ae-bmf sNdp-IYm kmln-Xyw14.139.185.6/website/SDE/cherukadha (2).pdf · School of Distance Education...

School of Distance Education

ae-bmf sNdp-I-Ym-km-ln-Xyw 1

ae-bmf sNdp-IYm kmln-Xyw

CORECOURSE

For

BA MALAYALAMII SEMESTER

(2014 Admission)

CUCBCSS

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635



UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

BA MALAYALAM

II SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

ae-bmf sNdp-IYm kmln-Xyw

Prepared by: - Sri. Kamarudheen ParappilAss. ProfessorDept. of Malayalam

Farooq College, Kozhikode -673 632

Layout: Computer Section, SDE(c)

Reserved



samU-yqÄ I

samU-yqÄ II

samU-yqÄ III

samU-yqÄ IV



ska-ÌÀ þ IItImgvkv þ 2

ae-bmf sNdp-IYm kmln-Xyw ]T-\-k-abw 108 aWn-¡qÀ s{IUn-äv-þ5

Dt±-i-e-£-y-§Ä:ae-bmf¯nse Gähpw P\-Iob KZ-ym-J-ym-\-cq-]-amb sNdp-I-Ysb Ipdn- p-ff khn-tij ]T-\-amWv Dt±-i-yw. sNdp-I-Ym-N-cn-{X- nse hy-X-ykvX Ime-L-«-§-sfbpw {]h-W-X-I-sfbpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡-Ww. sNdp-I-Y-bpsS kmt¦-Xn-I-X-I-sf-¡p-dn- p-ff kmam-\-y-[m-cW Dm-h-Ww. sNdp-I-Y-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI hni-I-e-\- n-eqsS hnZ-ymÀ°n-I-fnÂ Bk-zm-Z-\-ti-jnbpw kÀ¤m-ß-I -kn-²nbpw hfÀ -Ww.samU-yqÄ-þ1sNdp-I-Y-þ-\nÀÆ-N-\-§Ä-þ-{]mKv cq]-§Ä-þ-\m-tSmSn IY-]m-c-¼-c-yw, temI-IY þ KZ-y-hnIm-kw-þ-A- -Sn-hn-¹hw þ B\p-Iq-enI {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä þsIm-tfm-Wn-bÂ kzm-[o-\w-þ-B-Z-y-Ime IYm-Ir-¯p-¡Ä þPo-hnX ]cn-hÀ¯-\- nsâ ap{Z-IÄ þ \th-°m\ IY þtZ-io-bX þ kzm-X-{ -y-k-acwþ kmaq-lnI apt¶-ä-§Ä þdn-b-enkw þtI-k-cn-bpsS kw`m-h\ þinÂ]- -{ZX þ cq]hpw mh-hpw.hni-Z-]-T-\- n\v1. Zzm-cI þ th§-bnÂ Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ2. ssSKÀ þ _joÀ3. DXp- msâ InWnÀ þ ImcqÀ4. tNme-a-c-§Ä þ kc-k-z-Xn-A½samU-yqÄ þ2kzm-X-{ -y-{]m]vXn þ ]«mf-I-Y-IÄ þ ]pXnb temI-t_m-[w-þ- q-]-cn-jvI-c-Ww-þ-hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw-þ-h-y-àn-t_m-[w-þa\:imkv{X hni-I-e-\-§Ä þIm-h-ym-ßI dnb-en-kw-þ-B-ß-\njvT--þ{Km-a-þ-\-KckwLÀjw-þ-B-hn-jvI-cW coXn-bnÂ h¶ amä-§Ä.hni-Z-]-T-\- n\v1. inem-en-JnXw þ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ2. aI³ þ Sn. ]ß-\m- ³3. BÀ¡-dnbmw þ k¡-dnb4. hmkvXp-lmc þ {iocm-a³samU-yqÄ þ3B[p-\n-I-X-þ-am-dp¶ PohnX ]cn-k-c-§Ä þ \Kc-hÂ¡-c-Wwþ kz-Xz-{]-Xn-k-Ôn-þ-BJ-ym\ ]cn-k-c-§Ä þ AkvXn-X-z-hm-Zw þ amdp¶ Øe-Ime t_m[§Ä þ Idp¯ lmkyw þ cmjv{Sob B[p-\n-IX þ an¯nsâ cmjv{Sob hmb-\þ inYn-e-_nw-_-§Äþ ]pXnb `mhp-I-XzwhniZ]T-\- n\v1. apWvU\w sN¿-s¸« PohnXw þ Fw. apIp-µ³2. \memwbmaw þ Fw. kpIp-am-c³3. Ncn{X ]pcp-j³ þ Sn.-hn. sIm¨p-_m-h. (hn-Sn-t¸mÄ \ni-_v²-am-Wv)4. ]´n-t`m-P\w þ kt´mjv F¨n-¡m\w



samU-yqÄ þ4amdnb temI-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[m\w þ B[p-\n-I-Xþ ]pXnb ss\XnI ka-k-y-IÄþ D]-t`mKkwkvImcw þ A[n-\n-thiw þ ZenXv Xncn- -dn-hpIÄ þ {]hm-k-temIw þ ka-Im-enIapJw þBtKm-foI-cWw þ ]mc-Øn-Im-h-t_m[whni-Z-]-T-\- n\v1. A½ h¶p þ hn. ]n. inh-Ip-amÀ2. {`m´v þ kn. A¿- ³3. Zm t\m¡q Hcp ]Ãn þ {]nb. F. Fkv.4. XÂ]w þ kp`mjv N{µ³klm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä:1. ae-bmfsNdp-IYm kmln-X-y-N-cn{Xw þ tUm. Fw.-Fw. _joÀ2. sNdp-I-Ym-km-ln-Xyw þ Fw. ]n. t]mÄ3. sNdp-IY C¶se, C¶v þ Fw. AN-yp-X³4. IYm-]-T-\-§Ä þ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-i-z-c³ \mbÀ ({KÙm-hen)5. IY, BJ-ym-\hpw A\p- -h-k- bpw þ sI. ]n. A¸³6. sNdp-I-Y-bpsS NwµÊv þ hn. cmP-Ir-jvW³7. IY-bpsS IY þ sI. Fkv. chn-Ip-amÀ8. 100 hÀjw 100 IY þ sI. Fkv. chn-Ip-amÀ9. IYbpw `mhp-I-Xz ]cn-Wm-ahpw þ sI. Fkv. chn-Ip-amÀ.



samU-yqÄ þ 1I1. "_ml-ytam B -ctam Bb Hscmä kw`-h-s¯-¡p-dn¨v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ mh-\m-krjvSn F¶v sNdp-I-Ysb \nÀh-Nn- Xv ?D. tkmaÀ skäv tamw21. Hcp sNdp-I-Y-bnÂ Htcsbmcm-i-bta \n_-Ôn-¡mhq F¶v \nÀt±-in- Xv ?D. lUvk¬3. "sNdp-I-Y-bpsS "ZÀi\w'F¶ IrXn cNn- Xv ?D. {_mÀ amX-yqkv (1885)4. "]s¯m-¼Xmw iX-I- nsâ ]p{Xn-bmWv sNdp-IY' F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«Xv ?.D. Fen-k-_¯v t_mh³.5. ""cp t]À X½n-ep-ff \mXn-ZoÀL kw`m-jWw'' F¶v sNdp-I-Ysb \nÀh-Nn- Xv ?.D. hn-eyw ktcm-b¬.6. {]mNo\ IYm-cq-]-§Ä Xe-ap-d-I-fmbv {]N-cn- n-cp-¶-Xv.........-eqsSbmbn-cp-¶p.D. hmbvsam-gn.7. tIc-f- nÂ {]Nm-c- n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ hmbvsam-gn-¡-Y-Isf sNmÂ¡-Y-IÄ, ]m«p-IY-IÄ , ]m«p-I-Y-IÄ F¶p cmbn hn`-Pn- Xv ?D. sI. Fkv. chn-Ip-amÀ.8. "sFXn-ly-I-Y-IÄ' BcpsS IrXn-bmWv ?D. sIm«m-c- nÂ i¦p®n9. C -y-bnÂ {]N-cn- n- n-cp¶ Gähpw {]mNo-\-amb IY Bbn IW-¡m-¡-s -Sp-¶Xv ?.D. PmX-I-I-Y-IÄ10. PmX-I-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw D]-\n-j-Zv I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw e£yw F´m-bn-cp-¶p. ?D. [Àt½m-]-tZ-iw.11. ]©-X-{ -I-Y-I-fpsS {][m\ Dt±-iyw F´v ?D. cW X{ -t_m-[-\w.12. t_m[n kX-y³ [Àt½m-]-tZiw ka-b-§-fnÂ ]qÀÆ-Ime Ah-Xm-c-I-Y-IÄ hnh-cn¡pw hn[- am-Wv.............-I-Y-I-fp-sS cN\D. PmXI13. "_y-lXv IYm ]c-¼c' bpsS IÀ¯mhv ?D. KqWm-U-y³14. hn{I-am-Zn-X-y-t\mSv thXmfw ]d-bp¶ IYIfpsS kam-lm-c-am-Wv.......D. thXmf ]©-hnw-i-Xn.15. "Zi-Ip-am-c-N-cnXw' BZ-y-Ime IYm-{-K-Ù- nsâ IÀ¯mhv ?D. ZWvUn16. t^_vfntbm F¶ IYmcq]- nsâ khn-ti-jX F´v ?D. ]Z-y-cq-]- nÂ cNn-¡-s¸« Xam-i-¡-Y-bm-Wn-Xv.17. t^_vfntbm GXp cmP-y- mWv {]m[m-\-y-]qÀÆw {]N-cn- Xv ?D. {^m³knÂ18. U¡m-a-dm³ IY-I-fpsS {]tbm-àmhv ?D. t_m¡m- ntbm (C-ä-en)19. t^_vfn-tbm-hnsâ KZ-y-cq-]-sa¶p hnti-jn- n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv ?



D. s_m¡m- n-tbm-hnsâ "U¡m-a-dm¬ IY-IÄ'20. PÀ½-\n-bnepw Cä-enbpw "U¡m-a-dm³ IY-IÄ ' þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-F¶ t]cn-emWv Adnb-s¸-«Xv ?D. t\mhÃ21. "ImâÀ_dn IY-IÄ ' BcmWv X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv ?D. tNmkÀ (Cw¥-v)22. Ad-_n-¡Y BZ-y-ambn ]cn- m-j-s¸-Sp- n-bXv ?D. Icp-Wm-Ic tat\m³23. tIc-f- nÂ ap{ZWw sN¿-s¸« BZy ae-bmf IYm-k-am-lmcw ?D. sNdp-ss]-X-§Ä¡v D]-Im-cmÀ°w CwKvfo-jnÂ \n¶v ]cn- m-j-s¸-Sp- nb IYIÄ (1824)24. "sNdp-ss]-X-§Ä¡v D]-Im-cmÀ°w CwKvfo-jnÂ \n¶v ]cn- m-j-s¸-Sp- nb IY-IÄ' F¶ IrXn-bpsS e£yw F´m-bn-cp-¶p. ?D. aX-{]-t_m-[-\-am-bn-cp¶p AXnse F«p IY-I-fp-sSbpw e£-yw.25. Hcp Ip«n-bpsS acWw (1847) hnj-¯n\v acp¶v (1848) F¶o BZ-y-Ime anj-\-dn- I-Y-IÄ A¨-Sn¨p h¶Xv GXv {]kn-²o-I-c-W- nÂ ?D. cmP-y-k-am-Nm-cw.26. "B\-tbbpw Xp¶-t\bpw Ipdn- p-ff IY' {]kn-²n-I-cn¨ amknI ?D. Úm\ \nt£]w (1849 BK-Ìv)27. ae-bm-f- nÂ A¨-Sn-¡-s¸« BZ-y-a-tX-X-c-IY' F¶v hnti-jn- n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ IY 'D. B\-tbbpw Xp¶-t\bpw Ipdn- p-ff IY.28. hnZ-ym-eb ]mT-]p-kvX-I-§-fn-eqsS sNdp-IY hfÀ¨bv¡v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡n-bXv ?.D. tIc-f-hÀ½ henb tImbn- -¼p-cm³29. ae-bm-f- nse BZ-ys¯ IY-bmbn ]cs¡ AwKn-I-cn-¡-s¸« IrXn. ?D. hmk\m-hn-IrXn30. " hmk\m hnIrXn' F¶ IY-bpsS cN-bn-Xmhv ?D. th§-bnÂ Ipªn-cm-a³\m-b-\mÀ.31. th§-bnÂ Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-\m-cpsS "hmk-\m-hn-IrXn' {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« amknI ?D. hnZ-ym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n-bnÂ (1066 Ipw`w)32. "tIkcn' F¶ XqenIm \ma- nÂ kmln-Xy cN\ \nÀÆ-ln¨ BZ-y-Ime IYm-Im-c³ ?D. th§-bnÂ Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-\mÀ (1860--þ1914)33. "hmk-\m-hn-Ir-Xn' {]Im-in-X-amb hÀjw ?D. 1891--þÂ34. "Zzm-cI ' F¶ IY cNn- Xv ?D. th§-bnÂ Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-\mÀ35. Fw.-BÀ.sI.-kn. F¶v Adnb-s- «n-cp¶ IYm-Im-c³.D. sN¦p-f¯v sNdnb Ipªn-cma tat\m³36. "hkvXp-ØnXn IY AYhm kml-N-c-y-IY ' F¶v Fw.-]n. t]mÄ hnti-jn- n- Xv GXp IYsb ?D. "Zzm-c-Isb'37. "Zzm-cI Hcp sNdp-I-YbÃ, AsXmcp kz-]v\m-J-ym-\-am-Wv. Poh-N-cn-{X-¡p-dn- nse Hcp GSp -t]mse hmbn- p-t]m-Im-hp-¶Xv 'þ F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«Xv ?D. s{]m^. Fw.-A-N-yp-X³.38. "Zzm-cI' F¶ IY GXp kam-lm-c- n-emWv Df-fXv ?


D. tIkcn39. hy-àn-k-z- m-h- nepw kmap-ZmbnI Poh-nX- nepw Dm-Im-dp-ff hnI-e-X-Isf \À½w IeÀ¯n Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶ BZy-Ime IYm-Im-c-\m-Wv.....D. th§-bnÂ Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-\mÀ.40. "Zzm-cI' bnÂ IYm-]m-{X-am-bn-«p-ff I¸-ensâ t]cv ?D. lna-hm³.41. "" hnZqc `qX-Im-e- nsâbpw Fgp-X-s¸« Ime- nsâ Ncn-{Xw, cmjv{So-bw, `uXnI PohnXwF¶n-h-bp-sSbpw AS-bm-f-§fpw B[p-\n-Im-h-t_m-[¯nsâ Ncn{X ap{Z-Ifpw cmjv{Sob NnÓ-§fpw " ZzmcI'bnÂ ]Xn-ªn-«pv '' F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«Xv ?D. C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e³.42. "" BZ-y-Ime ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-I-fpsS kmam-\-y-coXnbnÂ \n¶v n¶-ambn Ht«sd AS-cp-I-fpffcN\bmWv Zzm-cI '' F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«Xv ?D. sI. Fkv. chn-Ip-amÀ.43. "" GsX-¦nepw Ime-tZ-im-Zn-I-fpsS B -cn-Itam _ml-ytam Bb Ah-Ø-bpsS {]XoXn P\n-¸n-¡pI e£-y-amb A -co£ IY-I-fpsS amXr-I-bmbn "Zzm-cI' sb Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡m-sa¶v {]kvXm-hn- Xv ?D. Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ.44. "IY Pohn-X- nsâ sNdnb temI-Nn-{X-am-Wv. AsÃ-¦nÂ sNdnb A\p- -h-tem-I-am-Wv. HmtcmIme- nsâbpw {]X-y-b-im-kv{X-§Ä, kuµ-c-y-t_m-[w kmwkvIm-cnI \nan-j-§Ä F¶n-h-sbÃmwA\p- h-Nn-{X-§-fmbn BZyw cq]-s¸-Sp-¶Xv IY-bn-em-Wv. '' F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«Xv Bcv ?D. sI. ]n. A¸³.45."" mj-bnÂ sNdp-I-Y-sb-gp-Xp¶ k{¼-Zmbw CZw {]Y-a-ambn XpS-§n-bXv aqÀt¡m¯p Ipam-c-\m-sW¶p tXm¶p-¶p.'' F¶v {]kvXm-hn- Xv?D. aqfn-bnÂ tIi-h³.46. Cutkm- p-I-Y-IÄ {]N-cn- n- n-cp-¶Xv FhnsS ?.D. {KoknÂ (_n.-kn. BdnÂ)47. "" ]g-asb sR«n- n-¡p-¶Xpw bmYm-Øn-X-nI-cpsS apJ v Bªp {]l-cn-¡p-¶Xpw kmaq-l-y-Po-hn-X- nse Zpcm-Nm-c-Zp-jvS-X-Isf \nÀ`bw hnaÀin-¡p-¶-Xp-amb ]n¹-h-I-c-amb dnb-en-ÌnIv Pohn-X-I-Y-I-fn-te-¡p-ff hfÀ -bpsS apt¶m-Sn BWv hn.-Sn. «-Xn-cn- m-Sv, ap¯n-cn-t§m-Sv, Fw.-BÀ. _n.XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS dnb-enkw '' F¶p A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«Xv ?D. Fw. AN-yp-X³.( sNdp-IY C¶se, C¶v)48. "Zzm-c-I' F¶ IY-bnse hnZ-yp-Ñàn imkv{X]Sp Bb IYm]m-{X-am-Wv......D. amÀ«n³ Pbnw-kv.49. sNdp-I-Y-Isf kw`-h-]-cw, kz- m-h-hÀ®-\m-]-cw, ØnXn hnh-c-W-]cw F¶p aq¶mbn hn`-Pn- Xv Bcv ?D. Df-fqÀ Fkv. ]c-ta-i-z-c-¿À.50. "IYbpw mhp-I-X-z-]-cn-Wm-ahpw ' F¶ ]T\w X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv ?D. sI. Fkv. chn-Ip-amÀ.51. "100 hÀjw 100 IY' F¶ IYm-k-am-lm-c- nsâ FUn-äÀ ?D. sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-amÀ.52. 1950þse temI-sN-dp-I-Ym-a-Õ-c- nÂ k½m\w t\Snb Sn.-sI.-kn. hSp-X-e-bpsS IY-bm-Wv.....D. cp Xe-ap-d.53. "sNdp-I-Ym {]Øm-\w' F¶ {KÙw cNn- Xv ?D. Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ.



54. "sNdp-IY þC-¶se , C¶v ' F¶ {KÙ- nsâ IÀ¯mhv ?D. Fw. AN-y-X³.55. "sNdp-I-Y-bpsS OµÊv' F¶ ]T\w X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv ?.D. hn. cmP-Ir-jvW³56. "IY'= BJ-ym-\hpw A\p- -h-k- bpw ' F¶ ]pkvXIw Bcp-tSXv ?D. sI. ]n. A¸³.57. "IY þ hm¡pw hgnbpw' F¶ IrXn cNn- Xv ?D. sI. Fkv. chn-Ip-c-amÀ.58. "t_¸qÀ kpÂ¯m³ ' F¶v Adnb-s¸-Sp¶ Fgp- p-Im-c³D. ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ.59. _jo-dnsâ ac-Wm-\- cw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« IrXn ?D. bm Cem-lo. !60. IY, IhnX, teJ-\w F¶n-h-bpsS k¦-e-\-amb _joÀ IrXn-bm-Wv.....D. bm Cem-lo !61. Nncn-¡p¶ ac- mh F¶ IYm-k-am-lmcw Fgp-Xn-bXv ?D. ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ.62. "ssSKÀ ' F¶ {]i-kvX-\mb cmjv{Sob IY GXp IrXn-bn-emWv Df-fXv ?D. P·-Zn-\w.63. XS-hp-ImÀ X§-fpsS t{Im[w apgp-h³ XoÀ¡p-¶Xv BtcmSv ?D. ssSK-dn-t\m-Sv.64. XS-hp-ImÀ ssSK-dns\ cl-k-y-am-bn........-F¶p hnfn- p. ?D. C³kvs]-IvSÀ65. t]meokv tÌj-\-I¯v iqc-\mb ssSKÀ ocp-hm-Ip-¶Xv Ft¸mÄ. ?D. tÌ-j-\p-]p-ds¯ Nmhm-en- -«nsb ImWp-t¼mÄ.66. tem¡- p-I-fnse AXn-Z-b-\o-b-hpw AXn-{Iq-c-hp-amb AhØbmWv.....-F¶ IY-bpsS CXn-hr- w.D. ssSKÀ.67. "]qh-¼gw' F¶ ioÀj--I- nÂ IY Fgp-Xnb {]m[m-\n-IÄ.D. ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ, Iaem kpc-¿, ImcqÀ \oe-I-WvT-]n-f-f.68. ssSKÀ P\n- Xv FhnsS ?D. sXcp-hnse GtXm sXn- -«n-bpsS aI-\mbn \K-c- nse HmS-bnÂ.69. XS-hp-ImÀ¡v BsI Dm-bn-cp¶ Nn´bpw BÀ¯nbpw F´n-s\-¡p-dn- m-Wv. ?D. Blm-c-s¯-¡p-dn- v.70. C³kvs]-IvSÀ¡pw ssdäÀ¡pw kuP-\-y-ambn DuWpw Im¸nbpw \ÂIp-¶-Xnsâ \jvSw

tlm«-ep-Sa F§-s\-bmWv \nI- n-bXv ?D. XS-hp-ImÀ¡p-ff Kh-¬saâ v Xp-I-bnÂ \n¶v.71. I¼n-b-gn-IÄ¡n-S-bn-eqsS ssI \o«n ssSKsd XS-hn-s¡mv XS-hp-ImÀ ]d-ªXv F´v ?D. "R§-fpsS tNmdmWv: '72. ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ cNn¨ BZy IY-bm-Wv.....D. X¦w.73. \mbsb tI{µ-am¡n "shf-f-s¸m-¡- nÂ ' F¶ IY cNn- Xv ?D. XIgn inh-i-¦-c- n-ff74. hfÀ¯p-\m-b-bpsS Bß-K-X-§-fn-eqsS apt¶-dp¶ "tiJq«n' F¶ IY Fgp-Xnb



- bXv ?D. Sn. ]ß-\m- ³.75. ae-bm-f- nÂ XpSÀ¡-Y-I-fpsS Ah-Xm-c-I-\mbn Adn-b--s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ?D. ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ.76. " Hcp lyq-a-\n-Ìpw l-yq-a-dn-Ìp-amb IYm-Im-c³'' F¶v \ncq-]-I-\mb Fw. AN-yp-X³

hnti-jn¸n- Xv Bsc ?D. ssh¡w apl-½Zv _jo-dns\77. "[À½-cm-Pyw' F¶ t]cnÂ Hcp teJ-\sagpXn Xncp-hnXmwIqdnse c-Ws¯ \nin-X-ambn

hnaÀin¨ Fgp- p-Im-c³ ?D. ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ.78. "DXp- msâ InWÀ 'F¶ IY cNn- Xv ?D. ImcqÀ.79. ImcqÀ F¶ t]cnÂ {]i-kvX-\mb IYm-Ir- nsâ apgp-h³ t]cv ?.D. ImcqÀ \oe-I-WvT-]n-f-f.80. A[-ym-]-I-cpsS Ah-i-X-IÄ ]cn-l-cn-¡m³ A[-ym-]-I-k-amPw cq]o-I-cn- -Xn\v tPmen-bnÂ

\n¶pw ]ncn- phn-Ss¸« IYm-Ir- v. ?D. ImcqÀ \oe-IWvT ]nf-f.81. Imcq-cnsâ PohnX Imew ?D. 1893 þ s^{_p-hcn 22 þ 1975 HIvtSm_À 2282. ImcqÀ \oe-IWvT ]nff P\n- -sX-hn-sS ?.D. Gäp-am-\q-cnÂ.83. 1969 Â tIcf kmln-Xy AIm-Zan AhmÀUv t\Snb IYm-Ir¯v ?D. ImcqÀ \oe-I-WvT-]n-ff ( tamXn-cw)84. "s]mXn-t¨mdv' F¶ IY Fgp-Xn-bXv ?D. ImcqÀ.85. Imcq-cnsâ BZ-y-IY GXv ?D. `y-X-y-hm-Õ-e-yw.86. "`y-X-y-hm-Õ-eyw ' F¶ IYbv¡v ]nev¡m-e¯v \ÂInb Xe-s¡«v F´v ?.D. A¶s¯ Iqen.87. ImcqÀI-Y-Isf "aµkvanX {]Øm\w' F¶v hnti-jn- n- Xv Bcv ?D. kn.-sP. tXma-kv.88. kvIqÄ A\p- -h-§Ä hnj-b-am-Ip¶ "kvIqÄ Ubdn' cNn- Xv Bcv ?D. AIv_À I¡-«nÂ.89. ""]cm-Pb {]Øm-\-¡m-c-\mb (dnb-en-Ìn-Iv) Imcq-cnsâ IY-I-fnse hnjmZw Bk-¶-amb

kap-Zm-bnI hn¹-h- nsâ apt¶m-Sn-bmWv '' F¶p {]kvXm-hn- Xv ?D. tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW-]n-f-f.90. B[p-\nI IY Idp¯ ^en-X- nsâ IY-bmWv '' F¶v \nco-£n- Xv ?D. sI. ]n. A¸³.91. dnb-enÌnIv {]Øm-\s¯ " ]cm-Pb {]Øm\w ' F¶v hnti-jn- n- Xv ?D. tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW-]n-ff92. "ImcqÀ IYm-]-T-\-§Ä ' F¶ {KÙ- nsâ FUn-äÀ ?D. Fw.-Fw. _joÀ.93. Imcq-cnsâ "DXp- msâ InWÀ ' Fgp-X-s¸« hÀjw.



D. 194694. "" C¶v Cu IYbv¡v Akm-am-\-y-amb Hcp {]k-àn-bp-v. GXv sFUn-b-en-khpw C¶v

DXp- msâ InWÀ am{X-am-Wv. Cu IY-bpsS mhw asä¶t¯-¡m-fp-ap-]cn C¶v kzo-Im-c-yamWv '' þ BcpsS A`n-{]m-b-am-WnXv ?

D. hn.]n. inh-Ip-amÀ.95. ImcqÀ IY-Isf hni- nsâ IY-IÄ, KmÀln-I-I-Y-IÄ BZÀi-I-Y-IÄ, a\-Ênsâ IY-

IÄ F¶ \mep hn`m-K-§-fm¡n Xcw Xncn-¡m-sa¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«Xv ?D. tUm. sP. skÂh-cmPv Xm]kv (Im-cq-cnsâ Ie)96. "tIc-f- nse kmaq-l-y-\-thm-°m-\hpw kmln-X-yhpw' F¶ IrXn cNn- -Xv. ?D. tUm. F³. kmw.97. Imcq-cnsâ DXp- m³ F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ BZÀi{`a-¯n\v aXn-bmb ]n³_-e-anÃ

F¶p hnaÀin- Xv ?D. Ip«n-Ir-jvWamcmÀ (ssI-hn-f¡v )98. "hyàn a\-Êns\ Ah-K-Wn- p-sImv kaq-l-a-\-ÊnÂ Du¶n-b-XmWv ' DXp- msâ InWÀ '

F¶ IY-bpsS ]cm-Pbw' F¶p A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«Xv Bcv ?D. tUm. Fw.Fw. _joÀ (Im-cqÀ IYm-]-T-\w)99. DXp- msâ Bß-l-X-ybv¡v aXn-bmb bpàn IY-bnÂ sImp-h-cm³ Imcq-cn\p Ign-ªn-

«n-sÃ¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«Xv ?D. Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ (ssI-hn-f-¡v)100. \nÝn-X-amb cq]-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw Imc-y-Im-c-W-_-Ô- mÂ kpL-Sn-Xhpw GI-_o-Pmkv

]Z-hp-amb IY-bmWv sNdp-I-Y-bpsS CXn-hr¯w' F¶p \nÀt±-in¨ hnaÀi-I³ ?D. Fw.-]n. t]mÄ (sN-dp-IYm {]Øm-\w)101. kv{Xo hntam-N-\-{]-Øm-\-§Ä iàn-{]m-]n-¡m-Xn-cp¶ Ime¯v , ]pcpj ta[m-hn-Xz¯nv

s\Xnsc Hä-¡p-\n¶p s]mcp-Xnb IYm-Imcn ?

