerformanceof the 17-Metre-DiameterDarrieusWindTurbine, SAND78-1737,Sandia Laboratories,Albuquerque,NM, tTanuary1979.
2. B. F. BlackWell,R. E. Sheldahl,and L. V, Feltz, Wind Tunnel PerformanceDatafor the DarrieusWind Turbinewith NACA 0012 Blades, SAND76-0130,Sandia Labora-tories,Albuquerque,NM, March 1977.
_. P. C. Klimas and R. E. Sheldahl,Four AerodynamicPredictionSchemes for Vertical-?Axis Wind Turbines: A Compendium,SAlII)78-0014,Sandia Laboratories,Albuquerque,NM, June 1978.
4. T. M. Leonard,A User’s Manual for the ComputerCode PAREP, SAND79-0431,SandiaLaboratories,Albuquerque,NM, April 1979.
12
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