D. k c -k -z X n b ½ ( 1919----- --1975)-102. aebm-f- nse BZ-y-k-z-X{´ IYm-Imcn ?D. Fw. kc-k-z-Xo- mbn103. Fw. kc-k-zXo `mbn-bpsS BZ-y-IY ?D. Xe-t¨m-dn-Ãm¯ kv{XoIÄ104. ae-bm-f- nse BZy {]W-b-I-Y-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv ?D. IÃ-ym-Wn-¡p«n (HSp-hnÂ Ipªn-IrjvW tat\m³)105. "Bbn-c-s¯m-¶p-cm-hp-IÄ' F¶ Ad_n¡Y BZ-y-ambn ae-bm-f- n-te¡v samgn-amäw

sNbvXXv ?D. Icp-Wm-I-c-ta-t\m³.106. "Zzm-c-I'bnÂ Pe-a-Ö\ IhNw [cn¨v IS-en-\-Sn-bnÂ \n¶pw s]m«n-t¸mb I¼n-F-Sp-¡m-

sa¶ Bibw Bcp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.D. amÀ«ntâXv.107. ""\½psS sNdp-IYm kmln-X-y- nse GIm´ hnkvabw'' F¶v Pn. F³. ]Wn-¡À hnti-

jn- n- Xv Bsc ?D. sI. kc-k-zXn A½sb108. kmX-zn-I-em-h-W-y-h-Xn-IÄ¡v ]Icw _u²n-I-aqÀ¨-bp-ff kvss{XW kz-X-z-§sf IYm-]m-{X-

§-fmbn Ah-X-cn- n¨ IYm-Im-cn-bm-Wv....D. kc-k-z-Xn-b½



109. sI. kc-k-z-Xn-b-½-bpsS "tNme-a-c-§Ä' F¶ IY Fgp-X-s¸« hÀjw ?D. 1954.110. ""]Ým- -]n-t¡ {]hr- n-bnÂ \n¶v c£-s¸«q F¶m-sWsâ hni-zmkw. Ah-t\msâ

kpJ- n-\p-thn Acp-Xm- Xv sNbvXv A\-ysc Zp:-Jn- n- m-etÃ ]Ým- -]n-t¡-Xv '' -F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s -«Xv ?

D. enÃn-¡p«n (tNm-e-a-c-§Ä)111. "" Xm³ ImcWw aXm-Nm-c-§Ä Ahsf sIm¶p Ifªp Ah-sf-bn\n Pohn-¡m³

Bcmepw km[-y-a-Ã.'' F¶v Ipä-t_m[w tXm¶n-bXv BÀ¡v ?D. enÃn-¡p-«n-bpsS ]qÀÆ-Ime Imap-I³ Bb a[p-hn-\v.112. "" B I\-ymkv{Xo aT- nsâ Kw`o-c-amb tKäv Xpd¶v B Imhn-h-kv{X-¡m-c³ Df-fn-te¡v

IS¶p ''. F¶v Bcw- n-¡p¶ IY-bm-Wv.....D. tNme ac-§Ä.(sI. kc-k-zXnb½)113. "" ssZh àn-bÃ F\n-¡p-f-f-Xv. ]¨-bmb a\p-j-y-kvt\lw uXn-I-Zp:-Js¯ \nÊm-c-

am-bn-¡m-Wp¶ thZm´ a\:ØnXn C¶pw F\n¡v In«n-bn-«n-Ã. '' BcpsS hm¡p-IÄ. ?D. I\-ym-a-T- nÂ aZ-dn-t\mSv \µn ]d-bm-s\- nb k\-ym-kn-bpsS hm¡p-IÄ.114. DXp- ms\ kw_-Ôn- n-S-t¯mfw Ahsâ Dd-¡p-]m«v F´mWv ?D.- D-Z-c- nsâ ]cm-Xn.115. tIÄhn-¡mÀ¡v ckw tXm¶n-bn-sÃ-¦nepw Ah³ A¶p I-h-tcm-sSms¡ InW-änÂ

shffw I IY ]dªp, Bcv ?D. DXp- m³116. InWdv Ip¯n \m«p-ImÀ¡v kaÀ¸n¨ DXp- msâ {]hr- n-sb Bfp-IÄ I-Xv..........

Bbm-Wv.D. {`m v117. "ssSKÀ' F¶ IY _joÀ Fgp-Xn-bXv ........?D. At±lw sImÃw tem¡- nÂ Ign-bp-t¼m-gm-Wv.118. sImÃw tem¡- nÂ Ign-bp-t¼mÄ _joÀ Fgp-Xnb IY-I-fm-Wv.....D. ssSKÀ, CSn-b³ ]Wn-¡À, t]meo-kp-Im-csâ aI³119. kÀ¡m-cn-t\mSpw t]meo-kn-t\mSpw PbnÂ ]pf-fn-IÄ¡p-ff at\m- m-hs¯ Gähpw Iem-

]-c-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶ iàn-a- mb IY-bm-Wv.....D. ssSKÀ.1. t\mhÂ kmln-X-y- nÂ \n¶v sNdp-I-Ym-km-ln-X-ys¯ hy-X-y-kvXam¡p¶ -L-S-I-sas´Ãmw ?D. A[nIw hÀ®-\-Itfm IYm-]m-{X-§tfm {Inbm-k-µÀ`-§tfm sNdp-I-Y-b-ep-m-hn-Ã. Icp-

¯p-äXpw HuNn-Xyw \nd-ª-Xp-amb A\p- htam at\m- m-htam atäm hfsc km{µ-ambpwGI-{K-ambpw sNdp-I-Y-bn-eqsS IYm-Ir¯v Ah-X-cn- n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. {]k-¶-amb`mjbpw ssNX-\-y-]qÀ®-amb Bhn-jvIm-chpw sNdp-I-Ysb amäp-f-f-Xm-¡p-¶p.

2. sNdp-I-YbpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ hnh-cn-¡p-I.cq]-]-c-amb {lk-z-Xbpw inÂ]-ZmÀU-yhpw, A\p- q-XnpsS kq£aamb Bhn-jvI-c-Ww, GIm-{K-Xbpw [z-\-ym-ß-X-bpw, hnIm-c-Xo-{h-amb Ah-X-c-Ww.

3. sNdp-IYm {]Øm-\- nsâ hfÀ¨¡v kw`m-h\ \ÂInb temI-km-ln-X-y-Im-c-·mÀ ?D. Ata-cn-¡-¡m-cmb FUvKmÀ Ae³ t]m, hmjn-MvS¬ CÀhn³, \Ym-\n-bÂ lmt¯m¬,

{_äv lmÀs¯, sl³dn Pbnw-kv, dj-y-¡m-cmb Bâ¬ sNtJmh,v \nt¡m-fmbv tKmtKmÄ,{^m³kp-Im-cmb KosZ sam¸-kmMv, tkmaÀ skäv tamw, t_mZve-bÀ, _Âkm-¡v, t vfm_À.



4. temI-{]-i-à-cmb GXm\pw sNdp-I-Ym-Ir- p-¡-fpsS t]sc-gp-Xp-I.D. ImX-do³ am³kv oÂUv, dpU-ymÀUv In¹nw-Kv, sPbnwkv tPmbvkv, sjÀhpUv

B³tUgvk¬, hneyw t^mIv\À, hneyw ktcm-b³, GWÌv slanwKth, amIvknwtKmÀ¡n,- SÀP-\o-h, H. slân, kn.F¨v. temd³kv, entbm tSmÄtÌmbv, hn-eyw t^mIv\À.

5. C -ybnÂ {]Nm-c- n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ {]mNo-\-I-em-cq-]-§Ä GsXÃmw ?D. ]©-X-{ -I-Y-IÄ, PmX-I-I-Y-IÄ, hn{I-am-Zn-X-y³ IY-IÄ, IYm-k-cnXv kmK-cw, Zi-Ip-am-c-

N-cn-Xw.6. C -ybnÂ {]N-cn¨ hni-z-{]-kn-²hpw {]mNo-\-hp-amb IY-IÄ GsXÃm ?D. Bbn-c-s¯m-¶p-cm-hp-IÄ, Ipeo\ hZnw-\, t]Àj-y³ IY-IÄ, Cutkm- p-I-Y-IÄ, U¡m-

a-dm¬ IY-IÄ, ImâÀ_dn IY-IÄ.7. ]c-¼-cm-KX IYm-cq-]-§-fnÂ \n¶v C¡m-es¯ sNdp-I-Y-Isf hy-X-y-kvX-am-¡p¶ LS-I-

§Ä Fs´Ãmw ?D. bpàn- -{Z-ambn Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶ CXn-hr- w, bYmÀ° a\p-j-y-cpsS Ombbpw {]Ir-

Xnbpw Dff IYm-]m-{X-§Ä, hni-z-k-\o-bhpw Bk-zm-Z-y-hp-amb PohnX Nn{Xo-I-c-Ww,IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS at\m- mhw {]I-S-am-¡p¶ Bhn-jvIm-cw, KpW-]m-T-t¯-¡mÄ

a\p-j-y-Po-hnX kµÀ`-§Ä¡pw Ah-Ø-IÄ¡pw {]m[m-\yw \ÂIn-bp-ff BJ-ym-\w, IY-bnÂ XpSn¨p \nÂ¡p¶ IYm-Im-csâ h-y-àn-X-zhpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpw.

8. tIc-f- nÂ am{Xw {]Nm-c- nÂ Dm-bn-cp¶ BZ-y-Ime IYm-cq-]-§Ä GsXÃmw ?D. Iq¯nepw IqSn-bm-«- nepw hn`q-j-IÀ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶ D]-I-Y-IÄ. ]S-bm-Wn-bnse D]-

I-Y-IÄ, hS-¡³ ]m«p-I-fn-sebpw sX¡³ ]m«p-I-fn-sebpw IY-IÄ, ]m«p-I-Y-IÄ, am¸n-f-¸m-«nse IY-IÄ, anj-W-dn-I-Y-IÄ, tIc-f-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« sFX-y-l-y-I-Y-IÄ.

9. ae-bm-f- nse BZ-y-Ime IYm-Ir- p-¡-fnÂ {][m-\n-IÄ ?D. th§-bnÂ Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-\mÀ (1980þ1914) aqÀt¡m¯p Ipam-c³(1874-þ1941) kn.-F-kv.

tKm]m-e- -Wn-¡À (1872-1930)A¼mSn \mcm-b-W-s]m-Xp-hmÄ (1871þ1936) sN¦p-f¯v sNdnbIpªn-cma tat\m³(1881-þ1939) HSp-hnÂ Ipªn-Ir-jvW-ta-t\m³ (1869þ1916) sI.kpIp-am-c³ (1876þ1956) Ipän- p-d¯v In«p-®n-\m-bÀ (1882þ-1959) A¸³ X¼p-cm³(1876þ1941).

10. ae-bmf sNdp-I-Ym-km-ln-X-y- nse BZy-Ime IY-I-fpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-IÄFs´Ãmw ?.

D. kw`-h-§fpsS hnh-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp¶p ]e IY-I-fpw. sNdp-I-Y-bpsS LS-\tbm GIm-{K-Xtbm ]men-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶n-Ã. AÛpXw, hnt\mZw, k¦-ev]w, kml-kn-I-X, \À½w XpS-§n-b-hbv¡v {]m[m-\yw \ÂI-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. kmaq-l-y-{]-iv\-§Ä Xosc hnj-b-ambn kzo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶n-Ã. ]e-t¸mgpw sNdp-t\m-h-ep-I-fmbn Ah-bnÂ ]eXpw.

11. th§-bnÂ Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-\m-cpsS {][m\ IY-IÄ ?D. Zzm-c-I, aZn-cm-in, ]n¯-em-«w, hmk\mhnIr-Xn.12. th§-bnÂ Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ kzo-I-cn¨ XqenIm \ma-§Ä GsXms¡ ?D. tIk-cn, h{P-_m-lp, h{P-kq-Nn, tZim- n-am\n, kz-tZ-i-an-{X³, hn`q-j-I³.13. th§-bnÂ Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-cpsS IY-I-fpsS {]tX-y-I-X-I F´v ? D. \mS³ ssienbpw {]mtZ-inI mj-Whpw tNÀ¶ ck-I-c-amb BJ-ym-\-co-Xn. Poh-X-

¯nse hnI-e-X-Isf \À½- m-h- nÂ Ah-X-cn- n-¡m-\p-ff tijn. A\m-bm-k-ambnPohXn bmYmÀ°-ys¯ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\p-ff {]Xn- mhnemkw.

14. ae-bmf IYm-{]Øm¯nsâ BZ-y-Ime hfÀ¨¡v t{]mÕm-l-\ta-Inb {][m\ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä ?

D. hnZ-ym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n, hnZymhnem-kn-\n, ckn-I-c-RvPn-\n, P\-c-RvPn-\n, Bß-t]m-jn-Wn, mjm-



t]m-jn-Wn, Iht\mZ-bw, IYm-Iu-ap-Zn.15. ae-bmf IY-I-sfbpw IY-sb-gp- p-Im-scbpw Bdv Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-¡p-¶-Xn\v

Ipªn-¡-®³ hmWn-taÂ (I-Y-bpsS Bdmw Imew ) kzo-I-cn-¡p¶ hy-X-y-kvXam-]-\-§ÄGsXÃmw ?

D. IY-bpsS Ime-L-«w, BJ-ym\coXn, kuµ-c-ym-h-t_m-[w, PohnX \nco£-Ww, kmaq-lnIimkv{X-m`n-ap-J-yw, mj.

16. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b- nse A\m-Nm-c-§Äs¡-Xnsc {]Xn-I-cn¨ IYm-Im-c-·mÀ ?D. hn.-Sn. «-Xn-cn- m-Sv, -ap- n-cn-t§m«p h-{Xm-X³ \¼q-Xn-cn, Fw.-BÀ. _n.17. BZy Ime -IYmImc-·m-cnÂ ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sm-h-p¶-hÀ ?D. kn. ]n. AN-yp-X-ta-t\m³, kn. hn. Ipªn-cm-a³, ioshm-ffn \mcm-b-W³ \¼q-Xn-cn,

sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cm³, C.-hn. IrjvW-]n-Å.18. a\p-j-ys\ kmaq-ln-Ihpw {]mtZ-in-I-hp-amb Øe v h¨v ImWp-Ibpw am\-kn-I-Xsb

DbÀ¯n- n-Sn-¡p-I-Ibpw sNbvX \thm-°m\ Ime IYm-Ir- p-¡-fnÂ {]m[m-\n-IÄ.D. ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ, Fkv. sI. s]mä-¡m-Sv, ]n. tIi-h-tZ-hv, inh-i-¦-c- n-ff XI-gn,

s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n.19. ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bpsS \thm°m\ L«- n\p kml-N-c-y-sam-cp-¡nb LS-I-§Ä

Fs´Ãmw ?D. temI-a-lm-bp-²-§-fp-m-¡nb \mi-\-jvS-§Ä , djy t]mep-ff cmP-y-§-fn-ep-mb

hn¹h {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä, ]ptcm-Ka kmln-Xy {]Øm-\-§Ä A¿-¦m-fn, N«-¼n-kzman-IÄ,{io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp, h¡w A_vZpÄ JmZÀ auehn XpS-§nb alm-·m-cpsS t\Xr-X-z-¯nÂ \S¶ kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW {]Øm-\-§Ä ]mÝm-X-y-tem-I-hp-am-bp-ffk¼À¡w, ]{X-am-kn-I-I-fpsS {]Nm-chpw t{]mÕm-l-\-hpw, tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n-f-fsbt]mep-ff hnaÀi-I-cpsS CS-s]-SÂ.

20. ssh¡w apl-½Zv _jo-dnsâ {][m\ IYm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä ?D. HmÀ½-¡p-dn- v, ]mh-s¸-«-h-cpsS thi-y, hni¸v , hnUvVn-I-fpsS kzÀKw, hni-z-hn-J-ym-X-amb

aq¡v, A\ÀL \nan-jw, Nncn-¡p¶ ac- mh, t{]a-te-J-\w, P·-Zn-\w, aq¨o-«p-I-fn-¡m-csâaIÄ.

21; _joÀ XS-h-d-bpsS Nn{Xw ]IÀ¯n-h- Xv F§s\ ?D. shfn- hpw Imäpw IS-¡m¯ apdn-I-fnÂ ae-aq{XmZn-I-fpsS ZpÀK-Ôhpw ap«-I-fpsS

ISnbpw Ak-l-\o-b-amw hn[- nÂ Ds-¦nepw Iod-h-kv{X-§Ä Npän, XmSn aoi hfÀ¶hnfÀ¯ a\p-j-y-t¡m-e-§Ä¡v Htc-sbmcp alm-{]-iv\-amWv Df-f-Xv. hni- v, hni- n-\p-ap-¶nÂ asäm¶pw {]iv\-a-Ãm¯ AhØ.....''. cm{Xn Dd-§m³ InS-¡p-¶Xv cmhn-es¯ Iªn-Ip-Sn-¡m-\m-Wv. Iªn IpSn Ign-ªmÂ D¨ £-W-amWv a\-Ên-em-sI.

22. ssSK-dns\ kw_-Ôn- n-S-t¯mfw a\p-j-y-hÀK- nÂ cv C\-ta-bp-f-fqþ Bscms¡ ?D. t]meo-kp-Imcpw Ipä-hm-fn-I-fpw.23. ""XS-hp-Im-csâ kzÀK-amWv PbnÂ Ahsâ\-cIw t]meokv tem¡¸v BWv ''- hnh£ F´v ?D. tem¡- nÂ Ign-bp¶ XS-hp-ImÀ¡v sImSpw ]oU-\-§-fmWv A\p- -hn-t¡-n-h-cp-¶-Xv.

hni¸pw Zmlhpw Ahsc asä- n-t\-¡mfpw _p²n-ap-«n-¡p-¶p. tem¡- nÂ \n¶v DS³Pbn-en- m³ AhÀ Hmtcm-cp- cpw AXn-bmbn B{K-ln-¡p-¶p. t]meokv aÀ±\w b-t¡--Xn-Ã. ka-b- n\v £Ww e`n-¡p-I-Ibpw sN¿pw.

24. XS-hp-ImÀ¡v {ItaW ]cm-Xn-IÄ CÃm-Xmbn F§s\ ?D. XS-hp-ImÀ¡v IrX-y-ambn £Ww e`n-¡p-¶n-Ã. t]meokv C³kvs]-IvSÀ kar-²-ambn



`£Ww Ign-¡p-I-Ibpw HcmÄ¡p th{X tNmdv ssSKÀ F¶ \mb¡v \ÂIp-IbpwsN¿p-¶p. CXp Ip XS-h-d-bn-ep-f-f-hÀ¡v hmbnÂ shffaqdpw. sNbvXn-«n-Ãm¯ Ipä-§Ä¡vin£ hm§n XS-h-d-bnÂ Ign-bp¶ AhÀ¡p Int« tNmdmWv ssSKÀ ka-y-²-ambn Ign-¡p-¶-Xv. "" hni¸v AS-§p-¶nÃ R§Ä¡v Kh¬saânÂ \n¶v In«m-\p-f-fXv XcWw '' F¶v Bh-i-y-s¸« XS-hp-ImÀ¡v t]meo-kp-Im-cnÂ \n¶pw sImSnb aÀ±\w Gäp-hm-t§-n-h-¶p. tlm«ÂImc\pwt]meokv C³kvs]-IvSdpw X½n-ep-ff cl-k-y-[m-cW ImcWw XS-h-d-¡m-cpsS tNmdpw CXc B\p-Iq-e-y-§fpw \n¶p-t]m-bn. ]cmXn D¶-bn- -hÀ¡v t_m[w \jvS-amIpw hsc XÃv In«m³ XpS-§n-b-t¸mÄ XS-hp-ImÀ X§-fpsS Bh-i-y-§fpw Imc-y-§fpw D¶-bn-¡msX Bbn.25. "" R§Ä¡v hni- -S-§p-¶n-Ã. Kh¬saânÂ F¶p \nÝ-bn¨ XpIbv¡p-f-fXv R§Ä¡vIn«Ww '' kµÀ`w GXv ?D. thpthmfw £Ww e`n-¡msX XS-h-d-bn-ep-f-f-hÀ {]bm-k-s -Sp-¶p. AhÀ¡p £-W- n-\mbn Kh¬saâ v Hcp \nÝnX XpI GÀs¸-Sp- n-bn-«p-v. ]t£, C³kvs]-I-Sdpw tlm«-ep-Im-c\pw X½n-ep-ff [mcW {]Imcw XS-hp-ImÀ¡v {]kvXpX XpIbv¡v Dff Blmcw e`n-¡p-¶n-Ã.AtX kabw sXcp-hnÂ \n¶pw h¶ Nmhm-en- -«n-bmb "ssSK-dn\v thp-thmfw £Ww e`n-¡p-¶p-ap-v. kln-sI«v Hcn-¡Â NneÀ ]d-ªp. " R§Ä¡v hni- -S-§p-¶n-Ã. Kh¬saânÂ\n¶p \nÝ-bn¨ XpI-bv¡p-f-fXv R§Ä¡v In«-Ww. '' ]t£, In«n-bXv t]men-kp-Im-cpsS CSnbpwC³kvs]-IvS-dpsS _q«vknsâ Nhn-«pw Bbn-cp-¶p. t]mcm- -Xn\p C³kv]-IvS-dpsS AhRvP\ndª tNmZ-yhpw: ""Kh¬saâ v \nÝ-bn- n-«p-f-f-Xv ! \nsâ FÃmw X -btÃ Kh¬saâ''v AXn-\p-tijw Bcpw ]ns¶ ]cm-Xn-s¸-«n-Ã.26. "" Itm, \½psS C³kvs]-IvS-dpsS hchv ?''D. ssSK-dns\ XS-hp-]p-f-fn-IÄ "C³kvs]-IvSÀ F¶mWv cl-k-y-ambn hnfn- n- n-cp-¶-Xv. t]meo-kp-Im-cpsSbpsS ssSK-dnsâbpw I®p-IÄ¡v Htc cq£-X-bm-Wv. ssSKÀ shfn-bnÂ s]mXpth t]mIm-dn-Ã. alm- o-cp-hm-sW-¦nepw atäXp ]«n tÌj-\-I-t¯¡v h¶mepw Hcp ISp-h-bpsS iuc-y-t¯msSssSKÀ `b-¦-c-ambn Ipc-bv¡pw. F¶mÂ t]meokv tÌjsâ shfn-bnÂ t]mIp-t¼mÄ GsX-¦nepw Hcp Nmhm-fn- -«nsb ImÂ aXn. ssSKÀ hmÂ XfÀ¯n. ]n³Im-ep-I-fpsS CS-bn-eqsSHXp¡n AI-t¯¡v HmSn-t¸m-cpw. A¯cw Hcp ImgvN Iv cmjv{Snb¯S-hp-Im-cnÂ HcmÄ Nncn-¨p-sImp ]dª hm¡p-I-fmWv CXv.27. "" B ssSKÀ \mb-tbmfw mKyw XS-hp-ImÀ¡p-mbncps¶-¦nÂ '' ? kµÀ`w GXv ?D. tem¡- nÂ, cmjv{Sob XS-hp-Imsc ImWm³ kplr- p-¡Ä h¶ ka-bw. hnti-j-§Ä ]¦p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xn-\nsS \m«nse £mas¯ Ipdn¨p XS-hp-ImÀ Adn-bp-¶p. tem¡- n-\-I¯pw X§ÄB £maw A\p- -hn-¡p-¶p F¶p XS-hp-ImÀ ]d-ªp. XS-h-ImÀ¡v kpJ-I-c-amb Blm-c-ap-f-f-Xn-\mÂ hnjaw H¶pw Adn-tb--Xn-Ã. mK-y-hm-·mÀ F¶v BK-X-cn-sem-cmÄ ]d-ª-t¸mÄ Hcp XS-hp-Im-c³ ]d-bp¶ hmI-y-amWv CXv.28. "B ImgvN \mev]- n-A©p XS-hp-Imcpw H¼-tXmfw t]meo-kp-Imcpw I-Xm-WvþFXpImgvN ?D. XS-hp-Im-cpsS Nne kplr¯p¡Ä Ahsc kµÀin-¡m-s\- n-b-t¸mÄ ]e-lm-c-§fpw £-Whpw sImp-h-¶p. Bthmfw Ign¨p an¨w h¶ `£Ww aäp XS-hp-ImÀ¡v AhÀ \ÂIn._m¡n Dm-bn-cp¶ Ccp-]-s¯m¶p t]À¡v IjvSn¨v Hmtcm ]nSn tNmtd Dm-Ip-am-bn-¶p-f-fq.CXn\nsS \ne v hoW tNmdp Xn¶m-s\¯nb ssSKsd Hcp-X-S-hp-Im-c³ tam´¡v sXmgn- p. b-¦-c-amb tam§nb ssSK-dnsâ klm-b- n\v C³kvs]-IvSdpw Iq«cpw F¯n. Ipä-¡m-c-s\¶pkwi-bn-¡-s¸« XS-hp-Im-cs\ t]meokv CSn- p. Abm-fpsS ]Ãv sXdn¨p hogp-Ibpw t_m[-c-ln-X-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ImgvN-bmWv ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.29. _joÀ cNn¨ cmjv{So-bmwi-ap-ff Nne IY-IÄ ?



D. ssIhn-e-§p-IÄ, s]meokp-Im-csâ aIÄ, PbnÂ ]pf-fn-bpsS Nn{Xw, P·-Zn-\w, ssSKÀ30. Imcq-cnsâ {][m\ IrXn-IÄ ?D. A¼-e- -d-¼nÂ, ac- m-h-IÄ, ]qh-¼-gw, tamXncw, taÂhn-em-kw, Akvt{Xm-f-PÀ, Ccp-«nÂ,Krl-\m-bn-I, Hcp ]nSn a®v, ao³Im-cn, ImcqÀ IY-IÄ.31. ImcqÀ IY-I-fpsS khn-ti-jX Fs´Ãmw ?D. efn-X-amb {]Xn-]m-Z-\-ssi-en, anX-Xzw, BßmÀ°-X, a\p-j-y-\-·-bn-ep-ff {]Xo-£, IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS A -cw-K-§sf at\m-l-c-ambn A\m-h-cWw sN¿m\pw {Kmam- -co-£- nsâ imeo\kuµ-cyw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\p-ap-ff tijn.32. sI. kc-k-zXn A½-bpsS {][m\ IYm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä ?D. s]¬_p²n, FÃmw XnIª `mc-y, IogvPo-h-\-¡m-cn, hnhm-l-k-½m-\w, I\¯ aXnÂ,s]m¶p-¦p-Sw, Nph¶ ]q¡Ä, kc-k-z-Xn-A-½-bpsS k¼qÀ® IrXn-IÄ.33. ae-bmf sNdp-IYm kmln-X-y- nse {it²-b-cmb IYm-Im-cn-IÄ. ?D. sI. kc-k-z-Xn-b-½, efn-Xmw-_nIm A´ÀP-\w, cmP-e-£-an, ]n. hÕ-e, am[-hn-¡p-«n, kmdm-tXm-a-kv, ]n.-BÀ. iym-a-f, am\-kn, {]nb F. Fkv, sI. BÀ anc, _n.-Fw. kpl-d, JZoP apwXm-kv,ssa\ Dssa-_m³.34. "" At±lw Dd§n Fgp-t¶Â¡p-¶-Xn\p aps¼ \ap¡m {]hr¯n Ign-t¨-¡mw.'' þ kµÀ`wGXv ?D. th§-bnÂ Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-cpsS "Zzm-cI' F¶ IY-bnÂ Dd-§m³ InS¶ \mb-\msc kl-{]-hÀ -I-\mb amÀ«nÂ hnfn- p-WÀ¯p-¶p. IS-en-em Zzm-cI ImWm³ X¿m-dm-sW-¦nÂ cm{XnXs¶ IS-en-en-d§mw F¶v At±lw \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p. hb-Ê-\mb amep-an-¡{X ss[cyw Dm-hm-\n-S-bn-Ã. AXn-\mÂ AbmÄ Dd§n Fgp-t¶Â¡pw apt¼ Pe aÖ-\-I-hNw [cn¨v IS-en-en-d§mw F¶ [mc-W-bnÂ AhÀ F¯p-¶p.35. ""CsX-s´m-d-¡m-WtSm t\cw D¨-bm-hm-dm-bntÃ ? F´m tl \ne-hn-fn-¡p-¶Xv ? kµÀ`w Fgp-Xp-I. ?D. "Zzm-cI' F¶ th§-bnÂ Ipªn-cm-a³\mbÀ Gsd ly-Z-y-amb coXn-bnÂ Ah-X-cn- n¨ IY-bm-Wv. Pe-a-Ö-\I-hNw [cn¨v IS-en-te¡v Cd-§p-¶Xpw Ft¶m Pe- nem Zzm-c-Ibpw IS-enseaäp hnkva-b-§fpw Bk-zm-Z-y-ambn Ah-X-cn- n-¡-s -¡-Sp-¶p. Hcp A\p- -h-hn-X-cWw t]mse apt¶-dp¶ BJ-ym-\- nÂ Hcp "SznÌv' Dm-¡p-IbmWv taep²-cn¨ hmI-y- n-eqsS IYm-Im-c³ sN¿p-¶-Xv. CXp-hsc hnh-cn¨ bm{X-sbÃmw kz-]v\-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v hmb-\-¡msc IYm-Im-c³t_m[-y-s -Sp- p-¶p.36. ae-bmf kmln-X-y- nse BZ-y-Ime IYm-Im-cn-IÄ ?D. Fw. kc-k-z-Xo- m-bn, N¼- nÂ Nn¶½p A½mÄ, e£v-an-¡p«n hmc-k-ymÀ, hn. am[-hn-b-½,A¼mSn ImÀX-ym-b-\nb½.37. "]cmÀ°X, {]tbm-P\w IqSp-t´mdpw {ItaW CSp-§n-bn-Sp§n kzmÀ°-X-bnÂ sN¶-h-km-\n-¡p¶p F¶p tXm¶n-t¸mIpw AXnte \S-¡p-t¼mÄ ? kµÀ`w Fgp-XpID. sI. kc-k-z-Xn-b-½-bpsS "tNme-a-c-§Ä ' F¶ IY-bnÂ I\-ymkv{Xo aT- n-te¡v {]th-in-¡p¶ Imhn-h-kv{X-¡m-c³ aTm-¦-W- nÂ hfÀ¶p ] -en¨ hr£-§-fpsS at\m-lm-cnX IvBk-z-Zn-¡p-¶p. tKän-\-Sp- p-\n¶p sI«n-Sw-hsc \«p-h-fÀ¯nb ac-§-fnÂ ]t£, ^e-h-y-£-§Ä Imbv¡p-¶h sI«nSw kao-]n-¡p-t´m-dp-amWv Ip-Xp-S-§p-¶-Xv. a\p-j-ysâ ]cmÀ°-X-bpsS {]tbm-P\w hÀ²n-¡p-t´mdpw IpSp-Êmbn kzmÀ°-X-bnÂ sN¶v F¯p-¶p F¶v AXnte\S-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v tXm¶pw.38. "enÃn- qhv ImWp-t¼mÄ sN¼-c- n- q-hns\ HmÀ¡p¶-t]m-semcp sshcp-²-y- m-h-apv BNe-\- n-\n-S-bnÂ'' þ hnh£ F´v ?



D. I\-ym-a-T- n-se- nb k\-ymkn AhnsS ]mSn-t¡« GtXm Km\- nÂ Xsâ ]qÀÆ-Ime kvac-W-I-fn-te-Xnsâtbm km¶n-[yw Adn-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ IrX-y-ambn AsX- m-sW¶v Xncn- -dn-bm³]äm¯ Ah-Ø-bn-ep-ambn hnj-an-¡p-¶p. Cu AhØsb ]cm-aÀin-¡p-I-I-bmWv Chn-sS.39. "" lrZ-bs¯ AS¡n \nÀ¯n _p²n-sImv Btem-Nn¨v ]d-bWw '' enÃn-Ip«n CXp ]d-bm-\p-mb kml-N-cyw F´v ?D. I\-ymkv{Xo aT- nÂ hfsc bmZr-Ýn-I-ambn Ip-ap-«nb k\-ym-knbpw aZdpw ]qÀÆ-Im-e¯vAbÂ hmkn-I-fmbn Ign-ªn-cp-¶-hcpw ]c-kv]cw {]Wn-b- n-cp-¶-hcpw Bbn-cp-¶p. hfsc ASp-- nÂ Ign-bp¶ cp ho«p-ImÀ X§-fpsS {]W-b- mÂ AI-ep-sa¶v XoÀ¨ DffXn\mÂ hnhmlw

F¶ Imcyw Btem-Nn-¡mt\ AhÀ¡m-bn-Ã. DS³ aS-§n-h-cp-¶v Dd- p-\ÂIn Imap-I-\mb a[p\mSp-hn-Sp-¶p. Xncn-s¨- n-b-t¸mÄ enÃn-¡p-«nsb ImWmªv Iptd At\-z-jn- p. HSphnÂ Is-¯nbt¸mÄ Ah-fnXm aT- nÂ aZ-dmbn Ign-bp-¶p. aT- nÂ Ign-bp-¶Xv ISpw ssIbm-sW¶a[p-hnsâ A`n-{]m-bs¯ enÃn-¡p«n JWvUn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ cp Pohn-X-§sf \in- n-hÄF¶v a[p ]d-ª-t¸mÄ enÃn-¡p«n F¶ aZÀ ]d-bp¶ hm¡p-I-fm-Wn-Xv. cv Pohn-X-§Ä \in-¡p-I-bÃ , AhÀ ImcWw F{Xtbm Poh-\p-IÄ c£-s -«n-«p-v F¶v enÃn-¡p«n kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p.hnImcw sImf-f-eÃ _p²n-]qÀÆw Nn´n-¡p-I-I-bmWv th-sX¶v AhÄ ]d-bp-¶p.sI. kc-k-zXn A½-bpsS Fgp- nsâ e£-yhpw kz- m-hhpw hy-à-am-Ip¶ kµÀ`-am-Wn-Xv.40. a[p F¶ IYm-]m{Xw, Xsâ Xe apWvU\w sNbvX-Xn\p \nc- p¶ "\ym-bo-I-cWw F´v ?D. X\n¡v Gähpw `wKn-bp-ff hkvXp Xsâ Pohn-X- nÂ \n¶v t]mbn. `wKn-bp-ffsXm¶pw]n¶oSv _m¡n hbvt¡-s¶p AbmÄ hnNm-cn- p. am{X-a-Ã, Xs¶ h©n¨p IS-¶p-t]mbn F¶vAbmÄ hni-z-kn¨ ]qÀÆ-Ime ImapIn enÃn-¡p«ntbmSv ]Icw ho«n-b-Xp-t]m-sebpw AbmÄ¡vtXm¶n.41. Xsâ A{]n-Xo-sb- än aT- n-ep-f-f-hÀ¡v t]Sn-bp-m-Ip-sa¶v aZÀ ]d-bm³ Imc-W-sa´v ?D. IqSp-XÂ t\cw kµÀi-I-t\mSv kwkm-cn- n-cn-¡p-¶Xv ImÂ aT- n-ep-f-f-hÀ¡v AXn-ibwDm-Ip-sa-¦nepw Bcpw AsXmcp ]cm-Xntbm {]iv\tam Bbn ]d-bn-Ã. ImcWw aT- n\v hfscth-s¸-«-bm-fmWv aZÀ. [mcmfw ]Whpw ]m{Xhpw aT- n\p kw`m-h\ sNbvX BfmWv aZÀ.t]mcm- -Xn\v ho«nÂ \n¶v Bhiy-ap-f-f-t¸m-sgÃmw aäp km¼- nI klm-b-§fpw hcp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ C¯-c- n-ep-ff Hcmsf ]nW-t¡-¶v AhÀ Xocp-am-\n- n-cn¡pw F¶v enÃn-¡p«n hy-à-am-¡p-¶p.42. "" hÃ \n[nbpw In«p-sa-¶p-h¨m ]mhw ]mSp-s]-Sp-¶Xv ? '' þ kµÀ`w Fgp-Xp-I.D. DXp- msâ InWÀ (ImcqÀ \oe-I-WvT-]n-f-f) F¶ IY-bnÂ DXp- mÄ F¶ IYm-]m-{X- nsâa\Êpw kXv{]-hÀ¯-\-§fpw IYm-Ir¯v anI¨ coXn-bnÂ Ah-X-cn- n- n-cn¡p-¶p. DXp- m³InWÀ Ip¯p¶X-dnªv \m«p-Im-cnÂ NneÀ ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p. hÃ \n[nbpw In«p-sa¶v Icp-Xn-bmWv DXp- mÄ {]b-Xv\n-¡p-¶Xv F¶v AhÀ Ifn-bm-¡p-¶p. NneÀ DXp- m\v {`m´mWv F¶phsc ]d-bp-¶p.43. InW-dp-Ip-gn¨ DXp- msâ {ias¯ \m«p-ImÀ kzo-I-cn- Xv F§s\ ?D. InW-dp-Ip-gn¨ DXp- ms\ ]ecpw IW-¡n\v ]cn-l-kn-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. AhnsS Hcp IpSn-ep-sI«pw ]q«pw ]ghpw hnän-cp-s¶-¦nÂ Ahsâ sNe-hn-\p-f-fXv In«n-tbt\ '' F¶v NneÀ DXp- msâ_p²n-iq-\-y-Xsb D¶-bn- p. "" DXp- m³ hI'' F¶p t_mÀUv h¨n-cp-s¶-¦nÂ Iptd {]kn²nAh\p t\Sm-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v aäp NneÀ. "" Xosc KXn-sI-«mÂ IpSn- p-Nm-Im³ Ah\p hÃ-h-cp-sSbpw InWdv At\-z-jn-t¡--¶v- H-cp-c-kn-Isâ hI \nµ. Ip«n-IÄ AXnÂ N¸pw Nhdpw IÃpwC«p ckn- p. Hcp Zpcm-{Kln sXm«nbpw asämcp ]m]n I¸nbpw tamjvSn- p. C§s\ ]e amXncnt{Zml-§Ä ]ecpw sNbvXp. Ipd- p-t]sc¦nepw DXp- msâ {ias¯ am\n-¡pI Dm-bn.44. DXp- m³ Xm³ Ipgn¨ InW-dnÂ NmSn Bß-l-Xy sN¿m³ ImcWw F´v ?



D. Pt\m-]-Imcw e£-y-an-«mWv DXp- m³ InWÀ Ip¯n-b-Xv. F¶mÂ ]eÀ¡pw B kZv`m-h\CjvS-am-bn-Ã. DXp- msâ {]hÀ¯\w {`m´v AbmWv AhÀ I-Xv. X\n¡v {]tbm-P-\-an-Ãm¯Hcp Imcyw sN¿p-¶-h³ {`m -\-ÃmsX aämcv F¶mWv s]mXp kaq-l- nÂ ]ecpw Btem-Nn- -Xv.IqSmsX Imew amdn-b-t¸mÄ Bfp-I-fpsS ]cn-jvIm-c- nsâ tImehpw amdn. IpgÂ InW-dp-IfpwIpgÂ Pehpw Bfp-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ XpS§n kÀ¡mÀ Nne D¯-hp-I-fn-eqsS s]mXp-In-W-dp-IÄ a®n«p \nI- m³ {ian- p. ASp- p-ap-f-f-hÀt]mepw DXp- msâ InWÀ aqSn-¡-f-bp-¶-XmWv_p²n F¶v D]-tZ-in- p. Bi \in¨ DXp- m³ HSp-hnÂ Bß-l-X-y¡p X¿m-dm-bn.45. Ahsâ Ccn- p-I-mÂ, hoÀ¯ Icn-¼-S-s¡-«m-sWt¶ tXm¶q '' þ C§s\ tXm¶m³ Imc-W-sa v ?D. ssh¡w apl-½Z _joÀ Fgp-Xnb "ssSKÀ' F¶ IY XS-hp-]p-f-fn-I-fpsS ssZ\y Pohn-Xs¯{]ta-b-am¡n cNn-¡-s¸-«-XmWv - sXcp-hnse GtXm HmS-bnÂ P\n¨ Hcp Nmh-em- «n tem¡- n-\-I¯pw ]pd¯pw "ssSKÀ' Bbn hne-kp-¶p. XS-h-d-¡m-cpsS £Ww Ign¨v ssSKÀ XSn- p-sIm-gp- p. PbnÂ C³kvs]-IvS-dpsS ]cn-K-W-\bpw emf-\bptaäv asämcp "C³kvs]I-Sdp' sS mh-¯nÂ Ign-bp¶ "ssSKÀ XS-hp-Im-cpsS I®nse Ic-Sm-Wv. Idp¯p XSn¨ ssSK-dnsâ \mep-Imepwhmepw shfp¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ Ahsâ Ccn- p-Im-Wp¶ ]£w hoÀ¯p-\nÂ¡p¶ Icn-¼S- nsâHcp sI«m-sWt¶ BÀ¡pw tXm¶q.III. ap¶qdp hm¡nÂ Ihn-bmsX D]-\-y-kn-¡p-I.1. t\mhepw sNdp-I-Ybpw X½n-ep-ff {][m\ hy-X-ym-k-§Ä Fs´Ãmw ?2. sNdp-I-Ybv¡v \ÂI-s¸« hy-X-ykvX \nÀh-N-\-§Ä Is¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.3. ae-bmf sNdp-IYm {]Øm-\- nsâ ]nd-hnsbIpdn¨v D]-\-y-kn-¡p-I.4. BZ-y-Ime ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ hnh-cn-¡p-I.5. sNdp-I-Ym-]-T-\- n\v klm-b-I-c-amb IrXn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp- p-I.6. ae-bm-f- nse {][m\ IYm-Ir- p-¡-fpsS ]«nI X¿m-dm-¡p-I.7. th§-bnÂ Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-cpsS IY-I-fpsS {]tX-y-IX "Zzm-cI' ap³ \nÀ¯n ]cn-tim-[n- ¡p-I.8. "ssSKÀ ' apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p¶ Bi-b-§Ä Fs -Ãm-sa¶v NÀ¨ sN¿p-I.9. ssh¡w apl-½Zv _jo-dnsâ cN-\m-hn-ti-j-§Ä ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-I.10. "DXp- m³ ' F¶ IYm-]m-{X- nsâ kz- mh khn-ti-j-X-IÄ \ncp-]Ww sN¿p-I.11. sI. kc-k-zXn A½-bpsS cN-\m-ssh- -hs¯ "tNmemac-§Ä ' F¶ IYsb ASn-Øm-\-am¡n hnh-cn-¡p-I.12. sNdp-I-Ym-{]-Øm\w ae-bm-f- nÂ kPo-h-am-Im³ CS-bmb kml-N-c-y-s -¡p-dn v D]-\-y-kn- ¡p-I.13. \thm-°m\Ime sNdp-I-Y-Isf¡pdn¨v D]-\-ymkw X¿m-dm-¡p-I.

þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ



samU-yqÄ 21. Fw.Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ P\n¨p hfÀ¶ {Kmaw ?

IqS-ÃqÀ2. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ P\n-¨Xv ?D. 1933 Pqembv 15\v3. ‘ F´mWv B[p-\nI IhnX F¶ {KÙw cNn-¨Xv Bcv ?D. Fw. apIp-µ³4. £tbm-·p-J-amb \mbÀ¯d-hm-Sp-I-fp-sS ]Ým- -e- nÂ hf-fp-h-\m-S³ {KmaoW Pohn - X¯nsâ B´-cnI temI-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ IYm-Im-c³ ?D. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ5. "ImYn-Isâ ]Wn-¸pc' F¶ IrXn Bcp-tSXv ?D. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ6. "ImYn-Isâ Ie' F¶ IrXn cNn-¨Xv ?D. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ7. 1953 Â \S¶ temI-IYm aÕ-c-¯nÂ H¶mw Øm\w t\Snb ae-bm-f-¯nse IYm-Ir¯v ?D. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ8. Fw.-Sn.¡v 1953Â temI-I-Ym-a-Õ-c-¯nÂ H¶mw Øm\w t\Sn-s¡m-Sp¯ IY-bmWv þþþD. hfÀ¯p-ar-K-§Ä9. Fw.-Sn. bpsS "BÄ¡q-«-¯nÂ X\nsb' F¶ IrXn GXp Xcw kmln-X-y-hn-`m-K-¯nÂ

s¸Sp-¶p.D. bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-Ww. ( k©mc kmln-X-yw)10. Fw.-Sn. cNn¨ \mS-I-am-Wv ?D. tKm]p-c-\-S-bnÂ11. "I®m- -fn-¸q-¡-fpsS Imew' F¶ IY cNn- Xv ?D. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ12. teJ-\-§-sf-gpXn t\m¡n, Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xn-t\m¡n A¼-Xp-I-fpsS Bcw- - n-emWv F\n¡v

{]nb-s¸«, AYhm {]h- n-¡m³ ckw tXm¶p¶ kmln-X-y-cq]w sNdp-I-Y-bm-sW¶p Xocp-am-\n- -Xv..... DÆv sNdp-I-Y-tbmSv F\n¡v {]tX-y-I-amb Hcp ]£-]m-X-ap-v. IhnXt]mse Xs¶ ]qÀ®-X-bn-se- n-¡m-hp¶ Hcp kmln-X-y-cq-]-am-Wn-Xv. þ BcpsS hm¡p-IÄ

D. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ (Xn-sª-Sp¯ IY-I-fpsS Bap-Jw)13. 1950 IfnÂ IS-¶p-h¶ B[p-\n-I-Ime ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-I-fnÂ IYm-Ir- p-¡Ä {]m[m-\yw \ÂIn-bXv F´n-\m-bn-cp-¶p.D. _ml-y-amb kw -h-hn-h-cWs¯¡mÄ IYm-]m-{X- nsâ at\m- m-hmhn-jvIm-c- n\v14. Fw.-Sn. bpsS BZ-y-IY {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯nb hÀjw ?D. 1948þÂ15. ""Fsâ FÃm IY-Ifpw tNÀ¯p-h-¨mÂ Fsâ Bß I-Y-bmhpw'' F¶v {]J-ym-]n¨ IYmIr v ?D. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ (Im-Yn-Isâ ]Wn-¸p-c)



16. Hcp Ime v \mK-cnI Poh-X¯ntâXv F¶p Icp-Xn-bn-cp¶ IÃn¸v tIc-f-¯nse \m«n³]pd¯p-Im-cpsS Pohn-X- nepw _m[n- -Xnsâ Xo£-Whpw \nin-X-hp-ambhnaÀi-\-am-Wv.............- F¶ IY.

D. inem-en-Jn-Xw.17. Pohn-X- nse kwLÀj-ap-lqÀ -§sf apgp-h³ Hgn-hm-¡n, IW-¡p-Iq-«-ep-IÄ \S¯n,

kzmÀ°w am{Xw t\m¡n Pohn-¡p¶ C¶s¯ a[-y-hÀ¯n kaq-l- nsâ {]Xn-\n[n BWvinem-en-JnX¯nse ...........-F¶ IYm-]m-{Xw.

D. tKm]m-e³ Ip«n18. Fw.-Sn.¡v Úm\-]oT ]pc-kvImcw t\Sn-s¡m-Sp¯ IrXn?D. cmaqgw.19. Fw.-Sn.-bpsS inem-en-JnXw GXp IYm-k-am-lm-c-¯nÂ BWv.D. sjÀe-Iv.20. aäp-f-f-h-cpsS Imc-y-¯nÂ am{Xw BZÀiw Bh-i-y-s¸SpIbpw kz´w Imc-y¯nÂ k¦p- Nn-X-am-hp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ ka-Im-enI kaq-l-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n[n BWv inem-en-JnX¯nse

........ F¶ IYm-]m{Xw ?D. s{]m -kÀ tKm]m-e³Ip«n21. 1985 se hb-emÀ AhmÀUp t\Snb Fw.-Sn-bpsS IrXn. ?D. cmaqgw22. 1970 se tI{µ kmln-Xy AIm-Zan AhmÀUp t\Snb Fw.-Sn-bpsS IrXn ?D. Imew.23. 1959se tIcf kmln-X-y-A-Im-Zan AhmÀUp t\Snb Fw.-Sn-bpsS IrXn ?D. \mep-sI-«v.24. tImhn-e³ F¶ t]cnÂ {]i-kvX-\mb Fgp- p-Im-csâ bYmÀ°-t]cv ?D. hn.-hn. A¿- ³.25. ]md- p-d¯v F¶ XqenIm \ma- nÂ {it²-b-\mb Fgp- p-Im-c-\mWv ....D. sI. C. a¯m-bn.26. \ -\mÀ F¶ XqenIm \ma-¯nÂ {]kn-²-\mb Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ ?D. ]n.-kn. tKm]m-e³.27. k¡-dnb P\n-¨Xv F¶v ? FhnsS ?D. 1945 Dcp-fn-¡p-¶¯v (tIm-«-bw)28. 1979 Â tIcf kmln-Xy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv t\Sn-s¡m-Sp¯ k¡-dn-b-bpsS IYm-k-am -lmcw ?D. Hcn-S- v.29. k¡-dn-bpsS BZ-y-I-Ym-k-am-lm-c-am-Wv......D. Ip¶v.30. Hcp \{km-Wn-bp-hmhpw Kufn imkv{Xhpw F¶ IYm-k-am-lmcw BcptSXm-Wv.D. k¡-dnb31. kemw Ata-cn¡ F¶ IYm-k-am-lmcw cNn-¨nXv ?D. k¡-dnb32. BÀ¡-dnbmw F¶ IY Fgp-Xn-bXv Bcv ?D. k¡-dn-b.33. IYm-cw- - nÂ ss__n-fnse a¯m-bn-bpsS kphn-ti-j-¯nse aq¶v hmI-y-§Ä D²-cn¨p



tNÀ¯ k¡-dn-b-bpsS IY-bm-Wv........D. BÀ¡-dn-bmw.34. hmXnÂ Xf-fn- p-d¶v AI-t¯¡v h¶p. AbmÀ XfÀ¶n-cp-¶p. thbv¡p¶ Imep-I-fp- ambn Hcp a©-¯n-te¡v hoWv AbmÄ I®p-I-f-S-¨p. ChnsS ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp¶ - IYm]m{Xw Bcv ?D. ]«m-f-¡m-c³ ( BÀ¡-dn-bmw)35. ""\n§Ä sIm¶ Ipªp-§Ä¡v \n§Ä Ahsc sImÃm³ t]mIp-I-bm-sW¶p a\-Ên- emtbm''þ tNmZn-¨Xv Bcv ?D. thi-ym-e-b-¯nsâ DS-aØ ( BÀ¡-dn-bmw)36. thi-ym-e-b- nÂ F¯nb ]«m-f-¡m-csâ {][m\ Bh-iyw F´m-bn-cp-¶p.D. Ipfn-¡m³ shf-fhpw tNmc-bn-Ãm¯ Hcp DSp-¸pw.37. \m«nse Ipªp-§-sf-sbÃmw h[n¨p If-bm³ D -c-hn-«Xv Bcv ?D. sltdm-tZkv cmPm-hv.38. BcpsS P\-\-amWv sltdm-tZkv cmPm-hns\ b-N-In-X³ B¡n-bXv ?D. blq-Z-cpsS c£-Isâ39. kn. hn. {iocm-a³ P\n-¨Xv FhnsS ? F¶vD. 1931 \v Ip¶w Ipf-¯v.40. "N£p-{i-h-W-K-f-Øamw' F¶ IYm-k-am-lmcw cNn-¨Xv ?D. kn.-hn. {iocm-a³41. 1983 se tIcf kmln-Xy AIm-Zan AhmÀUv t\Snb kn.-hn. {iocm-asâ IYm-k-am-lm-c-am-Wv. ....D. hmkvXp-lm-c.42. 1999 Â tI{µ kmln-Xy AIm-Zan AhmÀUp t\Snb {iocmasâ IYm-k-am-lmcw GXv ?D. {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ43. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ BZ-y-ambn ]«m-f-¡-Y-IÄ cNn-¨Xv ?D. sh«qÀ cma³ \mbÀ.44. "{]Imiw ]c-¯p¶ s]¬Ip«n' F¶ IY cNn- -Xv.D. Sn. ]ß-\m-`³.45. Sn. ]ß-\m-`sâ {]Imiw ]c- p¶ s]¬Ip«n F¶ IY¡v AtX t]cnÂ ]mc-Un-¡Y Fgp-Xn-bXv ?D. k¡-dn-b.46. {]W-b-¯nsâ A[-c-kn-µqcw sIms-gp-Xnb IY F¶v sI. ]n. A¸³ hnti-jn- n¨ Kucn F¶ IY Fgp-Xn-bXv Bcv?D. Sn. ]ß-\m-`³.47. \ncmÀ{Z-amb uXnI temI- nsâ bmYmÀ°-y-§-tfmSv Gäp-ap«n apdn-s -Sp¶ a\p-j-ym-ßm- hnsâ thZ-\-IÄ Nn{Xo-I-cn¨ ImYn-I-\m-Wv.....D. Sn. ]ß-\m-`³.48. ]ß-\m-`³ þ IY-bnse Ime-ss`-c-h³ F¶ ]T\w X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv ?D. kn. BÀ . kpio-em-tZ-hn.49. Sn. ]ß-\m-`³ P\n-¨Xv F¶v ? FhnsS ?D. 1931 s^{_p-hcn A©n-\v, I®q-cnse ]f-fn-¡p-¶nÂ50. 1974 se tIcf kmln-Xy AIm-Zan AhmÀUv t\Snb ]ß-\m-`sâ IrXn-bm-Wv.



D. km£n.51. 2000-þ- nse hb-emÀ AhmÀUv t\Snb ]ß-\m-`sâ IrXn-bm-Wv........D. ]pg-I-S¶v ac-§-fpsS CS-bn-te-¡v.52. tI{µ-km-ln-Xy AIm-Zan AhmÀUv, tIcf kmln-X-y-A-Im-Zan AhmÀUv, HmS-¡p-gÂ ]pc - kvImcw F¶nh \nc-kn¨ IYm-Ir¯v Bcv ?.D. Sn. ]ß-\m-`³.53. Sn. ]ß-\m- sâ kvac-W-bm-Wv..............D. bm{X-a-t[y54. Sn. ]ß-\m- sâ teJ-\-§-fpsS kam-l-c-W-am-Wv....D. ]f-fn-¡p-¶v.55. Kucn¡v Gähpw CjvS-ap-ff Øew GXm-bn-cp-¶p.D. tKm]mÂ ]qÀ56. ""IY Sn. ]ß-\m- \v kmwkvImcnIhy-h-km-b¯nsâ DXv]-¶-a-Ã. AXv At±-l-¯n\v hni-zm-k- nsâ {]hÀ -\-am-Wv. PohnXw Cu Fgp- p-Im-c³ A\p- -hn-¡p¶ coXn IY-bmbn ]cn-W-an-¡p-I-bm-Wv. AbmÄ, Rm³ F¶o cq]-§Ä \nc- cw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ IY-I-sfÃmw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-sW¶v NneÀs¡-¦nepw tXm¶mw. ]ß-\m-`sâ IY-IÄ Hcp-t]m-se-bp-ff IY-I-f-Ã.F¶mÂ AsXmcp ss\c- -c-y-amWv''. ]ß-\m- sâ IY-Isf C{]-Imcw hne-bn-cp- n-bXv Bcv?D. sI. ]n. A¸³ ({]-W-b-¯nsâ A[-c-kn-µqcw sIms-gp-Xnb IY)57. IYm-Im-csâ mh\ kvt\l- nsâ bmYmÀ°yw F´m-sW¶v At\-z-jn-¡p¶ IY-bm-Wv. .....D. Kucn.58 Sn. ]ß-\m-`sâ "aI³' F¶ IY At±-l¯nsâ GXp kam-lm-c-¯nÂ BWv Df-fXv?D. Kucn.59. amXm-]n-Xm-¡-fnÂ \n¶v AI¶p t]mIp¶ GI k´m-\-s -¡p-dn-¨p-ff Zp:JamWv Sn. ]ß- \m-`sâ.........-F¶ IY-bnÂ.D. aI³.60. ""i{Xp-¡-fpsS ssI¿nÂs]«v ]nS-bp¶ Hcp ]£n-bpsS NndI-Sn-bp¶-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp¶p Ah- cpsS i_vZw''.......B-cpsS ?D. A½-bpsS (a-I³þ Sn. ]Xv-a-\m-`³)61. "" Sn. ]ßm-\-`³ - Iebpw Pohn-Xhpw F¶ IrXn X¿-dm-¡n-bXv ?.D. C. Fw. Ajvd-^v.62. ""B Nn{X-¯n-te¡v t\m¡n-bn-cp-¶-t¸m-Ä AXv ]Xps¡ Nen-¡p-¶p-s¶v tXm¶n''........- GXp Nn{Xw ?D. aI³ ]¯mw ¢mÊn-em-bn-cns¡ FSp¯ Npa-cnse Nn{Xw.(-a-I³)63. "hmkvXp-lmc' F¶-Xnsâ AÀ°w F´v ?D. hkvXp A]-l-cn-¡-s¸-«-hÀ.64. hmkvXp-lmc F¶ IY \S-¡p-¶X A´-co-£-sa-hnsS ?D. 1951 apXÂ 1973 hsc-bp-ff sImÂ¡¯m \K-cw.65. Bc-Xn- -Wn-¡À¡v \new hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bXv Bcv?D. `hm\n A½mbn66. hm\n A½mbn Ønc-ambn hmbn-¡p-¶Xv GXp Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ IrXn-I-fm-Wv.?.D. t]Ä. Fkv. _¡v67. "kÀ¡mÀ sImSp-¡p¶ BÀ -hr¯n £n- p-Xo-cp-t¼mÄ AhnsS \n¶pw NmSn-t¸mcpw C - hW hopw IÂ¡-¯-bnse Hcp d^-yqPn Iym-¼nÂ h¨v I-t¸mÄ AbmÄ ImÂ¡Â



hoWp'' Bcv ?.D. _n_mZv `RvP³ _ni-zmkv km[p.68. ""t\m hÀ lnkv t\w Cukv sd¡saâUv t^mÀ HmÄ Cým kÀÆo-kkv'' þ Bsc¡pdn- ¨mWv Cu ]cm-aÀiw.D. thWp-hnsâ ko\n-bÀ Hmô-k-sd-Ip-dn-¨v.69. Fń-s\-bmWv thWp {]]© cl-kyw F¶p hnfn-¨Xv ?.D. kvt\l-ap-f-f-h-cpsS D]-tZ-iw.70. Za-bń-bpsS 'F_vtkÀUv ' (A-kw-_-Ôw) F¶p hti-jn-¸n-¨Xv Fńs\ ?.D. `mKn-t\-b³ apd-s¸-®ns\ hnhmlw Ign-¡p¶ tIc-f- nse coXnsb71. I¸-en-te¡v t]mIm³ XpS-§n-b-t¸mÄ Za-bń thWp-hnt\mSv At]-£n- -Xv F v ?.D. X\n¡v I¯p-IÄ Ab-¡-W-sa-¶v.II. 25 hm¡nÂ Ihn-bmsX D -c-sa-gp-XpI1. ]«m-f-I-Y-IÄ¡v ae-bm-f- nÂ {]Nmcw t\Sn-s¡m-Sp¯ IYm-Ir- p¡Ä

Bsc-Ãmw. ?.D. tImhn-e³, ]md- p-d- v, \ -\mÀ, hn\-b³2. tImhn-esâ {][m\ IrXn-IÄ ?.D. Hcp IjvWw A-Øn, Hcp ]mew a\-tbm-e, BZys¯ IY-IÄ, iIp\w, ]n¯w3. ]md- p-d-¯nsâ {][m\ IrXn-IÄ ?D. \memÄ\m-ep-h-gn, Zn\m- -y-¡p-dn- p-IÄ, {]Im-i-[m-c, Afn-b³, Po-hn-X- nsâ BÂ_-

¯nÂ \n¶v.4. \ -\m-cpsS {][m\ IrXn-IÄ ?D. Hcp hÀj-Ime cm{Xn, BImiw sXfn-ªp, s\Ãpw ]Xn-cpw, anÌÀ IpÂ¡ÀWn, sIm¶-

¸q-¡Ä5. hn\-bsâ {][m\ IrXn-IÄ ?D. ISepw Iªn-bpw, Ne-\-§Ä, Xo¿pw Xncbpw6. A[-ym-]I IY-IÄ¡v ae-bm-f-¯nÂ {]kn-²n- \ÂInb IYm-Ir- p-¡Ä BscÃmw ?.D. ImcqÀ \oe-I-WvT-]n-f-f, AIv_À I¡-«nÂ, F³.-tam-l-\³.7. ae-bmf IYm-km-ln-X-y- nÂ B[p-\n-I-Xbv¡v {]m[m-\yw \ÂInb Fgp- p-Im-cnÂ {]ap-

JÀ ?.D. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ, Sn. ]ß-\m-`³, ]«-¯p-hnf Icp-Wm-I-c³, Iaem kpc¿, F³.-

]n. apl-½-Zv, kn. cm[m-Ir-jvW³, Pn. hnth-Im-\-µ³, kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-bÀ, ap«-¯p-hÀ¡n.8. B[p-\nI IY-I-fpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ ?D. \thm-°m\ IY-I-fnÂ {]I-S-am-bn-I-n-cp¶ kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb IYm- -co-£- nsâ Akm-¶n-[-yw, IYm-Ir- nsâ Bß-\n-jvThpw kq£-amwiw {]I-S-amIpw hn[hpw DffcN-\m-ssien t\cn-«p-ff kmaq-ln-I-hn-aÀi-\- n-\p-]-Icw tIhe hy-àn-bpsS {hWn-X-amb PohnXkml-N-c-y-§-fpsS AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯Â, hn¹-h-I-c-amb Bi-b-{]-Nm-cWw sImv am{Xw kmaq-lnI ]cn-hÀ¯\w \S- m-\m-hn-sÃ¶ Xncn- -dn-hv, kw -h-hn-h-c-W-§Ä¡p ]Icw IYm-]m-{X- nsâam\-kn-I-amb k¦oÀW-`m-h-§sf Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\pff {iaw, DNn-X-amb _nw_§fpsSkm¶n-[-yw, AkvXn-X-z-ZÀi\w at\m-hn-Úm-\obw Cw{]-j-\n-kw XpS§n B[p\n IYsb thdn«p\nÀ¯nb LS-I-§Ä \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv.9. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mb-cpsS {][m\ IYm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä ?D. \nsâ HmÀ½-bv¡v, Hmfhpw Xoc-hpw, Ipt«-y-S-¯n, sjÀtem-¡v, Ccp-«nsâ Bßm-hv,



hmcn-¡p-gn, Zmdp-Ê-emw, kzÀKw Xpd-¡p¶ ka-bw.10. BZ-y-Ime ae-bmf sNdp-I-Ym-I-fnse {][m\ {]ta-b-§Ä ?D. {]Wbw Ipäm-t\-z-j-Ww, Aa-fn, kml-k-Ir-X-y-§Ä11. \thm-°m-\-Ime ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-I-fnse {][m\ {]ta-b-§Ä Fs -Ãmw.D. hni-¸v, Imaw, \ne-\n-ev]n-\p-th-n-bp-ff ka-cw.12. ""\o......-X-W-e¯v \S-¡v, C\n XpS§pw aq¡p-No-äepw Pe-tZm-jhpw'' þ kµÀ`-taXv ? AsÃ-¦nÂ13. aIÄIpS-bpsS XW-ensâ h«- nÂ \n¶v AI¶v apt¼ \S-¶p. DW-§nb Fffn³Ip-än-IÄNhn-«n-sbm-Sn- p-sImv [y-Xn-bnÂ \S-¡p¶ Ah-fpsS H -sa- m³ AbmÄ {]bm-k-s -«p... kµÀ`wGXv ?D. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mb-cpsS "inem-en-JnXw' F¶ sNdp-I-Y-bnÂ Ncn-{Xm-[-ym-]-I-\mb tKm]m-e³Ip«nbpw aIfpw X½n-ep-ff kw`m-jW cwK-amWv ChnsS ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xv. tKm]m-e³Ip«n-bpsS A½sb klm-bn-¡m³ \n¶n-cp¶ kv{XobpsS aIÄ Ft´m hnjw Ign¨p InS-¶-t¸mÄtKm]m-e³Ip-«n-b-S¡w Hcmfpw c£n-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. th NnInÕ In«msX AhÄ ac-W-a-S-ªp. Bdp-\m-gn-I-t]m-bmÂ kÀ¡mÀ Bip-]-{Xn-bp-s¶pw AhnSs¯ tUmIvSsd hnfn-¡m³Hcmfpw t]mbn-sÃ¶pw tKm]m-e³Ip«n ]d-ª-t¸mÄ, AÑ\p hnfn- p-sIm-p-hcmam-bn-cp-¶ntÃF¶v aIÄ tNmZn-¨p. B tNmZ-y-¯n\p AbmÄ¡v adp-]Sn Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. hnjbw amäm³AbmÄ aIsf t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶-XmWv kµÀ`w. ]t£ aIÄ AbmÄ \o«p¶ XWÂ h«w \nc-kn-¨p-ap-t¶m«p iàn-tbmsS Kan-¡p-¶p. XpÑ-amb kzmÀ°-X-I-fnÂ am{Xw a\Êv can-¡p¶ kaq-l-¯nsâ {]mXn-\n-[-y-amWv tKm]m-e³ Ip«n F¶ IYm-]m-{X- nÂ Fw.-Sn. aqÀ¯oI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. FÃm-än\pw aäp-f-f-hsc ]gn-Nm-cp¶ at\m- m-h-amWv AbmÄ¡v. F¶mÂ ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bnÂ IYm-Ir-¯n-\p-ff hni-zm-k-amWv aI-fn-eqsS Fw.-Sn. apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xv.14. Sn ]Xva\m- sâ {][m\ IrXn-IÄ GsX-Ãmw. ?D. Hcp IYm-Ir¯v Ipcn-inÂ, ]pg-I-S¶v ac-§-fpsS CS-bn-te¡,v {]Imiw ]c- p¶ Hcp s]¬Ip-«n, ]ß-\m-`sâ IY-IÄ, ISÂ, Ime-ss -c-h³, lmcn-k¬ kmbvhnsâ \mb, klr-Z-b-\mbsNdp- -¡m-csâ v Pohn-X- nÂ \n¶v, \fn-\-Im-´n, aJ³kn-§nsâ ac-Ww, IYm-Ir- v-þ-km-£n,hoSv \jvS-s¸« Hcp Ip«n, KpÂ apl-½-Zv, s]cp-a-g-t]m-se, Fsâ {]nb-s¸« IY-IÄ, Sn. ]ß-\m-`sâ IY-IÄ (k-¼qÀ®w), Kucn.15. Sn. ]ß-\m-`sâ ]pg-I-S¶v ac-§-fpsS CS-bn-te¡v F¶ IrXn Ic-Ø-am-¡nb {][m\ ]pc-kvIm-c-§Ä FsXÃmw?.D. hb-emÀ AhmÀUv,-h-f-f-t¯mÄ ]pc-kvIm-cw, efn-Xmw-_nIm A´ÀÖ\w kvamcI ]pc-kvIm-cw, Fgp- -Ñ³ ]pc-kvIm-cw-.16. Sn. ]ß-\m-`sâ IY-I-fpsS khn-ti-jX F´v ?D. ae-bm-f- nÂ sNdp-IYm kmln-X-y-t¯mSv am{Xw {]tX-yI Xmev]-cyw ImWn¨ A]qÀÆw IYm-Im-c-·m-cnÂ Hcm-fmWv Sn. ]ß-\m-`³, Xsâ Bß-`m-h-§sf kz-I-Y-bnepw IYm-]m-{X-§-fnepwk¶n-th-in- n v Ah-bpsS ]c-am-h[n hmb-\-¡m-cs\ A\- -h-s -Sp- n-s¡m-Sp-¡m³ ]ß-\m- \pIgn-bm-dp-v. kvt\l-amWv ]ß-\m- -I-Y-I-fpsS {][m\ {]tabw AXv {]Wbw, hmÕ-e-yw, Ky-lm-Xp-c-X XpS-§nb hy-X-ykvX mh-§-fpsS AÔÀ[m-c-bmbn {]h-ln- p-sIm-t-bn-cn-¡p¶p At±-l-¯nsâ IY-I-fnÂ Imh-ym-ß-I-amb `mj-bnÂ Ah Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ ]ß-\m-`\p {]tX-yIhncpXv Dv. a\p-j-y-a-\-Ênsâ k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ At±-l- nsâ IY-I-fnÂ A\m-h-cWw sN¿-s -Sp-¶p.17. Sn. ]ß-\m-`sâ "aI³' F¶ IY-bpsS CXn-hr- -sa v ?D. t]män-h-fÀ¯nb AÑ-\-½-amsc X\n- m¡n kz´w Pohn-X-t\-«- n-\mbn {ian-¡p¶ aIs\Ipdn-



¨p-ff IY-bmWv Sn. ]ß-\m-`sâ "aI³' {]mb-amb Ime¯v {]nb-s¸« a¡-fpsS kmao-]-yhpwklm-bhpw B{K-ln-¡p¶ amXm-]n-Xm-¡-fpsS am\knImhØ ly-Z-b-kv]p-¡mb hm¡p-I-fnÂ]ß-\m-`³ "aI\n' Â hc-¨p-h-bv¡p-¶p. Hä-s -S-ensâbpw Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xnsâbpw thZ-\bpw \nÊ-lm-b-X-bpw IYm-Ir v A\p- -h-s -Sp- n- -cp-¶p, Cu IY-bn-eq-sS.18. kZ-ybv¡v \nev¡ntÃ ' F¶ aIsâ tNmZ-y-¯n\v AÑ³ adp-]Sn \ÂIn-bXv F§s\ ?D. Sn. ]ß-\m-`sâ "aI³' F¶ IY-bnÂ aIsâ `mc-y-bpsS A\p-P-¯n-bpsS hnhm-l-¯n\vF¯nb AÑ³ Xsâ aI-\p-ambn \S-¯p¶ kw`m-j-W-amWv kµÀ`w. IÃ-ym-W-¯n\v hcm³H«pw Xmev]-cyw CÃm-Xn-cp¶ AbmÄ mc-y-bpsS k½-X-{]-Im-c-amWv ]s¦-Sp- -Xp-X-s¶. AhnsSF¯n-b-t¸mÄ th ]cn-K-W\ e`n-¡msX, H-c-[n-I- -ämbn Xm\-hnsS \nev¡p¶p F¶v AÑ\ptXm¶n. Xnc-s¡m-gnª Hcp kabw t\m¡n AbmÄ aI-\p-ambn Aev]w \S¶p Nne kw`m-j-W-§Ä \S-¯n. Xsâ aI³ H¯ncn amdn-t¸mbXmbn AbmÄ Xncn-¨-dn-ªp. HSp-hnÂ tlm«-enÂXncn-s¨-¯nb AbmÄ Xm³ DS³ t]mIp-sa¶v aIs\ Adn-bn-¨p. aI³ AÑ³ kZ-ybv¡p\nev¡ntÃ F¶ aIsâ tNmZ-y-¯n\v AbmÄ Hcp Nncn-bmWv adp-]Sn \evIn-b-Xv.19. ""Ah³ Ft¸m-gmWv hcn-I. \msf hcptam'' ? BcpsS tNmZ-y-amWv ?D. ]ß-\m- sâ "aI³' F¶ IY-bnÂ X§-fnÂ \n¶pw amdn Zqsc Hcn-S¯p IpSpw-_-k-taXw Ign-bp¶ "aIsâ km¶n-[yw sImXn-¡p-¶, hy-²-cmb Hcp AÑsâbpw A½-bp-sSbpsSbpw ly-Z-b-t -Z-I-amb am\-kn-Im-hØbmWv Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. aIsâ mc-y-bpsS A\p-P- n-bpsS hnhm-l-¯n\v kw_-Ôn¨v Xncn-s¨-¯nb `À¯m-hn-t\mSv aI³ ASp¯ Znhkw hcntÃ F¶v A½tNmZn-¡p-¶p. `oXn-I-eÀ¶sX¦nepw ZrU-amb i_vZ-¯n-ep-ff tNmZ-y-¯n\v AbmÀ Ah-y-à-amb D -c-amWv \ÂIp-¶-Xv. aIs\ ImWm\pw Ahsâ km¶n-[yw sImv kt´m-jn-¡m\pwsh¼p¶ Hcp A½-bpsS AhØ Cu hcn-I-fnÂ sXfn-ªp-Im-Wp-¶p.20.k¡-dn-b-bpsS IYm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä GsXÃmw ?.D. Hcn-S- v, Ip¶v, BÀ¡-dn-bmw, Hcp-\-{km-Wn bphmhpw Kufn-im-kv{X-hpw, I\-ym-Ip-am-cn, I®mSnIm¬tam-f-hpw, k¡-dn-b-bpsS IY-IÄ,21. k¡-dn-b-bpsS IY-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ GsXÃmw ?D. kaq-l- nsâ ssiYn-eyw Xpd¶p ImWn-¡p-¶-h-bmWv k¡-dn-b-bpsS IY-IÄ. hfsc \nÊw-KX {]I-S-am-¡p-¶, AtX kabw Xo{h-amb Bt£]w lmk-y- nsâ AI-¼-Sn-tbmsS DbÀ¶p-h-cp¶ BJ-ym-\-co-Xn-bmWv At±lw kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. hÀ -am\ Ime Pohn-X- nsâ Ah-Ø-I-fpsS Xo{h-amb Bhn-jvImcw At±-l- nsâ IY-Isf anIhp-ä-Xm-¡p-¶p. mâ-knsb AX-ym-IÀj-I-ambn sImp-h-cm-\p-ff k¡-dn-b-bpsS anIhv {it²-b-am-Wv.22. "" F\n¡v Adn-ªp-Iq-Sm. Ipªp-§Ä¡v ac-W-aptm AhÀ¡v ac-W-s - än Nn´n-¡m-\-dn-bptam ? C§s\ tNmZn-¨-Xmcv ? kµÀ`-taXv ?AsÃ-¦nÂ23. "" Rm³ tI«-sXÃmw A½-am-cpsS Ic-¨n-emWv ''þ Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS hnh£ F v ?D. k¡-dn-bpsS "BÀ¡-dnbmw" F¶ AX-y´w \mS-Io-b-amb IY-bnÂ, sltdm-tZkv cmPm-hnsâIev]\ {]Imcw \m«nÂ ]nd-¡p¶ Ipªp-§sf sIm¶p-I-f-bm³ Cd-§n- n-cn¨ Hcp ]«m-f-¡m-csâ Ah-Ø-bmWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. cmP-I-ev]\ A£cw {]Xn A\p-k-cn-¡m³ hn[n-¡-s¸«AbmÄ Xsâ {]hÀ -\-§-fnÂ Ak-z-Ø-\m-Wv. taemsI càw ]pc Ah-Ø-bnÂ AbmÄhn{i-an-¯n-\mbn thi-ym-e-b- nÂ F¯p-¶p. £nW-a-I-änb tijw Ipfn-¡m³ shffw thW-sa¶v Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. At¸mÄ thi-ym-e-b- nsâ DS-aØ Abm-tfmSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. ""\n§Ä sIm¶ Ipªp§Ä¡,v \n§Ä Ahsc sImÃm³ t]mhpI-bmtWm F¶v a\-Ênemtbm? ''. Cu tNmZ-y-¯n\v AbmÄ¡v {]tX-y-In-s¨m-cp adp-]Sn Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂthi-ym-e-b-¯nsâ DS-a-Ø-IÄ¡v Hcp adp-]Sn thW-am-bn-cp-¶p. At¸mÄ AbmÄ ]d-bp-¶-



XmWv Cu hmI-y-§Ä ' F\n-¡-dn-ªp-Iq-Sm.. IpªpÄ¡v ac-W-aptm ? AhÀ¡p-a-c-W-s¯-¸än Nnń-¡m-\-dn-bmtam ? Rm³ tI«-sXÃmw A½-am-cpsS Ic-¨n-em-bn-cp-¶p. '' . Cu hmI-y§fnÂ Xs¶ GÂ¸n-¡-s¸« ZuX-y- nÂ AbmÄ¡p-ff XmXv]-c-y-¡p-dhpw \nÊwKXbpw \nÊ-lm-b-Xbpw hy-à-am-Ip-¶p-v.24. AcmWv sltdm-tZ-knsâ i{Xp ? BcmWn ]nd¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ? Hcp Ipªn-s\-sb-ń-\mWvsltdm-tZkv t]Sn-¡p-¶Xv?. - þ thi-ym-e-b-¯nsâ DS-a-Ø-bpsS tNmZ-y-¯n\v ]«m-f-¡m-c³\ÂInb adp-]Sn F´v ?D. sltdm-tZkv cmPm-hnsâ Iev]-\-{]-Imcw, \m«nÂ ]nd¶ Ipªp-§sf FÃmw sIms¶m-Sm-¡m³ ]pd-s¸« Hcp ]«m-f-¡m-c³ Xsâ IÀ¯-h-y-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ hn{i-an-¡m-\mbn thi-ym-e-b- n-se- p-¶p. Fń-\mWv sltdm-tZkv C§s\ b-¡p-¶-sX¶v thi-ym-e-b¯nsâ DS-a-Øbv¡va\-Ên-em-Ip-¶n-Ã. At¸mÄ ]«m-f-¡m-c³ AhÄ¡v sltdm-tZ-knsâ Iev]-\¡v ImcWw hy-à-am-¡p-¶p. blq-Z-cpsS cmPmhv _Xve-tl-anÂ P\n- n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v Ahs\ tXSn F¯nb Úm\n-IÄ sltdm-tZ-kns\ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. t]Sn¨ sltdm-tZkv ]nd-hn-sb-Sp¯ blq-Z-cpsS cmPm-hns\ þ B Ipªns\ þ h[n-¡m-\mWv Iev]\ ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.25. "" C{X Bbncw Ipªp-§-fpsS tNmc-bn-eq-sS-bmtWm Hcp c£-I³ hcp-¶Xv ?'' ]«m-f-¡m-c³C{]-Imcw tNmZn-¡m³ Imc-Ww F v ?D. k¡-dn-b-bpsS "BÀ¡-dnbmw' F¶ IY Nne ZmÀi\nI {]iv\-§Ä DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p-¶p.sltdm-tZkv cmPm-hnsâ BÚ inc-Êm-h-ln v At\Iw Ip«n-Isf sIm¶p-I-fªv hn{i-an-¯n-s\- nb ]-«m-f-¡m-c³ thi-ym-e-b- nsâ DS-a-bp-ambn \S-X1-Xp¶ kw`m-j-W- n-eq-sS-bmWv IYm-Im-c³ Cu ZmÀi-\nI {]iv\-§Ä NÀ¨¡v sh¡p-¶-Xv. blq-Z-cpsS c£-I³ ]nd-hn-sb-Sp- n-«p-ffXn\mÂ Ahs\ \in- n-¡-W-sa-¶mWv cmP-I-ev]-\. F¶mÂ GXmWm c£-I³ ? Adn-bn-Ã.AXn-\mÂ FÃm Ipªp-§-sfbpw hI hcp- pI F¶-XmWv cmP-I-ev]-\. Cu Iev]\ \nÀÆ-ln-¡pt¼mgpw ]«m-f-¡m-c\p aSp- p-v. Ipªp-§-fpsS càw, A½-am-cpsS Ic- nÂ ]«m-f-¡m-c³Xsâ Zb-\o-bX Xpd-¶p-]-d-bp-¶. BcmWv C¯cw Xocp-am-\-§-sfÃmw \S-¸nÂ B¡p-¶-Xv. ?C{X Bbncw Ipªp-§-fpsS tNmc-bn-eq-sS-bmtWm Hcp c£-I³ hcp-¶Xv F¶v AbmÄ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. CXp Xs¶-bmWv thi-y-bp-sSbpw tNmZ-yw. aln-a-tbm-sS-btÃ c£-I³ htc-Xv ? CutNmc-bvs¡Ãmw c£-I³ Xs¶ D¯cw ]d-tbt ? Cu ISw Ah³ F§s\ ho«pw ? F¶pwAh³ AhÄ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.26. "" \ap¡v c£-I-\-amsc thWw tNmc-bn-eq-sStbm {]Xm-]-t¯m-sStbm AhÀ hc-s«. ]«m-f-¡m-c\pw thi-ybv¡pw c£-I-·msc thWw. '' þ Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS {]kàn F´v ?D. k¡-dn-b-bpsS "BÀ¡-dnbmw ' F¶ IY-bnÂ IÀ¯-hy \nÀÆ-lWw Ignªv thiyme-b-¯nÂ hn{i-a- n-s\- p¶ ]«m-f-¡m-c\pw thi-ym-e-b¯nsâ DS-abpw X½n-ep-ff NÀ -bn-eqsSNne ZmÀi-\nb {]iv\-§Ä NpcpÄ \nhÀ¯n ]pd- p-h-cp-¶p. FÃm Acpw-sIm-e-Ifpw AXn-{I-a-§fpw hcm-\n-cn-¡p¶ c£-Isâ t]cnÂ s]mdp-¡-s -Sp-¶p. thi-y¡pw ]«m-f-¡m-c-\p-sams¡c£-I-·mÀ thWw. AXn-\mÂ c£-I³ hc-s«. AXv tNmc-bn-eq-sStbm {]Xm-]-¯n-eq-sStbmF§s\ Bbmepw Ipg- -an-Ã. c£-I³ h¶mÂ aXn. hfsc {]k-à-amb Nn -bmWv Cu hcn-I-fnÂ k¡-dnb apt¶m«p hbv¡p-¶-Xv.27. "" AXv Fsâ ]q¨-s]-ä-Xm-Wv. a\p-j-y-¡p-«n-bpsS Ic-¨nÂt]mse tXm¶p-¶p. AtÃ ?;AsÃ¦nÂ28. "" \o If-h-p]-dªp hnj-an-t¡-. AXn\n blq-Z-cpsS c£-I-\m-sW-¦nÂ¯s¶ F¶n-s¡´v? Ipfn-¡m³ h¶-h-\mWv Rm³. tPmen Ignªv hn{i-an-¡p-hm³ h¶-h-\m-Wv. shÅwNqSm-bntÃ ? kµÀ`w GXv ?D. k¡-dn-b-bpsS "BÀ¡-dnbmw ' F¶ IYbnÂ cmP-I-ev]-\-{]-Imcw \m«nse ]n©p Ipªp-



§sf Bdpw sIme sN¿m-\n-d-§nb Hcp ]«m-f-¡m-c³ Xsâ IÀ -hy \nÀÆ-l-W- n\p tijwHcp thi-ym-e-b-¯nÂ hn{i-a-¯n-\mbn F¯p-¶p. Dd-¡-ap-WÀ¶ ]«m-f-¡m-c-\p-ambn thi-ym-e-b¯nsâ DSa \S-¯p¶ kw`m-j-W-amWv IYm-k-µÀ`w. hcm-\n-cn-¡p¶ c£-Isâ A´-y-amWvsltdm-tZkv cmPm-hn\p th-Xv. Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\p Ipªp-§-fpsS tNmc-sbm-gpIn IS¶p hcp¶c£-Is\ sNmÃn ]«m-f-¡m-c\pw thi-ybpw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. Imc-y-§Ä F{X {Iqc-am-sW-¦nepwX§Ä¡v Hcp c£-I³ IqSntb Ign-bq. F¶ Xocp-am-\- nÂ Ah-cn-cp-hcpw H¶n-¡p-¶p. Ipfn-¡m³ X¿m-sd-Sp-¡th ]«m-f-¡m-c³ km£-bn« apdn-bnÂ \n¶v Hcp Ipªnsâ Ic- nÂ tIÄ¡p-¶p. s]s«¶v AXnsâ Ic- nÂ Bscm AaÀ¯n- n-Sn-¡p-¶p. Hcp XfÀ¶ ]p©ncn ]«m-f-¡m-csâapJ-¯p-m-bn. thi-ym-e-b-¯nÂ Bcpw c£-Is\ tXSn h¶nÃ AtÃ F¶ At±-l-¯nsâtNmZyw c£-Isâ BK-a-\s¯ kw_-Ôn¨ asämcp Nn´¡v Ah-kcw \ÂIp-¶-Xm-Wv. F¶mÂB Ic- nÂ Hcp ]q -¡p-«n-bp-tS-Xm-sW¶pw ap\-j-y-Ip-ªnsâ Ic- nÂt]mse tXm¶p¶p F¶pw]dªv thiy Ipªns\ c£n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-t¼mÄ If-hp-]-dªp Xm³ {]bm-k-s -tS F¶pwB Ipªv blq-Z-cpsS c£-I-\m-sW-¦nÂ X\n¡v F´v ? Xm³ tPmen-I-gnªv hn{i-an-¡m³F¯-nb-h-\m-Wv. ]«m-f-¡m-csâ \nÊw-K-amb adp-]Sn Abm-fpsS IÀ¯-h-y-¯nÂ AX-r]vXnhy-àam¡p-¶p.29. "" \nsâ aI³ hfÀ¶v cmPm-hm-Ip-t¼mÄ R§-sfbpw c£n-¡m³ ]dbq'' Cu A -yÀ°\ \S-¯n-b-Xmcv ? kµÀ`w GXv ?D. k¡-dn-b-bpsS "BÀ¡-dnbmw' F¶ IY-bnÂ, blq-Z-cpsS c£-I³ ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-s¯¶ hnhcwe`n- -Xn-\mÂ \m«nse apgp-h³ Ipªp-§-sfbpw \n{K-ln-¡m³ Iev]n-¡s¸« Hcp ]«m-f-¡m-c³Xsâ IÀ -h-y-\nÀh-l-W-tijw hn{i-an-¡m-\mbn Hcp thi-ym-e-b- nÂ F¯p-¶p. Ipfn IgnªvAbmÄ KmU-amb Dd-¡- n-em-b-t¸mÄ AhnsS Hfn- n-¡-s -«n-cp¶ Ipªns\ c£-s -Sp- m-\p-ff {ia- n-em-bn-cp¶p thi-ym-e-b- nsâ DS-a-Øbpw klm-bn-I-fpw. ]pd- p-Im- p-\nÂ¡p¶Igp-X- p-d v Ipªn-s\bpw A½-sbbpw Ibän bm{Xm-samgn ]d-bp-¶-XmWv kµÀ`w. X§Ä¡vA`bw \ÂI-bn-Xn\v \µn-bp-s¶pw Hcp {]X-yp-]-Imcw sN¿m³ X§Ä¡v Ign-bn-sÃ¶pwIpªnsâ A½ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. At¸mÄ thi-ym-e-b¯nsâ DS-aØbpsS A`-yÀ°-\-bmWvtaÂ D²-cn¨ hmI-yw. blq-Z-cpsS c£-I-\mb aI-t\mSv thi-y-I-fmb X§sf c£n-¡m-\mWvAhÀ A -yÀ°n-¡p-¶-Xv.30. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ {it²-b-cmb cmjv{Sob IYm-Ir- p-¡-fnÂ {]ap-JÀ ?D. kn. AN-yp-X-¡p-dp¸v (1911þ2000) Un. Fw. s]msä-¡m-Sv( Fw.-Z-tam-Z-c³ s]msä-¡mSv 1923-þ1977)sNdp-ImSv tKmhn-µ- n-jm-c-Sn, F³. tKmhn-µ³ Ip«n, Fkv. BÀ I½ v, G.-]n. If-bv¡m-Sv, tPmkv.sP. Nme-§m-Sn, s]cp¶ sI. hn. tXma-kv.31. Sn. ]ß-\m-`sâ " aI³' F¶ IY-bpsS BJ-ym\w \nÀh-ln-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv F§s\ ?D. aIsâ mc-y-bpsS A\p-P- n-bpsS hnhm-l- n\v AI-se-bp-ff XoÀ°m-S\ \K-cn-bnse t£{X-¯nÂ t]mbn Xncn-s¨- nb AÑsâ hnNm-c-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv "aI³' F¶ IY BJ-ym\w sN¿-s -«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.32. kn.-hn. {iocm-asâ IrXn-IÄ GsXÃmw ? D. hmkvXp-lm-c, £qc-kp-[m-cm, NnZw-_-cw, ]pd-Im-gvN-IÄ , Ftâmkn hÃ-y-½, Zp:-Jn-X-cpsSZp:Jw, XoÀ°-¡m-h-Sn, N£p-{i-h-W-K-f-Øamw, DÀtfm-kv, ]m¼³ ]mS-¯n\pw ap¼v,HmÀ½s¨- v, {iocmasâ IY-IÄ, kp\n-a.33. "hmkvXp-lm-c-"bpsS IYm {]tabw F´v ?D. _wKmÄ hn`P-\- n-\p-tijw C -y-bnepw _w¥m-tZ-in-ep-ambn Ign-¨p-Iq-t«-n-h¶ IpSpw-_-§-fpsS Zb-\ob Pohn-Xhpw Ah-cpsS [mÀ½n-I-tcm-jhpw hn¹-h-{]-hÀ -\-§fpw BWv " hmkvXp-lmc'IY-bpsS {]ta-bw.



34. "hmkvXp-lmc'apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p¶ Bibw F v ?D. kz´w qanbpw [\hpw k¼m-Z-y-hp-saÃmw A]-lcn-¡-s¸«v A]am-\n-Xcpw aÀ±n-X-cp-ambn¡gn-bp¶ P\X hn¹-h {]hÀ -\-§-fn-te¡v kz-ta-[bm kÖ-cmbn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p-sh¶v IYm-Ir vZa-b- n-bp-sSbpw ktlm-Zsâbpw {]hÀ -\-§sf Nqn¡mWn v hy-àam-¡n- -cp-¶p. {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c- np-ff At\Iw t]mwh-gn-Isf¡pdn- p-ff Btem-N-\bv¡pw IYm-Ir v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡p-¶p.35. "" _m_p, F¶n¡o \in¨ sImÂ¡-¯-bnÂ \n¶v F§s\sb¦nepw c£-s¸-SWw AsÃ-¦nÂ Fsâ cp -a-¡-fpwþ BcmWv sImÂ¡-¯-bnÂ \n¶v c£-s¸-S-W-sa¶v A`-yÀ°n-¡p-¶Xv ? ImcWw F´v ?D. kn. hn. {incm-asâ "hmkvXp-lmc' F¶ IY _wKmÄ hn`-P-\-Im-e¯v ]oU-\-a-\p- -hn-¡-s¸«P\-X-bpsS thZ\ ]¦n-Sp-¶-XmWv. sImÂ¡- -bnse _\-UnIv kv{Soänse kÀZmÀPn tlm«-enÂXma-kn-¡p¶ sd^-yqPn Hmô-k-sd-t¯Sn Hcp _wKmfn kv{Xo F¯p-¶p. A`-bmÀ°n-I-fm-b-hsc B -am³ Zzo-]n-te¡v sImp-t]mbn Hcp G¡À qanbpw hoSpw I¶p-Im-en-Ifpw ho«p-km-[-\-§fpw sImSp-¡p-¶Xv Adnªp h¶-h-fm-W-hÀ. Xs¶bpw A -bmÀ°n-I-fpsS ]«n-I-bnÂs]Sp-¯n-sImÂ¡- -bnÂ \n¶psImp-t]m-I-W-sa¶ A -yÀ°-\-bpam-bmWv AhÄ h¶-Xv. Pohn-X-¯nÂ kpJw Fs´¶v Adn-bm- -h-fmWv Xms\¶pw Hcp Znh-k-sa-¦nepw kz-Ø-X-tbmsS Ccp¶pacn-¨mÂ aXn-sb¶pw AhÄ Abmsf Adn-bn-¡p-¶p.36. Xs¶tXSn-sb-¯nb _wKmfn kv{XobpsS A`-yÀ°-\bv¡v sd^-yqPn Hmô-kÀ \ÂInb{]Xn-I-c-W-sa- m-bn-cp-¶p. ?D. _wKmÄ hnP-\-¯nÂ IjvS-X-b-\p-`-hn-¡p¶ A`-bmÀ°n-Isf klm-bn-¡m-\p-ff ]²XnAdnªv F¯nb Hcp _wKmfn kv{XobpsS Bh-i-y-¯n-\p-ap-¶nÂ sd^-yqPn Hmô-kÀ A¼-c-¶p-\n-¶p. IÀj-Icpw Xmgv¶-Pm-Xn-¡m-cp-amb A`-bmÀ°n-IÄ¡p am{X-ap-ff ]²-Xn-bm-W-Xv."Ibkv sYm' F¶ DbÀ¶ PmXn-bnÂs]-«-Xn-\mÂ Ahsf Cu ]²-Xn-bnÂs¸Sp-¯m-\-hn-sÃ¶vAbmÄ Adn-bn-¨p. F¶mÂ Xsâ a¡Ä¡v AhnsS Fs´-¦nepw tPmen Xc-s¸-Sp-¯n-X-cmtamF¶ At\-z-j-W- n\v Ah-fpsS taÂhnemkw hm§n "ImWmw' F¶-bmÄ k½-Xn-¡p-¶p.37. "" kz´w A½ ]d-ªmÂ A\p-k-cn-¡m-¯-h-tfmSv Hcp hntZ-in-]-d-ªmÂ '' þ kµÀ`wGXv ?AsÃ-¦nÂ38. "C¶p sImÂ¡-¯-bnse ØnXn AXmWv '' Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS hnh£ F´v ?D. hn -P\w sImp IjvSX A\p- -hn-¡p¶ P\-Xsb klm-bn-¡m-\p-ff ]²-Xn-bnÂ Xs¶bpwDÄs -Sp- mtam F¶v At\-z-jn- p-h¶ _wKmfn kv{Xosb d^yqPn Hmô-kÀ Imc-y-§Ä ]dªpa\-Ên-em-¡n-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-cmb IÀj-I-sc-am{Xw Dt±-in- p-ff ]²-Xn-bmWv F¶vAdn-ª-t¸mÄ B kv{Xo Hmô-k-d-tdmSv asämcp A -yÀ°\ \S- p-¶p. Xsâ a¡Ä¡v Zzo-]nÂFs´-¦nepw tPmen-bp-m¡n¯cmtam F¶v. AhnsS [mcmfw Cw¥ojv aoUnbw kvIqfp-IÄDf-f-Xn-\mÂ Ahnse tPmen In«m³ henb _p²n-ap-«p-m-In-sÃ¶p AbmÄ Adn-bn-¡p¶p. ]t£Xm³ ]d-ªmÂ AhÄ tIÄ¡n-sÃ¶pw Hmô-kÀ ]d-ªmÂ \S-¡p-sa¶pw AhÄ \nÀt±-in-¨p. At¸mÄ Hmô-kÀ \ÂIp¶ adp-]Sn CXm-bn-cp-¶p. kz´w A½ ]d-ªmÂ A\p-k-cn-¡m-¯-h-tcmSv Hcp hntZin ]d-ªmÂ ....... '' Abm-fpsS kwibw ]t£ _wKm-fn-kv{Xo¡v Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. sImÂ¡- -bnse ØnXn Ct¸mÄ C§-s\-sbm-s¡-bmWv F¶v AhÀ hy-à-am-¡p-¶p.hn`-P-\Ime _wKm-fnsâ t\ÀNn-{X-amWv "hmkvXp-lmc'bneqsS kn. hn. {iocm-a³ Bte-J\wsN¿p-¶-Xv.39. Za-bń tIcf P\-Xsb shdp-¡m³ Imc-W-sa v ?D. kn.-hn. {iocmasâ "hmkvXp-lmc' F¶ IY-bnÂ d^-yqPn Hmô-kÀ Xs¶ tXSn Hcn-¡Â



F¯nb BcXn¸Wn-¡-cpsS ho«nÂ F¯p-¶p. Nmbbpw ]elmchpw Ign-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂBWv Bc-Xn-bpsS aIÄ Za-bń F¯p-¶-Xv. Hmô-kÀ tIc-f-¯nÂ \n¶m-sW¶v Adn-ª-]msS AhÄ, Xm³ tIc-f-P-\-Xsb shdp-¡p¶p F¶v ]d-ªp. ae-bm-fn-IÄ ocp-¡fpw Ah-k-c-hm-Zn-Ifpw dnG£-W-dn-I-fp-amWv Ah-fpsS ImgvN-¸m-Sv. sImÂ¡-¯-bnÂ F¯p¶ ae-bm-fn-IÄ \mep-Zn-hkw hn¹-h-{]-Øm-\-§Äs¡m¸w \S-¡p-¶p. tPmen-In-«n-bmÂ ]ns¶ H¶n-\p-an-Ã.icn¡pw Icn-bdnÌp-IÄ. cmjv{Sw kz-X-{ -am-I-W-sa¶pw FÃm-hÀ¡pw ka-Xzw thWw F¶pwB{K-ln-¡p¶ Za-b-ń-bpsS I®neqsS ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS bYmÀ° kz-`mhw hc-¨p-h-bv¡p-I-I-bWv IYm-Ir- v.40. "A¶v cm{Xn AbmÄ sseä-W¨v Dd-§m³ InS-¶-t¸m-gmWv Ah-cpsS Zp:-J-¯nsâ Ccp«vAbmsf IS-¶m-{I-an- -Xv. ? þ Bsc ? Imc-W-sa- m-bn-cp¶p ?D. kn.-hn. {iocm-asâ "hmkvXp-lmc" F¶ IY-bnÂ IYm-\m-b-I-\mb d^-yqPn Hmô-kÀ, Xsâho«nse¯nb _wKmfn kv{Xosb £Ww kzo-I-cn v Ah-fpsS ho«nÂ F¯p-¶p. Ipi-em-t\-z-j-W- nÂ \n¶pw B kv{Xo Bc-Xn- -Wn-¡À Xsâ Ipªp®n A½m-hsâ mc-y-bm-sW¶v Xncn- -dn-bp-¶p. Hcp KXn-bp-an-ÃmsX Pohn-¡p¶ Ah-sc-¡p-dn- p-ff Nn´ Abmsf Ak-z-Ø-\m-¡p-¶p.41. "" {]Xo-£n- -Xnepw thK- nÂ adp-]Sn h¶p. A½-bpsS am{X-a-Ã, aäp-]-e-cp-sSbpw FÃmw Htckz-c-¯nÂ'' F´m-bn-cp¶p I¯nse Df-f-S¡w ?AsÃ-¦nÂ42. A§-s\-h-ÃXpw sImSp-¡-W-sa¶v tXm¶p-¶p-s-¦nÂ \o k¼m-Zn¨p Iq«n-bn-«ntÃ ! AXnÂ\n¶v FSp v sImSp-t¯mfq'' þ F´mWv Cu {]kvXm-h-\¡v Imc-Ww. ?AsÃ-¦nÂ.43. "B Znh-k-a-{Xbpw AbmÄ B hcn-I-fnÂ am{Xw k©-cn-¨p.'' þ kµÀ`w F´v ?D. kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a³ "hmkvXp-lmc' F¶ IY-bnÂ d -yqPn Hmô-kÀ Xs¶ kao-]n¨ Hcp _wKmfnkv{XobpsS CS-s]-S-enÂ Dmb IuXpIw \nan¯w Ah-cpsS hoSv kµÀin-¡p-¶p. Ipi-em-t\z--j-W- nÂ Bc-Xn- -Wn-¡À F¶ B _w-Kmfn kv{Xo Xsâ A½m-hsâ mc-ym-sW¶ AdnhvAbm-fnÂ A¼-c- p-m-¡p-¶p. Xt¶m-Sp-h¶p klmbw tXSn-bXv A½m-bn-bm-sW-¶Xv AbmÄ¡v{]bm-k-I-c-am-bn-tXm-¶p-¶p. Ah-cpsS ho«nÂ \n¶pw Xncn-s -¯n-bn«pw AbmÄ¡v Ak-zØXXoÀ¶n-Ã. Dd-§m³ InS-¶-t¸mÄ sseä-W¨p F¦nepw AXn - o-I-c-amb Ccp«v Abmsf IqSp-XÂAk-z-Ø-\m-¡n. DS³ Fgp-t¶äv Xsâ A½bv¡v AbmÄ Hcp Fgp¯v X¿m-dm¡n Ab-¨p.F¶mÂ {]Xo-£n- -Xnepw thK- nÂ AbmÄ¡v adp-]Sn e`n-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. A½bv¡p ]pdtaaäp ]ecpw adp-]Sn Ab-¨n-«p-v. ]t£ FÃm- I¯nepw Htc kzcw am{Xw. _wKm-fnÂ \nÀ²-\cpw \ncm-ew-_-cp-ambn Ign-bp¶ A½m-bn¡pw aIÄ¡pw Fs -¦nepw sImSp-¡-W-sa¶ tXm¶-ep-s-¦nÂ kz´w k¼m-Zy-¯nÂ \n¶pw FSp¯p-sIm-Sp¡m³. I¯nse Ah-km-\s¯ hcn-bm-bn-cp¶p AXv. B Znh-k-a-{Xbpw AbmÄ B hcn-I-fnÂ am{Xw k©-cn¨p HSp-hnÂ Ccn-¡-s¸m-dpXn CÃm-Xm-b-t¸mÄ AbmÄ Fgp-t¶äp \S-¶p. IY-bnÂ hÃm¯ hgn¯n-cn-hp-m-¡p¶kµÀ -amWv Hmô-kÀ B _wKmfn kv{Xosb ho«nÂt¸mbn ImWp-¶Xpw Ah-sc- än IqSn-XÂa\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xpw.44. "" kvt\l-ap-f-f-h-cpsS D]-tZiw F¶pw do B£-W-dn-bm-bn-cn-¡pw. AsXmcp {]]-©-c-l-k-y-amWv....... '' Zb-a-b-ń¡v thWp \ÂInb D]-tZiw F´m-bn-cp-¶p. ?D. Za-b- n-bpsS A½ Bc-Xn- -Wn-¡À Bbq-jvImew apgp-h³ Zp:J¯nÂ am{Xw Pohn- -h-cm-Wv.AhÀ¡v {]mb-ambn hcp-¶p. s]³j-\p-ff tPmen-bp-an-Ã. AXn-\mÂ Za-bń Fs´-¦nepwtPmen-sN-¿m³ {ian-¡-Ww. CXm-bn-cp¶p thWp-hnsâ D]-tZ-iw.45. "" Cu Xos¸mcn s]¬Ip«n C{X skân-aâtem Cu Xo¡p-Sp-¡¡v Bh-c-Ww....-Xp-jmc _nµp-¡tfm.....? -þ thWp C§s\ Btem-Nn-¡m³ ImcWw F´v ?



D. kn.-hn. {iocmasâ "hmkvXp-lm-c' bnÂ A]-l-cn-¡-s¸« Pohn-X-§-fpsS ]n¶m-¼p-d-¡m-gvN-IÄ A\p- -h-s -Sp- n- -cp-¶p. sd -yqPn Hmô-kÀ Bbn X§-fpsS \m«n-se- nb Bsf XsâA½m-h³ BW¶p A½ ]cn-N-b-s -Sp- n-s¡m-Sp- -t¸mÄ Za-bń kt´mjw sImp hnIm-c--cn-X-bm-bn- o-cp-¶p. Ah-fpsS sNdnb apJw Nph-¶p. Ft´m ]d-bp-¶-Xn\v Npp-IÄ hnd- p.

icocw H¶n-f-In. ]ns¶ thKw thKw apt¶m-«p-h¶p thWp-hnsâ ImenÂ sXm«v {]Wmaw sN¿m³inc-Êp-Ip-\n- p. AbmÄ Imep-]n³h-en- p. Ah-fpsS apJw ]nSn v DbÀ¯m³ {ian- p. F¶mÂ]n³h-en¨ Imensâ jqhn³ taÂ Hcnäv I®ocv Dcpp IqSn. AXv Xmgvt¯-s¡m-gp-In. AhÄAbmsf "" ZmZm....'' F¶p hnfn- p. AXp-hsc ImÂ ISn¨p Iodm³ h¶n-cp-¶-h-fm-bn-cp¶p Za-b- n. Fń\pw XÀ¡w D¶-bn-¡p-¶, ka-c-a-t\m- m-h-ap-ff Xos¸m-cn..... AhÄ C{X a\-Ê-enhv Df-f-h-fm-sW¶ Imcyw thWp-hns\ AÛp-X-s -Sp- p-¶p.46. ""t¢i-§-tfmSv aÃn«p aÃn«p Fsâ Poh-Xn-X-¯nsâ kmbm-Ó- nÂ s`mhm\n \o«n- -cp¶`n£....'' BcpsS hm¡p-IÄ.. kµÀ`w F´v ?D. klm-b-¯n-\mbn Xs¶ kao-]n¨ _wKm-fnkv{Xo Xsâ Ipªp®n A½m-hsâ `mc-y-bm-sW¶ Adnhv thWp-hns\ Ak-z-Ø-\m-¡p-¶p. Bc-Xn- -Wn-¡À F¶ A½mbnbpw Ah-cpsSa¡fpw IjvS- mSp \n-dª Pohn-X-amWv \bn-¡p-¶-sX-¶-dnª thWp \m«nÂ Xncn-s¨¯n A½m-hsâ kz v A½-bm-bn¡v e -y-am-¡m-\p-ff {iaw \S- p-¶p. F¶mÂ FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw I®nepwtami-¡m-cnb hm\n A½mbn HgnsI aäp-f-f-h-cmcpw CXp-ambn kl-I-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. BcXn A½m-bnsb C¡m-cyw Adn- -t¸mÄ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-amWv CXv.47. "Kucn' F¶ IY-bnÂ _mÜ-Xn-¸p-gsb IYm-Im-c³ Ah-X-cn- n-¨-Xnsâ HuNn-X-y-sa´v ?D. Sn. ]ß-\m-`sâ "Kucn' F¶ IY kvt\l- nsâ a[pc taml-\-amb AS-bm-f-s -Sp- -em-Wv.Im×-WvUp-hnse ]ip-]-Xn-\m-Y-t£{X k¶n-[n-bnÂ _mÜXn \Zn-¡-cn-bnÂ KucnbpwImap-I\pwhÀj-§Ä¡p tijw kwK-an-¡p-¶p. t£{¯nsâ ]nd-Inse henb IÂs¡-«nÂ Ncn¨p ]WnX]S-hp-I-fn-eqsS AhÀ _mÜ-Xn-eqsS Icn-bn-te¡v Cd§n sNÃp-¶p. Ic-bnse NnX-I-fnÂ ih-§-f-cn-bp¶pm-bn-cp-¶p. BImiw Ccpp InS-¡p-I-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. hfsc t\cnb Hcp NmäÂ ag-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p-. ]t£ AhÀ AsXm¶pw Adn-bmsX _mK-a-Xn-bpsS Ic-bnse NnX-I-fn-te¡vt\m¡n aqI-cm-bn-cp-¶p.... ]pg Ime-{]-hm-l-am-bmWv ChnsS Bhn-jvI-cn-¡-s -«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. BZn-a-[-ym- -§-fn-Ãm¯ Ime- nsâ Hgp-¡m-bmWv ]pg-sb IYm-Im-c³ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. NnX uXn-I-i-co-c- nsâ \i-z-cX AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p-¶p. NnX-sb-cnbÂ {]W-b- nsâ A\n-hm-c-y-amb \i-z-c-X-sbbpw [z-\n- n-¡p-¶p.III aq¶p ]qd- nÂ Ihn-bmsX D]-\-y-kn-¡p-I.1. tZi-N-cn-{X-t¯mSpw \m«p-h-g-¡-§-tfm-Sp-ap-ff Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mb-cpsS {]Xn-]-¯n¡vDZm-l-c-W-amWv " inem-en-Jn-X-§Ä' ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.2. " inem-en-Jn-X-§Ä' F¶ IYbnÂ {]Xn- -en-¡p¶ ho«- -co£ Nn{X-W-§-fnse Krlm-Xp-cXhnh-cn-¡p-I.3. Fw.-Sn. IY-I-fnse ]pcpj IYm-]m{X§-fnÂ h¶ A]-hmZ kao-]-\-¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-amWvs{]m -kÀ tKm]m-e³Ip-«n-þþ \ncq-]n-¡p-I.4. a¡sf HmÀ¯p ]nS-bp¶ a\Êpambn Ign-bp¶ amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä Sn. ]ß-\m- asâ

IYm- -co-£-¯nÂ Gsd-bp-v.-þþ hni-Z-am-¡p-I.5. "aI³' F¶ IYbv¡v Hcp Bkzm-Z\w X¿m-dm-¡pI6. Sn. ]ß-\m- sâ IY ]d-bp-I-b-Ã, IY A\p- -hs -Sp- p-Im-bm-Wv. "aI³' F¶ IYsb ap³

\nÀ¯n Btem-Nn-¡p-I.7. kz´w A½-sb-t¸mepw ad-¡p¶ aIs\ HmÀ¯v hnXp-¼p¶ AÑsâ ly-Z-bm-hn-jvIm-c-

amWv Sn. ]ß-\m- sâ 'aI³' eqsS \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶-Xv. hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.



8. Sn. ]ß-\m-`sâ IYm-J-ym-\-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw ? "aI³' F¶ IYsbap³\nÀ¯n NÀ -sN-¿p-I.

9. BÀ¡-dnbmw' F¶ IY apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p¶ ZmÀi-\nI NÀ -IÄ Fs´Ãmw ?10. kwL-SnX aX cmjv{Sob t_m[-§Ä \ne-bp-d- n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶ hni-zm-k-{]-am-W-§sf

kw_-Ôn¨ Btem-N-\-I-bmWv k¡-dn-b-bpsS "BÀ¡-dnbmw' F¶ IY..-NÀ -sN-¿p-I.11. khn-ti-j-amb cN-\m-kn²n ssIap-X-em-bp-ff k¡-dn-b-bpsS IY-IÄ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS

F¶ t]mse B[p-\n-tIm- -c-X-bp-sSbpw kz- mhw {]I-S-am-¡p-¶p. hne-bn-cp- p-I.12. "hmkvXp-lmc' F¶ sNdp-I-Y-bnÂ AS-§nb ktµiw Fs´¶v CXn-hr¯w hni-Zo-I-

cn¨p NÀ¨ sN¿p-I.13. "hmkvXp-lmc' bnse tZh-In-b-½bpw hm-\n-b-½-mbnbpw kaq-l- nse hy-X-ykvX Nn´m-

K-Xn-Isf {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p-¶p. IYm-k-µÀ -§Ä FSp- p-Im-Wn¨v kz- n-{]mbw Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-I.

14. "hmkvXp-lmc' bnse thWp F¶ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ \ncq-]Ww sN¿p-I.15 ""kaq-l-t¯m-Sp -ff Xsâ D¯-c-hm-Zn¯w Hcn -¡epw hnkva-cn -¡m¯ a\p-j-y

cpsS [À½-k-¦-S-§fpw Bß thZ-\-Ifpw BWv kn. hn. {iocmasâIY-IÄ ''hmkvXp-lmc' sb ap³\nÀ¯n Btem-Nn-¡p-I.

16. a\p-j-y-cp-sSbpw Ah-cpsS kmaq-l-ym-h-Ø-I-fp-sSbpw Bg-§-fn-te¡v A\p-hm-N-Is\sImp t]mIm-\p-ff {ia-amWv kn.-hn. {iocmasâ IY-IÄ "hmkvXp-lm-csb ASn-Øm-\-am¡n hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.



samU-yqÄ IIII. Hä-hm-¡nÂ D -c-sa-gp-Xp-I.

1. ..........-F¶ X -z-Nn- -Isâ ZmÀi-\nI Nn -bmWv AkvXn-X-z-hm-Z- n\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp- ¡n-b-Xv.D. IoÀ¡-KmUv (Um-\n-jv)2. AkvXn-X-z-hm-Zs¯ ]qÀW-amb Hcp X -z-Nn- -bmbn cq]-s -Sp- n-bXv Bcv ?D. gmMv t]mÄ kmÀ{Xv . ({^m³kv)3. AkvXn-Xz Nn´-I-cpsS ss__nÄ ' F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ {KÙw ?D. _obnwKv Bâ v \¯nwKvkv4. _obnwKv Bâ v \¯nwKvkv ' F¶ {KÙw cNn-¨Xv ?D. gmMv s]mÄ kmÀ{X.5. D¯-cm-[p-\n-IX F¶ kwÚ BZyw D]-tbm-Kn-¨Xv Bcv ?D. tSmb³_n, NmÄkv HmÀk¬ F¶n-hÀ.6. Fw. apIp-µ³ P\n-¨Xv FhnsS ? F¶v ?D. 1942 sk]vXw-_À 10\v, amln-bnÂ7. "ly-Z-b-h-Xn-bmb Hcp s]¬Ip«n' F¶ IYm-k-am-lmcw Bcp-tS-Xm-Wv. ?D. Fw. apIp-µ³.8. 1985 se tIc-f-km-ln-Xy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUp s\mSnb IYm-k-am-lm-c-am-Wvþþ-þ-þþD. ly-Z-b-h-Xn-bmb Hcp s]¬Ip-«n.9. "A©c hb-Êp-ff Ip«n ' F¶ IY cNn-¨Xv Bcv ?D. Fw. apIp-µ³.10. "F´mWv B[p-\n-IX' F¶ kmln-Xy hna-Ài\-]p-kvXIw cNn-¨Xv Bcv ?D. Fw. apIp-µ³.11. kmln-XcwKs¯ kw`m-h-\-IÄ ap³\nÀ¯n Fw. apIp-µ\v {^©v Kh¬saâ v 1998 þÂ \ÂInb AhmÀUv GXv ?D. jh-en-bÀ AhmÀUv.12. Fw. apIp-µ³ cNn¨ \mS-I-am-Wv........D. Ccp«v13. ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy ssk_À t\mh-embn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ "\r¯w' cNn-¨Xv ?D. Fw. apIp-µ³.14. "UÂln 1981 ' F¶ IY Fgp-Xn-bXv ?D. Fw. apIp-µ³.15. "B \nanjw I_-dnsâ Ccp-fnÂ \n¶v Hcp sIm¨-cn-{]mhv ]d-¶p-h¶v Xsâ Cfw sIm¡p-sImv \m\Iv Nµnsâ aqÀ²m-hnÂ H¶p sIm¯p-¶p....'' F¶v apIp-µ³ FgpXn Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p¶ {]i-kvX-amb IY GXv ?D. UÂln. 198116. eIva-W³ emÂ ]ym-cn-emÂ ]WvUnävPn F¶ IYm-]m{Xw GXp IY-bn-emWv Df-fXv ?D. apWvU\w sN¿-s¸« PohnXw (Fw. apIp-µ³)17. ]WvUnävPn Hm^o-ksd Xe-ap-WvU\w sNbvXv Igp-X- p-d v Ducp-Np-än-¡m-\p-ff ImcWw F´m-bn-cp-¶p. ?D. Hm-^o-kÀ Xsâ ho«nÂ h¶ h-y-²\p IpSn-¡m³ shffw \ÂIn-b-Xn-\mÂ.



18. ae-bmf IYm-N-cn-{¯nÂ cmjv{So-b-amb B[p-\-Xbv¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¨ IYm-Im-c³ ?D. Fw. apIp-µ³.19. A]-I-z-amb kml-N-c-y-§-fnse hn¹-h-{]-hÀ¯-\-X-Xnsâ ]mfn- -IÄ hnaÀi\ hnt[-b-am- Ip¶ IY-bm-Wv........D. \memw bmaw.20. "Xq¡p-a-c-§Ä R§Ä¡v' F¶ IY cNn-¨-Xv. ?D. Fw. apIp-µ³.21. "\memw bmaw' nse IYm-]m-{X-§Ä BscÃmw ?D. XS-hp-]p-f-fn-bmb Hcp hn¹-h-Im-cnbpw Abmsf bmZr-Ýn-I-ambn klm-bn¨ Hc-\-y-hÀK- ¡m-c-\pw.22. "Akp-c-k-¦oÀ¯\w' F¶ IYm-k-am-lmcw cNn- Xv ?D. Fw. kpIp-am-c³.23. "acn¨n-«n-Ãm-¯-h-cpsS kvamc-I-f-§Ä ' F¶ IYm kam-lmcw Bcp-tSXv ?D. Fw. kpIp-am-c³.24. 1976 se tIcf kmln-Xy AIm-Zan AhmÀUv t\Snb IYm-k-am-lm-cw. ?D. acn- n-«m- -h-cpsS kvamc-I-§Ä (Fw. kpIp-am-c³)25. Fw. kpIp-am-csâ P·-tZiw ?D. ]me-¡mSv (1943)26. "" B[p-\nIXsb hn¹-hm-ßI kmaq-lnI ZÀi-\hpw ss\XnI {]Xn-_-²-Xbpw sImv cmjv{So-b-h-XvI-cn-¡p-Ibpw cmjv{So-bs¯ B[p-\nI a\p-j-ym-hØsb¡p-dn- p-ff t_m[hpw \ho-\- m-hp-I-Xzw sImv B[p-\n-I-h-XvI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sImv ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bnÂ cmjv{So-b-amb B[p-\n-I-X-bv¡v ASn¯]mIn-b-XmWv kpIp-am-csâ kmaq-lnI kuµ-c-ym-ßI {]kàn ''..... Cu \nco-£Ww \S- n-bXv Bcv ?D. k¨n-Zm-\--µ³27. "\memw bmaw' F¶ IY GXp kam-lm-c-¯n-emWv Df-fXv ?D. acn-¨n-«n-Ãm- -h-cpsS kvamc-I-§Ä.28. "\oXn-bpsS Xpemkv IrX-y-ambn cp t]À¡pw in£ H¸w Af¶p X¶p.'' þ BÀs¡ms¡ ?D. Iem-]-Im-cn¡pw AbmÄ¡v A`bw \ÂInb hnap-J-\mb kl-Im-cn-¡pw.29. ""\\-bm-sX Cud³ Npa-¡p-¶-h³, D¸p-Xn-¶msX shffw IpSp-¶-h³ F¶o DZm-l-c-W-§Ä ]dªv kzbw Bi-zmkw Is-¯p¶ Indp-¡³ '' Bsc Ipdn-¨p-ff ]cm-aÀi-am-WnXv ?D. Iem-]-Im-cn¡v A`bw \ÂIn-b-hs\¡pdn- v.30. F³. {]`m-I-c³ P\n-¨-sX-hnsS ?D. 1952 Unkw-_À 30\v ]d-Èn-\n-¡-S-hnÂ (I-®qÀ PnÃ)31. "ambm-a-b³' F¶ IYm-k-am-lmcw Bcp-tSXv ?D. F³. {]`m-I-c³.32. 1996 se tIcf kmln-Xy AIm-Zan AhmÀUv t\Snb "cm{Xn-samgn' F¶ IrXn-bpsS IÀ¯mhv ?D. F³. {]`m-I-c³.33. "Hä-bmsâ ]m¸m³' F¶ IYm-km-am-lmcw ? Bcp-tSXv ?D. F³. {]`m-I-c³.34. "H¶pw Rm³ Bh-iy-s]-«n-ÃtÃm ' F¶ IY GXp kam-lm-c-¯n-emWv Df-fXvD. adp-]n-d-hn.



35. ""C\nbpw Rm³ \n§-sfm-sSm-cp-c-l-kyw ]dbmw'' þ cl-kyw F´m-bn-cp-¶p.?D. Xsâ ico-c- nÂ\n¶pw ]pd-s -Sp¶ NXn-bp-sSbpw hnbÀ¸nsâbpw \mäw À¯m-hnÂ

\n¶pw Hfn- n-¡m³ mcy ]mSp-s]-Sp-¶Xv (H¶pw Rm³ Bh-i-y-s -«n-«n-ÃtÃ)36. "F\n¡v kpJw Xs¶' F¶ IY cNn-¨-Xmcv ?D. F³. {]`m-I-c³.37. Sn. hn. sIm¨p-_mh P\n-¨Xv F¶v ? FhnsS ?D. 1955 Â XrÈqÀ PnÃ-bnse Im«qÀ F¶ Øe-¯v.38. Sn. hn. sIm¨p-_mh A´-cn¨ hÀjw ?D. 199939. "Ft¸m-sg-¯ptam Ft´m ? '' F¶ IYm-k-am-lmcw Bcp-tSXv ?D. Sn. hn. sIm¨p-_m-h-bpsS40. Cd- nbpw Ipń-cn-¡hpw F¶ IYm-k-am-lmcw X¿m-dm¡nbXv ?D. Sn. hn. sIm¨p-_mh41. Sn. hn. sIm¨p-_m-h-bpsS "Ncn{X-]p-cp-j³ ' F¶ IY-bnse \mb-Isâ t]cv ?D. ]pjvI-c³.42. "Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j³ F¶ IY GXp kam-lm-c- nÂ \n¶p-sa-Sp- -XmWv ?D. hoSn-t¸mÄ \nÈ-_vZ-am-Wv.43. "" k½-Xn-¡p-¶p. Rms\mcp Xncp-a-³ Xs¶-bmWv Xe-aq- -h-cpsS sNmÃp-tIÄ¡msX

]Sp-Ip-gn-bnÂ hoWp-In-S-¡p¶ Xe-sX-dn- -h³ ......'' F¶v Bcw- n-¡p-¶ IY GXv ?D. Ncn-{X-]p-c-j³.44. ae-bmf sNdp-I-Ym-km-ln-X-y-N-cn-{¯nse B[p-\nI {]Øm-\- nsâ cv ssIh-gn-IÄ

F¶v ]WvUn-XÀ kqNn-¸n-¡pXv Fńs\ ?D. AkvXn-Xz ZÀi-\hpw A\-y-h-XvI-c-W-hpw45. "" Fsâ Dffnteä Bg-ta-dnb apdn-hp-IÄ Cu kXyw Fs¶ hopw hopw HmÀ½s¸-Sp-

¯n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶p '' F´mWv B kXyw ?D. Xe-ap-XnÀ¶hcpsS hm¡p tIÄ¡msX ]Sp-Ip-gn-bnÂ hoW Xe-sX-dn- -h-\mWv Xm³ F¶

kXyw (N-cn{X ]pcp-j³)46. kvt\ln-X·mtcmSv BßmÀ°X ImWn-¡-cp-sX¶v ]pjvI-cs\ D]-tZ-in- Xv Bcv ?D. ap -Ñ³47. ]pjvI-c\p ac-W-t¯-¡mÄ ZpÊ-l-amb Imcyw F´m-bn-cp-¶p. ?D. kvt\ln-X-·m-tcm-Sp-ff Xsâ kX-y-k-Ô-Xsb sXän-²-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.48. kt´mjv G¨n-¡m\w P\n-¨Xv F¶v ? FhnsS ?D. 1971 Â Imk-d-tKmUv PnÃ-bnse t_UpU¡-bnÂ49. sImae' F¶ IrXn Bcp-tSXv ?D. kt´mjv G¨n-¡m-\- ntâXv50. "IYm-]m-{X-§fpw ]s¦-Sp- -hcpw' F¶ IYm-k-am-lmcw Fgp-Xn-bXv Bcv ?D. kt´mjv G¨n-¡m\w51. HXp Nn{X-I-Y-bnse \mbm-«p-ImÀ F¶ ]pkvXIw Bcp-tSXv ?D. kt´mjv G¨n-¡m-\- nsâ52. "]ń-t`m-P\w' F¶ IY GXp kam-lm-c- n-em-Wp-f-fXv ?D. sImame53. kqk³ C½m-\p-th-ens\ Iq«p-Im-cn-IÄ F§-s\-bmWv hnti-jn- n- n-cp-¶Xv ?D. k©-cn-¡p¶ sdtÌm-dâ v



54. hmZn-bmb Im¸m-¡p-«n-bpsS h¡oÂ Bcv ?D. cpIvanWn55. kwKoXm-\¼qXncn BcpsS tIkmWv hmZn-¡p-¶XvD. tNmcn-© v ]mem«vho«nÂ tKm]m-e-ta-t\msâ.II 25 hm¡nÂ Ihn-bmsX D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. 1. B[p-\n-IX (Modernism) bpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´-Ãmw.?D. temI-a-lm-bp-²-§Ä¡p tijw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb aqe-y- -IÀ¨bpw cmjv{So-b-amb Ac-£n-Xm-h-Øbpw km¼- n-I-amb AØn-c-Xbpw D¨-\o-N-X-zhpw Afp-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂHcp Xcw hyÀ°Xm-t_m[w krjvSn--¡p-I-bp-m-bn. B[p-\n-I-a-\p-j-y³ Hä-s¸-«-h\pw A]-cn-N-nX\p-am-sW¶ [mcW kPo-h-am-bn. Xt¶m-Sp-Xs¶bÃmsX aämscmSpw IS- m-Sn-sÃ¶v {]J-ym-]n-¡-s¸«p. aqe-y-N-ypXn kw -hn¨ kaq-l- nÂ B[p-\n-I³ hni-z-kn-¡n-sÃ¶v h¶p. aqe-y-t_m[wDbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p¶ Fgp-¯p-ImÀ Hä-s¸-Sp-I-bp-m-bn. am\-hn-I-Xsb AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶-h-cmWvB[p-\n-IÀ. F¶mÂ ]mc-¼-c-ys¯ ChÀ ià-ambn \ntj-[n-¡p-¶p.2. AkvXn-X-z-hmZw F¶mÂ F´v ?D. Xm³ F´mtWm AXmWv Hcm-fpsS AkvXn-X-zw. a\p-jyÀ kz-X-{ -cmbn P\n-¡p-¶p. kz-X-{ -cm-bn- s¶ Pohn-¡p-¶p. asäm-cmÄ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn- Ã Hcp a\p-j-y\pw Pohn-¡p-¶-Xv. kzbw Is-¯nbpw \nÀh-Nn¨pw {]hr-¯n-I-fn-eqsS kzbw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯nbpw Ah³Pohn-¡p-¶p. Um\njv Nn´-I-\mb IoÀIvKmUv (Soran Keirkegard 1813-1855) BWv AkvXn-X-z-hmZ Nn´¡v XpS¡w Ipdn- -Xv. slbvZKÀ (PÀ½³), gmMvt]mÄ kmÀ{Xv ({ -Rv) F¶n-hÀ CuNn´¡v ZmÀi-\n-I-amb ASn- d \ÂIn. IoÀ¡v KmÀUnsâ AkvXn-X-z-hmZw AkvXnIw (a-Xm-ß-Iw) Bbn-cp-¶p. kmÀ{XntâXm-Is«, \mkvXn-Ihpw "" k¯ AkvXn-X-z- n\p tijw ' F¶-XmWvAkvXn-X-z-hm-Zn-I-fpsS Bi-b-]-c-amb ap{Zm-hm-I-yw.3. AkvXn-X-z-hm-Z-¯nÂ A[n-jvTn-X-amb cN-\-I-fpsS s]mXp-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãw ?D. Bß-kw-Xr]vXn e£-y-an-«mWv AkvXn-X-z-hm-Zn-bmb B[p-InI kmln-X-y-§Ä Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv.]cn-]qÀ®-amb \nÊwKX ]peÀ¯p¶ C¯cw Fgp- p-ImÀ Pohn-X-km-l-N-c-y-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-amb kz-X-{´m-hn-jvIm-c-amWv ChÀ¡v kmln-X-yhpw CX-c-I-e-Ifpw. A\-y-Xm-t_m[w hy-àn-\n-jvT-X, \ncm-i-Xm-t_m-[w, hyÀ°-Xm-t_m[w, iq\-y-Xm-hmZw, ac-Wm- n-ap-Jyw,ssew-Kn-Im-cm-P-I-X-zw,taml-`wKw F¶nh IqSn-¡-eÀ¶ Pohn-X-ho-£-W-amWv AkvXn-X-z-hm-Zn-I-fmb Fgp- p-Im-cpsSIrXn-I-fnÂ ImWm-\mhp-I.4. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS cN-\-mk-{¼Zmbw kzo-I-cn¨ {][m\ Fgp-¯p-Im-À Bscms¡ ?D. B\µv , H.-hn. hnP-b³, Fw. apIp-µ³, Im¡-\m-S³, A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À, sI.-]n. A¸³.5. AkvXn-X-z-hm-Zn-I-fmb GXm\pw ]mÝm-Xy Fgp- p-Im-cpsS t]sc-gp-Xp-I.D. gmMvt]mÄ kmÀ{Xv ({^m³kv) slbÀZ-KÀ (PÀ½-\n) AÂ_ÀIap ({^m³kv) {^m³knk

Im vI (PÀ½³)6. D¯-cm-[p-\n-IX (Post Modernism)bpsS hàm-¡-fmb temI-km-ln-X-y-Im-c-·m-cpsS t]sc-gp- Xp-I.D. \osj, slbvZ-KÀ, CÀhnwKv tlmhv, eo\ {^mt¦mbvkv , ey-tbm-«m³Uv, s{^U-dnIv Pbnw-k¬, tUhnUv KmÀthm, hmÄ«À {Sqsbäv B³tU-gvk¬, Dw_Àt«m Ft¡m.7. D -cm-[p-\n-I-Xp-bp-sS-I-S-¶p-h-c-hn\pw hfÀ¨bv¡pw klm-b-I-c-amb LS-I-§ÄGsXms¡ ?D. kv{Xohm-Zw, ZenXvhmZw, \h-amÀIv-kn-kw, ]cnØnXn hmZw F¶n-hbv¡p ]pdta ]{XþZ-y-i-y-am-[-y-a-§-fn-eqsS Iem-þ-kmw-kvIm-cnI cwK-§-fnÂ bmYmÀ°-y-am-bn- oÀ¶ BtKm-fo-I-c-Ww, Ip -I-ap-X-em-fn¯ cmjv{S-§Ä hnI-k-z-cþ-A-hn-I-knX cmjv{S-§-fnÂ ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡p¶ km¼- nI



taÂt¡m-bva, cmjv{Sob cwK-¯p-mb {]mtZ-inIþhn-L-SnX {]h-W-X-IÄ, hÀKo-b-X,hwio-b-X, aXm-ß-IX F¶n-h-bpsS Ah krjvSn-¡p¶ kmaqlnI þ kmwkvIm-cnI {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ, ]p¯³ I -h-S-X-{ -§Ä F¶n-h-bpw D -cm-[p-\n-I-Xsb kPo-h-am-¡nb LS-I-§Ä.8. Fw. apIp-µsâ {][m\ IYm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä GsXÃmw ?D. tXhn-Sn-Èn-¡n-fn, X«m- n-s -®nsâ IÃ-ym-Ww, I®m-Sn-bpsS ImgvN, ssI¡p-¼n-fnse shf-fw,iq\-y-Xm-ImWvUw, ]mhm-Sbpw _n¡n-\n-bpw, If-f\pw t]meo-kpw, Znt\m-k-dp-I-fpsS Imew, apIp-µsâ IY-IÄ, Fsâ {]nb-s¸« IY-IÄ, apIp-µsâ IY-IÄ(-k-¼qÀ®w) Ggm-as¯ ]qhv,A©-c-h-b-Êp-ff Ip«n, hoSv, \Znbpw tXmWn-bpw, thi-y-I-tf; \n§ÄsIm-c-¼-ew.9. "" F\n¡v Rm³ \jvS-s¸-Sp-Ibpw Rm³ F¶nÂ \n¶p shfn-bn-te¡v IS-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp''þ BÀ¡mWv C§s\ A\p- -h-s¸-«Xv ? Ft¸mÄ ?D. Fw. apIp-µsâ "apWvU\w sN¿-s¸« PohnXw ' F¶ IY, kz´w hni-zmk {]amWw A\p-k-cn v Pohn¨p t]m¶ Hcp hy-ànsb AIm-c-W-ambn in£n-¡m³ Icp- p-t\-Snb sX½m-Sn kwL-s -¡p-dn¨v ià-amb Ah-t_m[w \ÂIp-¶-Xm-Wv. Hm^o-knÂ F¯n Xsâ tPmen-bnÂ hym-]r-X-\mb IYm-\m-b-Is\ e£a¬emÂ ]ym-cn-emÂ ]WvUnäv Pn Fs¶m-cmÄ \nÀ_-Ô-]qÀÆwAhnsS \n¶v Cd¡n sImp-t]m-Ip-Ibpw tdmU-cn-In-en-cp¯n Xe apWvU\w sN¿n- n-¡p-IbpwsN¿p-¶p. At¸mÄ IYm-\m-b-I\p Xm³ kzbw \jvS-s -Sp-¶-Xmbn tXm¶p-¶p.]WvUn-ävPn-bpsS hm¡p-IÄ¡v ap¶nÂ {]Ú -\-in- h\mbn AbmÄ Ccp-¶p. ]WvUn-ävPnsbtNmZyw sN¿m-\m-hmsX Abm-fpsS FÃm BÚ-Ifpw A\p-k-cn-¡m³ hn[n-¡-s¸« coXn-bnÂIYm-\m-b-I³ amdp-¶p.10. "AbmÄ Npc-n-sb-Sp-¯Xv Fsâ Xe-apSn AÃm-bn-cp-¶p. Fsâ Bßm-hm-bn-cp¶p '' þkµÀ`w hnh-cn-¡p-I.D. Fw. apIp-µsâ "apWvU\w sN¿-s¸« PohnXw' F¶ IY-bnÂ Xsâ Øm]-\-¯n-te¡v Ib-dn-h¶ e£-a¬emÂ ]ym-cn-emÂ ]WvUnävPn F¶-bm-fpsS BÚ-{]-Imcw IYm-\m-b-I³Hm^okn\p ]pd-s - p-¶p. Xs¶ Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ £pc-Isâ ASp-t¯¡v IYm-\m-b-I³ B\-bn-¡-s -Sp-¶p. A{Xbpw Imew AbmÄ Hma-\n¨p hfÀ¯nb apSn-bmWv £pc-I³ hSn-s -Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. H¯ncn A\p- -§-fn-eqsS IS-¶p-h¶ Xsâ {]nb-s¸« Xe-bmWv apWvU-\-X-Xn\p hnt[-b-am-Ip-¶-sX¶ Adnhv Abmsf XfÀ¯p-¶p. £pc-Isâ I¯n Xsâ Xe-tbm-«nebÃ lrZ-b¯n-eq-sS-bmWv \o§p-¶-sX¶pw £pc-I³ Npc-n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶Xv Xsâ Xe-ap-Sn-b-Ã, Bßm-h-X-s¶-bm-sW¶pw AbmÄ thZ-\-tbmsS, \nÊ-l-mbX-tbmsS Adn-bp-¶p.11. "" C\n-sbtâXp £ucw sN¿-s¸« Poh-Xn-amWv '' þ Bibw hy-à-am-¡p-I.D. "apWvU\w sN¿-s¸« PohnXw ' F¶ IY-bnÂ AXn-i-b-I-c-amb coXn-bnÂ s]Sp-¶s\ AkvXn-Xzw {Zwiw kw`-hn-¡p¶ Hcp PohnXw apIp-µ³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. hy-àn¡v kz´w CjvSm-\n-jvS-§tfm {]Xn-I-c-W-§tfm Ah-X-cn- nm-\m-ImsX iq\-y-\mbn t]mtI-n-h-cp-¶-Xnsâ oI-c-XbpwthZ-\bpw Cu IY-bnÂ NÀ -sN-¿-s -Sp-¶p. £pc-I-\mÂ Xsâ {]nb-s¸« Xe apWvU\w sN¿-s -«-t¸mÄ IYm-\m-b-I-\p-tXm-¶p-¶Xv Xm\n\n £ucw sN¿-s¸« Pohn-X- n\p DS-a-bmWv F¶v.12. ]WvUnävPn IYm-\m-b-Is\ {Iqc-amb in£-IÄ¡v hnt[-b-\m-¡m³ ImcWw F´m-bn-cp-¶p. ?D. ""Zmln-¡p¶p, shffw thWw '' F¶p At]-£n v ho«nÂ Ibdn h¶ Hcp hy-²\p IqSn-¡m³XWp-¶- -sh-ffw \ÂIn-b-Xn\v BWv ]WvUnävPn IYm-\m-b-Is\ Xe-ap-WvU\w sNbvXp-sX-cp-hn-eqsS Igp-X- p-d v \S- n- -Xv.13."" Abm-fpsS ssII-fnÂ A\-h[n {KÙ-§-fp-m-bn-cp¶p '' þ Cu hmI-y-¯nÂ AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ kqN\ F´v ?D. Fw apIp-µsâ "apWvU\w sN¿-s¸« PohnXw' hy-àn-Po-hn-X-s¯bpw kzmX{´-y-s¯bpw



X§Ä¡v tXm¶n-b-hn[w cn-¡m\pw \nb-{ń-¡m\pw Ah-Im-i-ap-s¶p Icp-Xp¶ ZpjvS-P-·-§sf ]cn-N-b-s -Sp- p¶ IY-bm-Wv. Xsâ tPmenbnte¡v {]th-in-¡m-\n-cp¶ Hcp Hmô-ksdhnfn- n-d-¡n-sIm-p-t]mbn Xe apWvU\w sNbvXv IpXn-c- p-d v Ducp-Np-än v in£n-¡p-I-bmWve£-a-W³ emÂ]-ym-cn-emÂ ]WvUnävPn. Hmô-knÂ IYm-\m-b-Isâ hchv Im¯v Ccp¶]WvUnävPn hmbn-¨n-cp-¶Xv `K-h-ZvKoX Bbn-cp-¶p. DucpNpän XfÀ¶t¸mÄ Nmb IpSn-¡m³Ccp-¶-t¸mÄ AbmÄ hmbn- n-cp-¶Xv ss__n-fm-bn-cp-¶p. asäm-c-h-k-c- nÂ JpÀ B\pw. ChIqSmsX aäp aX-{K-Ù-§Ä, X¯-z-ZÀi-\-§Ä, \nb-a-{K-Ù-§Ä XpS§n H«-\-h[n {KÙ-§ÄAbm-fpsS ssI¿nÂ Dm-bn-cp-¶p. aX-þ-ZmÀi-\nI Nn -Ifpw \nb-a-t_m-[hpw Dff ]WvUn-äp-I-fmWv a\p-jysâ kz-X-{´hpw kz-Im-c-y-hp-amb Pohn-Xs¯ \nÊmc Imc-W-§Ä Nqn-¡m-Wn vl\n-¡p-¶Xv F¶ kqN-\-bmWv CXn-eqsS IYm-Im-c³ \ÂIp-¶-Xv.14. Fw. kpIp-am-csâ {][m\ IYm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä GsXÃmw ?D. acn-¨n-«n-Ãm-¯-h-cpsS kvamc-I-§Ä, Akp-c-k-¦oÀ¯-\w, Xq¡p-a-c-§Ä R§Ä¡v, Ncn-{X-Km-Y-, hrY, h©n-¡p¶ ]Xn.15. Fw. kpIp-am-csâ IY-I-fpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw ?D. ae-bmf kmln-X-y-N-cn-{X¯nÂ cmjv{So-b-amb B[p-\n-I-Xbv¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¨ IYm-Ir- mWvFw.-kp-Ip-am-c³. an¯p-Ifpw sFXn-l-y-§fpw BZn-cq-]-§-fp-saÃmw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp¯n khn-ti-j-amb IYm-L-S-\bv¡p cq]w \ÂIm³ Ignª Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\mWv At±-lw. an¯p-I-fpsScmjv{So-b-hm-b\ km[-y-am-¡m³ At±-l- n\p Ign-ªn-«p-v. hÀK-t_m-[s¯ tIhew kn²m-

-§-fpsS N«-¡q-«n-sem-Xp-¡msX {]tbm-K-X-e- n-te¡v sImp-h-cm³ Fw. kpIp-am-c³ X¿m-dm-bn. PohnX bmYmÀ°-y-§sf hmb-\m-£-a-amb Xc- nÂ Nn«-s -Sp¯n Ah-X-cn- n-¡m³ At±lw{ian-¡p¶p F¶p ImWmw.16. B \Ã \mÄ Ahsâ ap¼nÂ C{X-s]-s«¶v F¯n-t -cp-sa¶v Rm³ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.'' F´m-bn-cp¶p B Znh-ks¯ khn-ti-j-X. ?D. Fw. kpIp-am-csâ "\memwbmaw' XS-h-d-bnÂ Ign-bp¶ cp ]pf-fn-I-fpsS kw`m-j-W-t¯m-sS-bmWv Bcw- n-¡p-¶-Xv. Ccp-¼p-]n-ªm-W- nsâ h¡n-ep-ff Dcp-f³ Ccp-¼p-I¼n s]m«n-s -Sp¯pHcmÄ kq£n- p-h- n-«p-v. ASp- p-h-cp¶ Aam-hm-kn-\mÄ XS-h-d-NmSn c£-s -Sm³ AhÀ ]²XnX¿m-dm-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Im¯n-cp¶ t]mse {]kvXpX \mÄ C{X thKw hs¶- ntbm F¶v Iq«p-Im-c³ BÝ-c-y-s -Sp-¶p.17. "" Cu Ccp-¼gn-¡p-f-fnse XS-hn\p ]pdta \n§-fpsS \nÈ-_vZ-X--bpsS XS-hp-Im-c-\m-hm³ F\n¡ph¿ '' Bi-b-sa´v ?AsÃ-¦nÂ18."" au\-a-h-ew-_n-¡p¶ Fsâ inc-ÊnÂ Hcp henb IsÃ-Sp-¯n-«-Sn-¡m³ Ah\p tXm¶p-¶p.inc-Êp-s]m-«n-bmÂ tNmc-sbm-gp-In-Ã. {]X-y-b-im-kv{X-¯nsâ emh-bmhpw ]pd-¯p-Nm-Sp-¶Xv '' þkµÀ`w hni-Z-am-¡p-I. AsÃ-¦nÂ19. "" C\nbpw Ccp-«n\p I«n IqS-s«, shfn-¨-¯nsâ Ah-km\s¯ Zzm-chpw AS-b-s«. \ns¶Rm³ c£n¡pw Hcp {]mhns\t¸mse hnim-e-amb Cu qan-bn-te¡v ]d- n-¡pw.'' þ Cu {]kvXm-h-\bv¡p Imc-W-sa v ?D. ""\memw bma' neqsS cv XS-hp-]p-f-fn-I-fpsS IY-bmWv Fw.-kp-Ip-am-c³ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. IqsS\nÂ¡p-¶-hs\ hcp¶ Aam-hm-kn-\m-fnÂ c£-s -Sp- m-sa¶v HcmÄ {]Xo£ \ÂIp-¶p. F¶mÂAam-hmkn \mÄ hs¶-¯n-bn«pw c£-s¸-Sm-\p-ff Hcp {iahpw ImWm-Xn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ Iq«p-Im-c³Xs¶ C\nbpw I_-fn- n-¡-cp-sX¶pw c£-s -Sp- -W-sa¶pw A -yÀ°n-¡p-¶p. ]t£ AXn\pAbmÄ adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶n-sÃ¶p h¶-t¸mÄ Iq«p-Im-c³ ]d-bp-¶-XmWv "" \n§-fpsS \nÈ-`vZ-X-



bpsS XS-hp-Im-c-\m-Im³ F\n¡v h¿ '' F¶v. kln-¡ h-¿msX Bb-t¸mÄ Iq«p-Im-c³ Abm-fpsS inc-ÊnÂ henb IsÃ-Sp-¯n«mtem F¶p Btem-Nn- p. inc-Êp-s]m-«n-bmÂ tNmc-bÃ {]X-y-b-im-kv{¯nsâ emh-bmhpw ]pd-¯p-Nm-SpI F¶p Ah³ Nnń-¡p-¶p. {]kvXpX ka-b¯vAbm-tfm-Smbn Iq-«p-Im-c³ \S-¯p¶ kw`m-j-W-amWv CXv. Ccp-«n-\p I«n Iq«n-bmÂ , shfn-¨-¯nsâ Ah-km\ Zzm-chpw AS-ªmÂ AbmÄ Iq«p-Im-cs\ c£-s¸-Sp-¯m-\p-ff amÀK-amWvCt¸mÄ AbmÄ Btem-Nn-¡p-¶-Xv. Aam-hmkn \mÄ Xs¶ XS-h-d-bnÂ \n¶pw c£-s¸-Sm³AhÀ¡p Ign-bp-¶p.20. ""a\p-j-y-X-z- nsâ DW-§nb hn v kq{X-im-en-bmb \nsâ hm¡p-I-I-fpsS \\-hnÂ IpXnÀ¶p.C\n-bn-Xm-hÀ¯n-¡nÃ ''þ kµÀ`w GXv ?D. Fw. kpIp-am-csâ " \memw bmaw ' Hcp Iem-]-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw AbmÄ¡v A`bw \ÂInb Hcm-fp-sSbpw XS-h-d-Po-hn-Xhpw AhnsS \n¶p c£-s -Sm³ {ian-¡p-¶Xpw NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶p. HcmsfsIm¶-h-\mWv Iem-]-Im-cn-. AbmÄ¡v Hfn-¡m³ Xmhfw \ÂInb kplr- n-t\m-sSm¸w Iem-]-Imcn Pbn-en-em-Ip-¶p. F¶mÂ A¶p-ap-XÂ kl-Imcn £p`n-X-\mbn Iem-]Im-cnsb {]bmks¸Sp-¯p-¶p. Iem-]-Imcn Imc-W-amWv Xm³ Pbn-en-embsX¶pw AXp-sImv Xs¶ c£-s¸-Sp-t -Xv Iem-]-Im-cn-bpsS D -c-hm-Zn-X-z-am-sW¶pw AbmÄ Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶p. hoc-iqc ]cm-{I-an-bmb Iem-]-Imcn F´p-sImv Xs¶ klm-bn-¡p-¶n-Ã. Xs¶ c£-s¸-Sp- n-bmÂ Fhn-sS-sb-¦nepw sN¶v Xm³ Pohn-t¨mfmw F¶mWv AbmÄ ]d-bp-¶-Xv.21. ""Fsâ cp hni¸pw amdn '' þ F§s\ ?D. PbnÂ NmSn-b Iem-]-Im-cnbpw kl-Im-cnbpw HmSn c£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\nsS X\n¡v hni-¡p¶pF¶p kl-Imcn ]d-bp¶p. DS³ Abmsf Hcp IpSn-en\p ap¶nÂ sImp-t]mbn. AhnsS hr²Xsâ aI-\p-thn IcpXn Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ `£Ww kl-Im-cn¡v hm§n \ÂIp-¶p. tijwX\n¡v Imaw tXm¶p¶p F¶p Adn-bn¨ kl-Im-cnsb asämcp IpSn-enÂ sImp-t]mbn Ahn-Ss¯ kv{Xosb sImp-A-hsâ Ima-Zm-lhpw ian- n-¡p-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw ]pd- p-h¶ kl-Im-cn-bpsS {]kvXm-h-\-bm-Wn-Xv. £Ww \ÂInb hr²bpw Ima-]qÀ¯n \ÂInb thi-ybpwbYmÀ° Iem-]-Im-cn-bpsS A½bpw s]§fpw Bbn-cp-¶p.22. Hcp tPmen In«p-¶-Xp-hsc Ign-bm-\p-ff XpI thW-sa¶p kl-Imcn Bh-i-y-s -«-t¸mÄ Iem-]-Imcn AXp kwL-Sn- n- p-sIm-Sp- Xv FhnsS \n¶v ?AsÃ-¦nÂ23. "" ]IÂ h¶mÂ Xcp-am-bn-cp-¶-tÃm... Cu cm{Xn-bnseń\mWv kJmhv _p²n-ap-«n-bXv ? '' þkµÀ`w GXv ?AsÃ-¦nÂ24. "" Fs -¦nepw Bh-i-y-ap-f-f-t¸mÄ Bsc-sb-¦nepw ]d-ª-b- mÂ aXn. kJmhp t\cn«p hc-W-sa-¶nÃ'' þ BcpsS hm¡p-I-fm-WnXv ? kµÀ`-taXv ?D. XS-hd NmSnb tijw Iem-]-Im-cn-tbmSv kl-Imcn Hcp A -yÀ°\ \S- p-¶p. X\n¡v Ipd¨p]Ww In«n-bÂ temI- nsâ GXp tImWnÂ t]mbm-sW-¦nepw \¶mbn Pohn- p-sIm-f-fmw. DSs\Iem-]-Imcn Abm-fp-ambn Hcp bph-ap-X-em-fn-bpsS Ac-a-\-bn-se- p-¶p. cp Idp¯ \á ico-c-§Ä¡p-\-Sp-hnÂ Dd-§n-¡n--S-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶ apX-emfn sR«n-bp-WÀ¶-t¸mÄ IXv I¯nbpw]nSn v \nÂ¡p¶ kJm-hn-s\-bm-Wv. Ipsd cq]-thWw F¶p Adn-bn- -t¸mÄ ]IÂ h¶mÂ Xpc-ambn-cp-¶p-htÃm Fń-\mWv kJmhv cm{Xn-bnÂ _p²n-ap-«n-b-sX¶v apX-emfn tNmZn-¡p-¶p. ]W-¯n\v cm{Xn-bmWv Bh-iywh¶sX¶v Iem-]-Imcn adp-]Sn \ÂIn. DS³ Ae-am-c-bpsS Xmt¡mÂ\ÂIn th-sX-Sp-¡m³ apX-emfn Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Bbn-c- nsâ aq¶p sI«p t\m«p-IÄ FSp¯pt]mIm-s\m-cp-§th C\nbpw Fs -¦nepw Bh-iyw Df-f-t¸mÄ Bsc-sb-¦nepw ]d-ª-b- mÂaXn-sb¶pw kJmhv t\cn-«p-h-tc--Xn-sÃ¶pw apX-emfn ]d-bp¶p. B bph apX-em-fn-bpsS AÑs\



sIm¶-Xn-\mWv Iem-]-Imcn Pbn-en-em-bXv F¶v IYm- -y- nÂ Iem-]Imcn shfn-s -Sp- p-¶pv.25. ""Rm³ AhÀ¡p Xncn- -dn-bm³ Ign-bm¯ aI\pw B§-f-bp-ambn¯oÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]ns¶F§-s\-bmWv P\-§Äs¡s¶ a\-Ên-em-hp-¶-Xv. ? '' hnh£ F´v ?D. Fw. kpIp-am-csâ "\memw bma-' nÂ A`bw X¶ kpl-r-¯ns\ ]ncn-bm³ t\cw Iem-]-Imcn ]d-bp-¶p. hni-¡p¶p F¶p ]d-ª-s¸mÄ £Ww X¶p hni- p-am-än-bXv Xsâ A½bpwImaw tXm¶n-b-t¸mÄ icocw X¶p Ima-hn-Imcw ian- n- Xv Xsâ s]§-fp-am-Wv. AhÀ¡v Xncn-

-dn-bm³ Ignbm¯ aI\pw B§-f-bp-ambn Xm³ amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]ns¶ F§s\ P\-§Ä¡v,Xs¶bpw Xsâ hn¹h {]hÀ¯-\-§-sfbpw a\-Ên-em-¡m-\mIpw? 1960 IÄ¡p tijw DS-se-Sp¯ C -y³ hn¹-h-{]-Øm-\- nÂ kPo-h-am-bn-cp¶ \Ivk-teäv {]hÀ -\-§-fnse hogvN hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-ambn Ah-X-cn- n-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bmWv Cu IYm kµÀ -¯nÂ.26. ""Fsâ s]§Ä¡v Cu sXmgnÂemcw-`n-t¡-n-h-¶Xv B InS-¸-d-bnÂ \n¶m-Wv. AhsâAÑ-\m-WXp ]Tn-¸n-¨-Xv. Cu {Kmaw apgp-h³ AbmÄ¡-Sn-a-bm-Wv.'' þ kµÀ`w GXv ?D. X\n¡v A`bw X¶ kplr- n\v Pohn-¡m³ Ipsd-]Ww thW-sa¶v Bh-i-y-s -«-t¸mÄ Iem-]-Imcn Hcp _w¥m-hnÂ Ib-dn-¸-äp-¶p. AÄtk-j-y³ \mb-Itfm XWp-¸-¯v- s\-Ã-d¡v ImhÂ\nÂ¡p¶ sNdp-a-¡tfm DW-cmsX AhÀ _w¥m-hnsâ AI v {]th-in-¡p-¶p. ]«p-sa- -bnÂcp Idp¯ \á-i-co-c-§-fpsS \Sp-hnÂ sNdp- -¡m-c³ apX-emfn Dd-§p-¶p. Abmsf DWÀ¯n]Ww kz- -am¡n AhÀ ]pd-s - p-¶p. hgn ]ncn-bm³ t\cw Iem-]-Imcn kplr¯n-t\mSv NnekX-y-§Ä shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Ah-bn-sem¶v X\n¡v ]Ww \ÂInb apX-em-fn-bpsS AÑs\sIm¶-Xn\mWv Xm³ XS-h-d-bn-em-b-Xv F¶ Imc-yw. bph apX-emfnbpsS AÑ³ B {Kma- nsâDS-a-bm-bn-cp-¶p. FÃm-hcpw AbmÄ¡v ASna Bbn-cp-¶p. Xsâ s]§Ä þt\-cs¯ klm-Im-cn¡v Ia-]qÀ¯n \ÂIn-b-hÄþ thiy sXmgn-Â Bcw-`n-¨Xv Abm-fpsS InS-¸-d-bnÂ \n¶m-Wv.bph-ap-X-em-fn-bpsS AÑ-\nÂ \n¶mWv ]Tn-¨-Xv. (22222)27. "" \in¨ hÀK-§Ä ]mh-s¸-«-h-s\-s´-¦nepw KpWw In«p-¶Xv Ch-ä-IÄ sN¿n-Ã.'' þ kµÀ`wFgp-Xp-I.D. Fw kpIp-am-csâ "\memw bmaw' F¶ IY-bpsS A´-y-¯nÂ XS-hp-Nm-Snb cp-t]-scbpw]nSn-¡m-\n-d-§n- n-cn¨ \nb-]m-e-I-cnÂ HcmÄ ]d-bp-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv. \Zn \o´n-¡-S-¡m³ {ian-¡p¶XS-hp-]p-f-fn-Isf AhÀ shSn-sh- n-Sp-¶p. Ie-]-Imcn cp Imen\pw shSn-tbäv At_m-[m-h-Ø-bn-te¡v \o§p-¶p. kl-Im-cn-bm-Is« ]pg-bn-te¡v NmSn \o -e-dn-bmsX Hgp-¡nÂs¸«v ap§n- m-hp-¶p. Abm-fnÂ \n¶p hoW t\m«p-IÄ (I-d³kn) s]dp-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ \nb-a-]m-e-I³ ]d-bp-¶-XmWv Cu hmI-y-§Ä.28. F³ . {]`m-I-csâ IYm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä GsXÃmw ?D. adp-]n-d-hn, Hä-bmsâ ]m¸m³, cm{Xn-sam-gn, ambm-a-b³.29. "" Fsâ P·w ASn-apSn ]q¯p-e-ªp-sh¶v F\n¡v tXm¶n. ]t£ At¸mgpw Ft´mH¶nsâ Ipdhv Rm\-dn-ªn-cp-¶p.'' þ kµÀ -sa-gp-Xp-I.D. F³. {]`m-I-csâ H¶pw Rm³ Bh-i-y-s¸-«nÃtÃm ' F¶ IY B[p-\n-tIm-¯c Imes¯s]¬ Pohn-Xs¯ Ipdn-¨p-ff DXvIWvT ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-¶p. ]¯p-sIm-Ã-§Ä¡v ap¼v tImtfPvhnZ-ymÀ°n\n Bbn-cns¡ Abm-fpsS Pohn-X- nte¡v IS-¶p-h-¶-h-fmWv \mbn-I. AÂ]w sImÃ-¡mew À¯m-hnsâ ho«nÂ Ah-K-Wbpw \nµbpw kln¨v ho«p-tPm-en-bpsS mchpw t]dn Hcm-tfmSpw ]cm-Xntbm ]cn- -htam ]d-bmsX AhÄ Ign-ªp-Iq-Sn. Øntcm-Xvlmhpw \nÀ_-Ô-_p-²n-bpw-sImv Hcp tPmenbpw ]n¶oSv hoSpw AhÄ kz- -am-¡n. À¯m-hp-sam¯p \K-c- nÂ kz-]v\-km-£m-XvIm-c-t¯msS Ign-bp-t¼mgpw X§-fpsS Pohn-X- nÂ Dmb amä-§Ä AhÄ a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. FÃmw t\Sn-bn«pw F´ntâtbm Hcp Ipdhv AhÄ A\p-`n-¡p-¶p. Abm-fpsSkvt\l-amWv AsX¶v AhÄ Xpd¶p ]d-bp-¶n-Ã''. Hcp thf FÃmw Ignªpw cp a\pjy



Pohn-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ iq\-y-X-bpsS Hcn-S-\new _m¡n-\nÂ¡p-am-bn-cn-¡pw. F¦nepw X§-fpsS Pohn-X- nÂ Gähpw at\mlc-amb Imew A¡mew Xs¶ Bbn-cp-¶p-sh¶v AhÄ hy-à-am-¡p-¶p.30. X\n¡v kmcn hm§n- -c-W-sa¶v Bh-i-y-s -«-t¸mÄ À¯m-hnsâ {]Xn-I-cWw F´m-bn-cp-¶p.D. " H¶pw Rm³ Bh-i-y-s¸-«n-ÃtÃm' F¶ F³. {]`m-I-csâ IY kv{Xosb BZÀi-h-XvI-cn-¡msX Ah-fpsS bYmÀ°-amb Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä Is-¯m-\p-ff ]cn-{i-a-am-Wv. tPmenhpwhoSp-sams¡ kz-´-ambn t\Sn-sb-Sp¯p Pohn-¡p-¶-h-fmWv Cu IY-bnse \mbn-I. Ip«n-IsfhfÀ¯epw tPmen- n-c-¡p-sam-s¡-bmbn Imew IS-¶p-t]m-bn. Hcn-¡Â Xe-apSn ]Ip-s -Sp vNoIp-t¼mÄ \c¨ XeapSn-IÄ ImWm-\n-S-bm-bn, AhÄ¡v. A¶mWv X\n¡v {]mb-am-bn- hcp-¶-Xv. AhÄ Adn-ª-Xv. A¶p sshIp-t¶cw AhÄ À¯m-hn-t\mSv X\n¡v Hcp kmcn-hm-§n- -c-W-sa¶v Bhiys -«p. aps¼m-cn-¡epw A -c- ntemcmh-iyw DbÀ¯m¯ Xsâ hm¡p-IÄtI«v À¯mhv AÛpX-sam¶pw ImWn-¡msX kl-Xm]w \ndª I®p-sImv Ahsf ASn-apSnH¶p t\m¡n A¶p ]t£, AhÄ¡v B t\m«-¯nsâ AÀ°w {Kln-¡m-\m-bn-Ã. ]n¶oSv`À¯m-hnÂ Dmb Nne mh-am-ä-§-fn-eqsS AhÄ¡v a\-Ên-em-¡m-\m-bn.31. ""Hcp ]t£ .... AXpw Fsâ Ign-hp-tISp Xs¶-bmImw '' þ hnh£ F´v ?D. Imew t]mIp-¶-Xn-s\m v X\n¡v {]mb-ambn hcp-¶p F¶p "" H¶pw Rm³ Bh-i-y-s -«n-ÃtÃm' F¶ F³. {]`m-I-csâ IYm-\mbnI Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. `À¯m-hnÂ ASp¯ Ime¯p h¶ptNÀ¶ Nne mh-am-ä-§Ä AhÄ¡v kzbw eÖn-¡m-\p-ff Imc-W-am-bmWv A\p- -h-s -«-Xv. XsâIgn-hp-tI-Sns\ kw_-Ôn¨v, temIs¯¡pdn- v, Ime-¯n-s\¯v Xm³ hf-cm- -Xn-s\-¸än Hs¡AhÄ Nn´n-¡p-¶p. A¯cw Ign-hpIÄ X\n¡v F¶-t¶-¡p-ambn \jvS-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pwA¶v AXnsâsbm¶pw Bh-i-yap-s¶v tXm¶n-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ¶pw AhÄ a\-Ên-em-¡p¶p. Hcp]t£ AsXÃmw Fsâ Ign-h-tI-Sm-bn-c-¡m-sa¶v AhÄ Duln-¡p-¶p.32. "" C\nbpw Rm³ \n§-tfm-sSm-cp-c-l-kyw ]dbmw ? F´m-bn-cp¶p cl-kyw ?D. F³. {]`m-I-csâ " H¶pw Rm³ Bh-i-y-s -«n-ÃtÃm'' F¶ IY s]®-\p- -h- nsâ t\À¡mgvN\ÂIp-¶-hn-[-amWv Nn«-s -Sp- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. kz-]v\-k-Zr-i-amb Pohn-X-t\-«-§Ä kz- -ambt¸mgpwFt´m NneXv C\nbpw ssIh-¶n-sÃ¶ t_m[yw IY-bnse \mbn-I¡v Dv. hmÀ²-I-y-am-Ip¶pF¶ kqN\ e`n- -t\cw À¯m-hnt\mSv AhÄ Hcp kmcn Bh-i-y-s -Sp-¶p. XpSÀ¶p-ff Znh-k-§-fnÂ À¯m-hnÂ Nne mh-am-ä-§Ä Dm-hp-¶p. HmÀ½-Ifpw Ahsb hos-Sp-¡m-\p-ff a\:-k-am-[m-\hpw Hgn-hp-t\-chpw X\n¡v In«n-bn-«n-Ã. `À¯m-hn-s\mSv Ah-cÄ¡v Hcp cl-k-yhpwC\nbpw ]d-bm-\p-v. AXm-bXv Xsâ ico-c- nÂ \n¶v t\Às¯mcp kpKÔw XpSÀ -bmbn Hgp-In- -c¶v AXv hnSmsX \ndªv ]cn-afw ]c- -W-sa¶v AhÄ B{Kln¨n-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ Ah-fpsS tamlw ]mSn-Ãm¯ H¶m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw cm -IÂ t\À¯ NqSnsâbpw BdnbaÀ¶ hnb-

nsâbpw ZpÀK-Ô-am-bn-cp¶p X¶nÂ \n¶v {]k-cn- n-cp-s¶-X¶pw AhÄ¡v Adnbmw. B ZpÀKÔw`À¯m-hnÂ \n¶v Hfn- n-¡m³ AhÄ ]mSv s]«n-cp-¶p.33. "H¶pw Rm³' Bh-i-b-s -«n--ÃtÃm F¶ IY-bnse \mbn-I¡v e`n-¡msX t]mb Imc-y-sa- m-bn-cp-¶p. ?D. AhÄ¡v In«msX t]mbXv kvac-W-Ifpw Ahsb Xncn-s -Sp-¡m-\p-ff a\:kam-[m-\hpw Hgn-hp-th-fbpw Bbn-cp-¶p.34. acn¡pw apt¼ AhÄ À¯m-hn-t\mSpw Ip«n-I-tfm-Sp-ambn ]d-ªXv F´m-bn-cp-¶p.D. "" H¶pw Rm³ Bh-i-y-s¸-«n-ÃtÃm ? H¶pw...... ''35. Sn. hn. sIm¨p- m-h-bp-sS {][m\ IYm-k-am-l-cm-§Ä ?D. Infn-IÄ¡pw ]q¡Ä¡pw, hoSv Ct¸mÄ \ni-_vZ-amWv, Cd-¨nbpw Ip´n-cn-¡hpw, kv\m\w,Ft¸msg¯ptam Ft´m, {]Ñ-¶w, InW-dp-IÄ.



36. "" CcpÄ, hgp-¡p¶ \mhp-IÄ \o«n Fs¶ \¡n-tXmÀ¯n. hogm-Xn-cn-¡m³ Rm³ Npa-cnÂNmcn'' kµÀ`w GXv ?D. Xsâ Iq«p-ImÀ ASp¯ Znhkw Xs¶ sImp-t]m-Ip-hm³ F¯n. A¡m-cyw mcy m\p-a-Xnsb F§s\ Adn-bn-¡p-sa¶v k¦-S-s -«n-cn-¡p-¶p. IYm-\m-b-I-\mb ]pjvI-c³ HSp-hnÂ ss[cywkw -cn v NneXv ]d-bm³ mc-ysb kao-]n- -t¸mÄ AhÄ KÀ`n-Wn-bm-sW¶v a\-Ên-em-bn. AtXm-Sp-IqsS Ft´ thq F¶v Adn-bmsX \nÂ¡p¶ ]pjvI-csâ Ah-Ø-bmWv ChnsS hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.37. ]pjvI-csâ Iq«p-ImÀ BscÃmw ? Ah-cpsS Bh-iyw Fs´Ãmw ?D. Sn. hn. sIm¨p-`m-h-bpsS, Ncn{X ]pcp-j³ F¶ IY A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn \nÊ-lm-b-X-bnÂ-te¡v hgpXn hogp¶ Zpc- -amWv Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. Iq«p-ImÀ¡mbn kX-y-k-ÔX ]men-¡p-I-Ibpw FÃmw XrPn-¡m³ X¿m-dm-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-h-\mWv ]pjvI-c³. hÀj-§Ä¡v tijw hfscA{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn ]pjvI-csâ cp Iq«p-ImÀ Ahs\ tXSn-sb- p¶p. c-X\pw tPmWpw. Xs¶ImWm-s\- p¶ Hcp Ipf-f³ ]Wn-Xp-m-¡n- -cp¶ ih-s -«n-bnÂ ]pjvI-c³ Poh-t\msS InS-¡-Ww. AXv s]mXp-ivam-\-¯nÂ AS¡w sN¿-s¸-Spw. {]kvXpX IÀ¯-h-y-¯n\p X¿m-dmbn]pjvI-c³ Iq-«p-Im-tcmSv kX-y-k-Ô-X-bp-f-f-h-\m-sW¶v sXfn-bn-¡-Ww. CXm-bn-cp¶p Iq«p-Im-cpsS Bh-i-yw.38. Iq«p-Im-sc-¡p-dn v ]pjvI-c-\p-ff A`n-{]mbw F v ?D. c-X³, tPm¬ F¶o cp Iq«p-ImÀ hÀj-§-tfmfw Xsâ Dä kvt\ln-X-·m-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Xm\-dn-bmsX AhÀ aäp-f-f-hÀ¡n-S-bnÂ Xs¶ \nµn-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. HSp-hnÂ AhÀ Xs¶ hn«v ]p¯³kpl-y- p-¡sft¯Sn t]mb-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Xsâ hnhm-l- n-\p-t]mepw AhÀ h¶n-cp-¶n-Ã. Iptd-¡m-e- n-\p-tijw Xs¶ AÛp-X-s -Sp¯n AhÀ h¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Hcp hntZ-z-jhpw IqSmsX Xm³Ahsc kzo-I-cn- n-cn-¡p-¶p.39. "" B hm¡p-I-fmWv Fsâ Poh\pw hgnbpw ]t£ F´p-Im-cyw ? kabw hfsc hfsc sshIn-t¸m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. '' . þ GXp hm¡p-IÄ ? kµÀ`-taXv ? AsÃ-¦nÂ40. ac-W-k-a-b v ap¯-Ñ³ ]pjvI-c\v \ÂInb D]-tZiw F´m-bn-cp-¶p.D. kvt\ln-X-·m-tcmSv BßmÀ°X ImWn-¡-cp-sX¶pw Hcn-¡epw Ahsc kz-Im-c-y-Po-hn-X- n-te¡v IS-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡-cpXv F¶p-am-bn-cp¶p ap -Ñsâ D]-tZ-iw. 41. kvt\ln-X-·m-tcm-Sp-ff ]pjvI-csâ kvt\lw Iq«p-ImÀ ]co-£n- Xv F§s\ ?D. Ipf-f³ ]Wn-sXm-cp-¡nb ih-s -«n-bnÂ ]pjvI-c³ Ip«p-ImÀ¡p-thn Poh-t\msS InS¡pw.AhÀ AXv th kXvIÀ½m-Zn-I-tfmsS s]mXp-iva-im-\- nÂ AS¡w sN¿pw. AXp-hgn ]pjvI-c³ Xsâ kX-y-k-ÔX sXfn-bn-¡pw.42. ]pjvI-c\p Bi-zm-khpw DÃm-khpw \jvS-s¸« XtâShpw Xncn-¨p-In-«n-bXv Ft¸mÄ ?D. Iq«p-ImÀ Hcp-¡nb hRvP-\-bnÂ IpSp§n ]pjvI-c³ k¦-S-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Xsâ`mc-ysb hn«v Xm³ ASp¯ Znhkw Im«p-Im-c-tcm-Sp-ff kX-y-k-ÔX sXfn-bn-¡m³ acWw hcn-¡m³ t]mIp-¶p. m\p-a-Xnsb X\n- m-¡n-t¸m-Ip¶ Imcyw ]pjvI-cs\ {]bm-k-s -Sp- n. At¸m-gmWv Xsâ mcy KÀ`n-Wn-bm-sW¶ Imcyw AbmÄ HmÀ¯-Xv. P\n-¡p¶ Ipªn\v Xsâ [oc-\mb AÑ-s\-¡p-dn v ]d-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡m³ m\p-a-Xn¡v Iptd Imc-y-§-fp-m-Ipw. Ahsf Hä-¡m-¡n-b-Ã. Hcp Ipªns\ \evIn-bn-«mWv Xm³ t]mIp-¶-Xv.43. ]ntä¶ {]`m-¯n-ep-ff Xsâ bm{X-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]pjvI-c³ `m\p-a-Xnsb ]d-ªp-a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ {ian-¨Xv F§s\ ?AsÃ-¦nÂ44. ""\½psS tam\v Hcp kplr- p-m-h-cpXv . AYhm Dm-bmÂ Xs¶ kplr- ns\ kvt\ln-



¡p¶ Hcp a\Êv Ah-\p-m-Itb Acp-Xv.'' þ Bi-b-sa´v ?D.-kp-lr-Xv_-Ô-¯n-\mbn Bß-X-ym-K-¯n\p apXnÀ¶ ]pjvI-cs³d \nÊ-lm-bm-hØ ]¦p-sh-bv¡p¶ IY-bmWv Sn.-hn. sIm¨p-_m-h-bpsS "Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j³' Iq«p-Im-cpsS £W-{]-Imcw ASp¯Znhkw kzbw acn-¡m³ kÖ-\m-bn-cn-¡p-I-bmWv ]pjvI-c³. F¶mÂ Xsâ mcy m\p-a-XnsbX\n- m¡n Xm³ t]mIp¶ Imcyw Ahsf Adnbn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\ ?þ CXn\p Hcp ]cn-lmcw ]pjvI-c³ ImWp-¶Xv Ah-fpsS DZ-c-¯nÂ hfÀ¶p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶ Ipªn-em-Wv. \jvS-s¸-«p-t]mbXtâShpw DÃm-khpw Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn¨v ]pjvI-c³ `mc-y-tbmSv \e-Ip¶ D]-tZiw {it²-b-am-Wv.X§Ä¡p-m-hp-¶Xv Hcp B¬ Ipªm-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶pw Ah\v Iq«p-Im-cp-m-h-cp-sX¶pw AYhmDm-bmÂ Xs¶ aI\v Ahsâ kplr-¯p-¡sf kvt\ln-¡m-\p-ff a\Êv Dm-h-cp-sX¶pwAt±lw `mc-y-tbmSp ]d-bp-¶p. Cu Bap-J-t¯msS ASp¯ Zn\w Xm³ Ft§m«p-t]m-Ip-¶pF¶ Imcyw AbmÄ mc-y-tbmSv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.45. kt´mjv G¨n¡m-\-¯nsâ {][m\ IrXn-IÄ GsXÃmw ?D. Hä-hm-XnÂ, IYm-]m-{X§fpw ]s¦-Sp- -hcpw Hcp Nn{XIY-bnse \mbm-«p-ImÀ, sImam-e.46. kwKoX hmZn¨p sImn-cp¶ tIkv F´m-bn-cp-¶p. ?D. ]n. kn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m³ ]pXnb hoSp hbv¡m³ IÃpw knaâp-sams¡ IS- n-sIm-n-cp-¶XvAbÂhm-kn-bmb Im -Ip-«n-bpsS ]d-¼n-eqsS Bbn-cp-¶p. H¶p Npän hfªp t]mbmÂ sabn³tdmUp hgn tat\m\v kz´w ]d-¼n-eqsS hn-sIm-p-t]m-Im-hp-¶-tX-bp-f-fq. F¶mÂ AbmÄ\nÀ_-Ô-_p-²-ym- Im- -¡p-«n-bpsS ]d-¼n-eqsS Xs¶ hn sImp-t]m-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. temdn-bpsS hchpw t]m¡pw sImv InS-¡-s¸mdpXn CÃm-Xmb Im¸-¡p«n tat\msâ hgn XS-ªp.F¶mÂ Hämev sh¨v ao³ ]nSn¨p Po-hn-¡p¶ IogvPm-Xn-¡m-c-\mb Im¸-¡p«n Xs¶ XS-ªXpw]d-ªXpw taÂ PmXn-¡m-c-\mb tat\m\v ]nSn- n-Ã. AbmÄ Im -¡p-«n-bpsS Igp-¯nÂ ]nSn v"" s]me-bmsâ tamt\ sIm¶p-I-fbpw '' F¶v Aedn ]ns¶ Ahn-sS-¡n-S¶ I¼n-¡jvWw FSp vXe¡-Sn-¨p. Aäw-]väv Hm v aÀUÀ CXmWv tIkv.47. tImX-aw-Kew Unjv hnf-¼p¶ Znh-k-§-fn-sems¡ kwKoX ]d-bm-dp-ff A`n-{]m-b-sa v ?D. cv aX-§Ä X½n-ep-ff kmaq-ln-I-amb AIew \nI- p-¶-XnÂ ]¶n amwk- nsâ kzm-[o-\s¯ ]än.48. cpIvan-Wn¡v s]mXpth PmXn-]-c-amb Hcp Xcw C³^o-cn-tbm-cnän tImw¹Ivkv Ds¶v kwKoXa\-Ên-em-¡n-bXv F§s\ ?D. ap¼s¯ hÀjw Hcp¨ t\c v h«-ta-ibv¡v Npäp-an-cp¶v £Ww Ign- p-sIm-n-cp-¶-t¸mÄIdn-I-fnse PmXn-b-Xsb ]än Hcp kwkmcw \S-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. A¶v kwKo-X-bpsS Iq«p-Im-cn-Isf IqSmsX AU-z-t¡äv D®n-cm-P-bpsS Pq\n-bÀ kXojv hÀ½bpw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. kwKo-X-bmWv NÀ¨ XpS-§n-sh- -Xv. ]mNIw sN¿p-t¼mÄ D¸pw aª-fp-sams¡ tNÀ¡m-\p-f-f-Xp-t]mseNne-bn\w Idn-I-fnÂ AXnsâ D]-Úm-Xm-¡-fpsS PmXnbpw aXhpsams¡ Ie-cp-¶Xv kz- m-hn-I-am-sW-¶-hÄ ]d-ªp. I¬t]m-f-I-fnÂ ASn-ªp-Iq-Snb sImgp- nsâ B[n-Iyw sh v awtKm-fn-bs\ Xncn- -dnbpw t]mse Idn-I-mÂ AtXXv C\am-sW¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m-¶v kwKoX tkm±m-l-cWw kaÀ°n-¨p. Ah-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ\¼q-Xncn = am¼-g-]p-fn-tÈ-cn, Hme³\mbÀ = Iq«p-I-dn, sagp-¡p-]p-c-«n, samfq-j-yw, Ahn-bÂCugh = apXn-c-¡-dn, IS-e-¡dn{InkvX-y³ = Xmdmhv a¸m-k, t]mÀ¡v hc-«n-bXvapkvenw := _n^v _ncn-bm-Wn, tImgn- _n-cn-bmWnHmtcm Idn-bp-tSbpw cpNn¡pw \nd- n-\p-sam¸w APn-t\m-tam-t«m-t]mse sldn-Un-ä-dnbpw Ds¶vkXojv hÀ½ kwKo-Xsb ]n´m§n At¶-c-amWv cpIvanWn kwk-m-c-hn-j-b-am-b-Xv. C\n FÂ.-



FÂ.-_n-bÃ FÂ.FÂ.-Fw. ]mÊmbn tUmIvS-tdäv FSp-¯mepw Ah-fpsS Sn^n³ t_mIvknÂ\n¶pw hcp¶ tNäv ao\nsâ Dfp-¼nb aWw t]mhn-sÃ¶pw AXv apt¼ ]dª sldn-Un-ä-dn-bm-sW¶pw kwKo-X-bpsS \mhnÂ \n¶pw hoWp-t]m-bn. ]n¶oSv cpIvanWn kXo-jp-ambn {]W-b- n-em-bn. {]W-bmÀ{Z-amb \nan-j-§-fnÂ Ft¸mtgm hnj-b-Zm-cn-{Zyw h¶-t¸mÄ Xsâ Imap-In-sb-¸än kwKoX ap¼v ]dª tNäp-ao-\nsâ Imcyw kXojv ]pd-¯p-hn-«p. AXn-\p-tijw cpIvanWnkwKo-X-bpsS apJ v t\m¡n-bn-«n-Ã.49. " km£mÂ Xr¸q-Wn- pd X¼p-cms\ B Id-¼n-s]®v {]W-b- nsâ Hämepw sh v hogv n' þ kw`-h-sa´v ?D. kXojv hÀ½ F¶ taÂPm-Xn-¡m-cs\ IogvPm-Xn-¡m-cn-bmb cpIvanWn Xsâ Imap-I-\m¡namänb Imc-y-amWv kwKoX ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xv.50. cpIvanWn taÂPm-Xn-¡m-c-\mb kXo-jns\ {]Wn-bn-¡m³ ImcWw F´m-sW-¶mWv kwKoXIs- p-¶Xv ?D. km¼- n-Ihpw hnZ-ym-]-c-hp-amb ]ptcm-KXn ]nt¶m¡ PmXn-Isf khÀW hn -Km-§-fp-ambnsFI-y-s¸-Sm³ tamln-¡p-¶p-v. AXmWv cpIvanWn knhnÂ tÌj-\nse hnhn[ hIp-¸p-I-fnÂ\nc-h[n ]«n-I-Pm-Xn-¡mÀ ]pc\n-dªp \nÂt¡ ZfnXv hZn-bmb cpIvanWn Hcp X¼p-cms\ Xncªp]nSn¨p t{]an-¡m³ Imc-W-sa¶v kwKoX Is- p-¶-Xv.51. kwKo-X-bpsS sNhn-bnÂ kqk³ ]dª cl-kyw F´m-bn-cp-¶p.D. kwKo-X-bpsS I£n-bpsS FXnÀ`mKw h¡oepw ]nWn¡-¡m-cn-bp-amb cpIvaWn kw_Ôn-¡p¶ cl-k-y-am-bn-cp¶p kqk³ kwKo-X-bpsS sNhn-bnÂ ]d-ª-Xv. cpIvanWn F¶ IogvPm-Xn-¡m-cn¡v taÂ PmXn-¡m-cmb Iq«p-ImÀs¡m¸w IqSWsa¶pw kwkm-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw Fs¶m-s¡-bp-v. am{X-aÃ Im¸-¡p«n F¶-bmÄ Ah-fpsS Df-fnÂ A¯cw sk³Sn-aânkv H¶pw CÃ.]n. ]n. Bb ØnXn¡v AbmÄ¡p-thn AhÄ hmZn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶Xv tami-am-Ip-sa¶p Icp-Xn-bmWv tIknÂ AhÄ h¡m-e¯p ]nSn- -Xv. asämcp cl-kyw IqSn kqk³ kwKo-Xsb Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. kwKo-X-bp-ambn cpIvanWnbpsS tImw{]-ssakv Ign-ªmÂ kXojv hÀ½ cpIva-WnsbHgn-hm-¡pw. AbmÄ h¡o-ep-tZ-ymKw hn«v Im\-U-bn-te¡v t]mIp-¶p.52. cpIva-Wn-bp-am-bp-ff kwKn-X-bpsS {]iv\- n\v ]cn-lm-c-am-bXv F§s\ ?.AsÃ-¦nÂ53. "" Ah-cpsS ssIIÄ PmXn-\n-c-t]-£-amb GtXm Im´n-I -_-e¯mÂ ]c-kv]cw BIÀjn-¡-s¸«v h«-ta-ibv¡v apI-fnÂ ]c-kv]cw H«n-t¨À¶p. Bhn ]d-¡p¶ Hcp tj¡v lmâ v '' þ kqN\F´v ?AsÃ-¦nÂ54. tNmcn-©n v ]mem«v ho«nÂ tKm]m-e-ta-t\ms\ Cu tImSXn shdpsX hn«n-cn-¡p-¶p. '' kµÀ`whnh-cn-¡p-I.AsÃ-¦nÂ55. "" Bbn-c-¯n-sXm-Åm-bn-c¯n ]Xn-t\-gnÂ tNdm-bnÂ CXp-t]m-semcp im¸mSv \S-¶n-«pv '' þhnh£ F´v ?D. tIc-f- nsâ ]ptcm-K-a-t\m-·p-J-amb s]mXp a\-Êns\ XS-ªp-\nÀ¯p¶ PmXot_m[¯n-s\-Xnsc Bt£] kz-c-t¯msS t]\ Nen-¸n-¡p¶ Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\mWv kt´mjv G¨n-¡m\w "sImame' bnse "]´n-t`m-P\w' F¶ IY tIc-fob Ncn-{X-¯nse angn-hmÀ¶ Hcp kw`-hs¯"]mcUn' Bbn ]p\-c-h-X-cn- n-¡p-I-bmWv IYm-Ir- v. Hcp tImS-Xn-bnse _mÀ Atkm-kn-tb-j³h«-ta-ibv¡p Npäpw hnI-kn-¡p¶ IYm-{]-tabw tIc-f-sam-¶msI ]SÀ¶p ]´-en¨ Nne \ábmYmÀ °-y-§-fnÂ-te¡v hmb-\-¡m-cs\ sImp t]mIp¶p. PmXob-amb D -\oNXzw bmYmÀ°-y-am-bn-cns¡ Ahsb \nbaw Adn-bp-¶-hÀ t]mepw F§s\ kao-]n-¡p¶p F¶ Imcyw kap-Nn-



X-`m-h-t¯msS IYm-Ir¯v Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Xs¶ PmXnt¸cv hnfn-¨-Xn\pw sImÃm³ {ian-¨-Xn\pw tIkv \ÂInb Im¸-¡p«n F¶ Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-csâ _ÔphmWv AbmÄ¡p thntIkv hmZn-¡p¶ cpIvanWn. F¶mÂ AhÄ¡v hnZ-ym- -ym-khpw tPmen-bpw e`n-¡p-¶-tXmsSPmXnCÃm-Xm-¡m-\p-ff {ia-anÃ. AhÄ¡v ]t£ Xsâ CSw khÀWÀs¡m -am-sW¶v sXfn-bn-¡m\pwAhÀWÀ Xsâ _Ôp-P-\-§tfm Iq«p-Imtcm BsW¶p ]d-bm³ aSn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. cpIvanWntaÂPm-Xn-¡m-c-\mb Hcp-¯s\ {]W-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS AhÄ sXfn-bn-¡m³ B{K-ln-¨Xv AXm-Wv. ]pdta AhÄ kwKo-X-tbmSpw Iq«p-Im-cn-I-tfmSpw ]n-W¡- n-em-sW-¦nepw Ch-scm-sSm¸wIq«m-\p-ff XmXv]-cyw AhÀ¡p-v. kwKo-X-bp-am-bp-ff {]iv\w t]mepw Ah-fpsS kz-X-zs¯Ah-tl-fn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. F¶n«pw AhÄ kwKo-X¡v am¸p-\-evIp¶p. ]ó-t`m-P\w hgn ssU\nwKvtS_nÄ ]¦p-sh-¡pI hgn Xsâ PmXn Aev]w Db-cp-¶p-sh¶p cpIva-Wn¡v tXm¶p-¶p.hy-X-ykvX aX-Pm-Xn-hn- m-K-§-fpsS {]mXn-\n-[y kz- m-h-ap-ff £W hn -h-§Ä ssIam-dp-¶-tXmsSAhÀ¡n-S-bnse {]iv\w þ Xs¶ PmXn-sImv Ah-tl-fn- Xpw Im¸Ip«nsb tat\m³ PmXn-t¸cnhnfn v sImÃm³ {ian- Xpw hfsc \nÊm-c-ambn ]cn-l-cn-¡-s -Sp-¶p. kXo-jnsâ klmbt¯msSca-ybpw kqk-\p-amWv tImw{]-ssa-kn\v ap³ssI-s¿-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. £-W-ss¡-am-ä-¯n-eqsS al-¯mb "]ń-t`m-P\w' \S-¶-Xmbn AhÀ Ah-Im-i-s -Sp-¶p. 1917 se tNdmbn kt½-f-\hpw AhÀ\S-¯nb hn¹-hhpw t]mse Ncn{X {]kn-²-amWv. X§Ä Hcp-¡nb ]ń-t`m-P-sa¶v AhÀ Ah-Im-i-s -Sp-¶p. Hmtcm-cp- cpw sImp-h¶ aX-PmXn kz-`mhw {]I-S-am-¡p¶ £-y-hn- -h-§ÄssIamdn £n-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS tKm]m-e-ta-t\m³ in£n-¡-s -Sp-am-bn-cp¶ hen-sbmcp tIknsâhn[nbpw Xocp-am-\-am-Ip-¶p. Im -¡p-«n-bpsS mKw hmZn-¡p¶ h¡oÂ FXnÂI-£n-bnÂ tNÀ¶-tXmsS tIkv tKm]m-e-ta-t\m\v A\p-Iq-e-am-Ip-¶p. AhÀW-cpsS khÀW-Xm-Xv]-c-yhpw khÀW-cpsS PmXn-ta-[m-hn- hpw hfsc efn-X-ambn Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-I-bmWv kt´mjv G¨n-¡m\w "]ń-t`m-P\' neqsS ]ń-bnÂ hnf-¼p¶ t`mP-y-hn- -h-§-sfÃmw kz´w kz´w hd-hp-N-«n-bp-sSbpwhd-hp-Im-csâbpw PmXob ap{Z-I-sfbpw mh-§-sf-bp-amWv {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. AXn-\mÂXs¶ £-W-hn- -h-§-fnepw apńbhbpw kzm-[o-\X IqSn-b-hbpw AÃm- -hbpwDv. IWn-i-amb At£-]- n-eqsS C¡m-c-y-§Ä Ah-X-cn- nIbWv kt´mjv G¨n-¡m-\w.aq¶p ]pd- nÂ Ihn-bmsX D]-\-y-kn-¡p-I.1. B[p-\nI ae-bmf sNdp-IYm{]Øm-\- nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ hnh-cn-¡p-I.2. B[p-\n-IX F¶mÂ F v ? ae-bmf IYm-km-ln-X-y- nÂ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS km¶n-[yw AS- bm-f-s¸-Sp- p-I.3. ae-bm-f- nse B[p-\nI IYm-Ir- p-¡sf eLp-hmbn ]cn-N-b-s -Sp- p-I.4. e£-a¬emÂ ]ym-cn-emÂ ]WvUnävPn F¶ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ \ncp-]Ww sN¿p-I5. Fw. apIp-µsâ cN-\m-hn-tijw Fs´-Ãm-sa¶v apWvU\w sN¿-s¸« PohnXw ' ap³\nÀ¯n NÀ¨ sN¿p-I.6. A]-I-z-a-km-l-N-c-y-§-fnse hn¹-h-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ ]mfn-¨-IÄ " \memw bma' nÂ Fw. kpIp-am-c³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-sX-§s\ ?7. " \memw bmaw' F¶ IY¡v Bk-zm-Z\w X¿m-dm-¡p-I.8. B[p-\n-Im-\ć Imes¯ kv{Xosb-dp-dn- p-ff DXvIWvT IYbv¡v {]ta-b-am-¡p¶ Fgp- p- Im-c-\mWv F³. {]`m-I-c³. " H¶pw Rm³ Bh-i-y-s¸-«n-ÃtÃm ' F¶ IY ap³\nÀ¯n hne- bn-cp-¯p-I.9. kv{Xobp-sSbpw ]pcp-jsâbpw Pohn-X- nse Xnc-¡p-I-IÄ " H¶pw Rm³ Bh-i-y-s - «ntÃm F¶ IY-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶Xv F§s\ ?10. kX-y-k-ÔX FSp-¡m¯ \mW-b-ambn amdn-bn-cn-¡p¶ C¶s¯ AhØ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-I-

bmWv " Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j³' F¶ IY ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.



11. Nqj-Wm-[n-jvTn-X-amb ka-Im-enI kmaq-lym-h-Ø-bnÂ kplr v _Ô§fpw Nqj-W-¯n\p hnt[-b-am-Ip¶p F¶ "Ncn{X ]pcp-j³' sXfn-bn-¡p-¶Xv F§s\ ?

12. "]ń-t`m-P\w' F¶ ioÀj-I- nsâ {]kàn hni-I-e\w sN¿p-I.13. kt´mjv G¨n-¡m-\- nsâ IY-I-fpsS BJ-ym-\- nsâ khn-ti-jX" ]ń-t`m-P\w' ap³

\nÀ¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.14. Ncn{Xw, \nbaw XpS-§n-bh " ]ń-t`m-P\w ' F¶ IY-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv

Iogmf hncp-²-am-bm-Wv. NÀ¨ sN¿p-I.15. B[p-\n-I-sXsb Gsd kzm-[n-\n¨ cp Nn -I-fmWv AkvXn-X-z-hm-Zhpw A\-y-h-XvI-c-Whpw

hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.16. B[p-\nI IY-I-fpsS s]mXp khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw ]mT- m-K-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n ]c-ym-

tem-Nn-¡p-I. þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ



samUyqÄ-þ4

1. t]mÌv tamtU-Wnkw F¶-Xn\p kam-\-amb ae-bm-f-]Zw Fgp-Xp-I.D. D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X, B[p-\n-tIm- -c-hmZw.2. ‘Post-Modernism’ F¶-Xnse Post F¶ D]-kÀKw BZ-y-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- Xv Bcv?D. seÉn {^oUveÀ (1965 Â)3. Hcp Iem-{]-Øm-\tam kmln-X-y-{]-h-W-Xtbm F¶-XnÂ D]cn hfsc hym]-I-amb Hcp kmwkvIm- cnI ]cn-Øn-Xnsb sam - nÂ DÄs¡m-f-fp-¶-Xm-Wv ..........................................................D. D¯-cm-[p-\n-IX4. ‘lnK-znä’ -F¶ {]i-kvX-amb IY Fgp-Xn-b-Xv?D. F³.-F-kv. am[-h³5. hn.-]n. inh-Ip-am-dnsâ PohnX Imew?D. 1946-þ19936. hn.-]n. inh-Ip-amÀ P\n- -sX-hnsS?D. amth-en-¡-c-bnÂ7. Hä, Ic-tbmKw F¶o IYm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä Bcp-tSXv?D. hn.-]n. inh-Ip-amÀ8. t_mÀlkv IY-IÄ ae-bm-f- n-te¡v ]cn`mj-s¸-Sp- n-bXv?D. hn.-]n. inh-Ip-amÀ

9. ‘A½ h¶p’ F¶ IY GXp kam-lm-c- n-teXv?

D. Hä10. _mw¥q-cnÂ \n¶v I\-ym-Ip-am-cn-bn-te¡v t]mIp¶ sFeâ v FIvkv{]kv Xoh-n-bnÂ h¶n-d- §n-bXv Bcv?D. cma-Ir-jvW- n-ff

11. ‘D¨-bp-d-¡- nse kz-]v\-§Ä’ F¶ IYm-k-am-lmcw Fgp-Xn-bXv?

D. kn. A¿- ³

12. ‘{`m´v’ F¶ IY GXp kam-lm--c¯n-emWv Df-fXv?

D. Rv13. Zev (ZÄ) ]Z- nÂ \n¶mWv .............................. F¶ ]Zw DZv`-hn- XvD. ZenXv14. ZenXv ]mt´gvkv {]Øm\w cq]w sImXv F¶v? FhnsS?D. 1972 Â apws_-bnÂ15. A[:-ØnX P\-hn- m-K- nsâ PohnXw B P\-hn- m-K- nÂs¸-«-hÀ Xs¶ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶- XmWv ............................ kmln-XywD. ZenXv16. `mc-Xob ZenXv kmln-Xy A¡m-Z-an-bpsS tI{µw FhnsSD. UÂln-bnÂ17. ZenXv kmln-Xyw, ZenXv mj F¶o IrXn-IÄ cNn- Xv?D. Ihn-bqÀ apcfn (1931 þ2001)

18. ‘ZenXv kmln-X-yw: Hcp ]T\w’ F¶ IrXn cNn- Xv?



D. t]mÄ Nnd-¡-tcmSv19. Imdn-en-cp¶ ktlm-Z-cnsb t\m¡n IrjvW³ amjv ]d-ª-sX´v?D. H¶pw ImWp-¶n-ÃtÃm20. Imdnse ktlm-Z-cnsb ImWn¨p sImSp- -t¸mÄ H¶pw ImWp-¶n-ÃtÃm F¶v ]dª amjn- t\mSv _me-y-Ime kplr¯v tNmZn- -sX´v?D. IrjvW³ Ip«o, \n\¡pw {`m´mtWm ?21. kp`mjv N{µ³ P\n- Xv F¶v? FhnsS?D. 1972 Â Bep-h-bv¡-Sp- p-ff ISp-§-Ãq-cnÂ

22. ‘LSnIm-c-§Ä \ne-bv¡p¶ kabw’ F¶ IY Fgp-Xn-bXv Bcv?

D. kp`mjv N{µ³23. 2001 se tIcf kmln-Xy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv t\Snb kp`mjv N{µsâ IY GXv?D. LSn-Im-c-§Ä \ne-bv¡p¶ kabw

24. ‘]dq-Zokm-\jvSw’ F¶ IY Fgp-Xn-bXv?

D. kp`mjv N{µ³2 5 . ‘]W- n-sâbpw hnZ-ym- -ym-k- n-sâbpw hym-P-amb ]cn-th-j-§Ä AhÀ cp t]cpw inc-Ên\p ]n¶nÂ ]c-kv]cw ZÀin- p’. Bscms¡?D. tUm. tXmakv htÅm-¡m-c\pw tUm. kp\nepw

26. ‘Poh³ aimbv’ GXp t\mh-ense apJy IYm-]m-{X-amWv?

D. Btcm-Ky \ntI-X\w27. Ia-e-bpsS ]{´mw ]nd-¶m-fn\v AÑ³ k½m\n- Xv F´m-bn-cp¶p?D. ]Ww \nt£-]n-¡m-\p-ff a¬Ip-Sp¡28. Ia-e-bpsS ]Xn-\memw ]nd-¶m-fn\p AÑ³ \ÂInb k½m\w?

D. ‘Btcm-K-y-\n-tI-X\w’ F¶ t\mhÂ ]pkvXIw

29. ‘‘cXn-bpsS Xev]w Xs¶ arXn-bpsS Xev]-am-hp-I-bmWv ‘Xev]-’sa¶ IY-bnÂ’’ F¶v A`n-{]m-

b-s -«-Xmcv?D. Fkv. imc-Z-¡p«n (k-tµ-l- nsâ B¬ t\m«-§Ä)30. ]t¯m Ccp-]tXm hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼m-tgbv¡v tUmIvSÀamÀ DÄs¸-sS-bp-ff A`-ykvX hnZ-y-

cpsS s]mXp kz- mhw F´m-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶ DXvIWvT AXn-kq-£va-amb cmjv{Sob ImgvN- m-Sn-eqsS ............................. F¶ IY apt¶m«p hbv¡p-¶p.

D. Xev]w (kp`mjv N{µ³)

31. ‘aª ac-§Ä Npänepw’ F¶ IYm kam-lmcw Bcp-tSXv?

D. {]nb F.-F-kv.32. adn-bm½ Xp- nÂ F¶ t]cv Bcp-tS-XmWv?D. Hcp s]¬ ]Ãn-bpsS33. adn-bm½ Xp- nÂ F¶ s]¬]Ãn Xma-kn-¡p-¶Xv FhnsS?

D. ‘tacn-Ir]’ F¶ ho«nÂ

34. tacn-Ir-]-bnse At -hm-kn-IÄ BscÃmw?D. tPmk^pw \m³knbpw



-35. ‘tacn-Ir-]-’bn-se- nb B¬]-Ãn¡v e`n¨ t]cv F´v?

D. k¨n³ Xp- nÂ36. tacn-Ir-]-bpsS \m³kn-bpsS ac-W- n\v GXp IY-bp-am-bmWv kmZr-iyw Df-f-Xv?D. am[-hn-¡p-«n-bpsS s\bv]m-bkw37. tPmk- nsâ Pohn-X- n-te¡v IS¶p h¶ kpµcn Bcm-bn-cp-¶p?D. kpc-_me

25 hm¡nÂ Ihn-bmsX D -c-sa-gp-XpI1. Btâgvk³ F¶ kmwkvIm-cnI \ncq-]-Isâ \nÀh-N-\-{]-Imcw D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS \mep apJ-ap-{Z-IÄ GsX-Ãmw?

D. 1. Bß-k-¦-ev]\w (self concept)

2. kZm-Nm-chpw ss\Xn-I-hp-amb hy-h-lmcw (Moral and ethical discourse)

3. Iebpw kwkvIm-chpw (Art and culture)

4. BtKm-f-h-XvI-cWw (Globalisation)

2. D¯-cm-[p-\nI sNdp-I-Ym-¡-fnÂ {]ap-JÀ BscÃmwD. hn.-]n. inh-Ip-amÀ, F³.-F-kv. am[-h³, F³. {]`m-I-c³, Sn.-hn.-sIm- p-_m-h, Atim-I³sNcp-hnÂ, sI. cLp-\m-Y³ AjvS-aqÀ¯n, tXmakv tPmk- v, sI.-]n. cma-\p-®n.3. ka-Im-enI IYm-Ir- p-¡-fnÂ {it²-b-cm-b-hÀ Bsc-Ãmw?D. hn.-BÀ. kp[o-jv, hn.-F-kv. A\nÂ IpamÀ, kn.BÀ. Hma-\-¡p-«³, inlm-_p-²o³ s]mbv pwIS-hv, ]n. kptc-{µ³, sI.-sI. cta-iv, Sn.-F³. {]Im-iv, {]`m-I-c³ ]g-Èn, Aw_n-Im-kp-X³ am§m-Sv, hÕ-e³ hmXp-tÈ-cn, taXnÂ cm[m-Ir-jvW³, bp.-]n. Pb-cm-Pv, ]n.-sI. ]md-¡-S-hv, sFkIvCu¸³, kt´mjv G¨n-¡m-\w, _n. apc-fn, kp`mjv N{µ³, Abva\w tPm¬, lm^nkv apl-½-Zv,AIv_À I¡-«nÂ, kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW³, C. lcn-Ip-amÀ, sI.-F³. taml-\-hÀ½, bp.-sI. Ipam-c³.4. ka-Im-enI IYm-Ir- p-¡-fnÂ {it²-b-cm-b- Fgp- p-Im-cn-IÄ Bsc-Ãmw?D. kmdm tPmk- v, t{Kkn, Ajn-X, _n. kc-k-z-Xn, C.-]n. kpj-a, Kmb-{Xn, N{µ-a-Xn, sI.-]n.kp[o-c, {]nb F.-F-Êv, knXm-c. Fkv, sI.-BÀ. aÃn-I, sI. BÀ. aoc, H.-hn. Dj, KoX, KoXm-ln-c-W-y, Djm-\-¼-ymÀ5.hn.-]n. inh-Ip-am-dnsâ IYmkamlm-c-§Ä GsXm-s¡?D. Xncp-hm-Xmw-IqÀ IY-IÄ, Ic-tbm-Kw, Hä6. GsXms¡ Fgp- p-Im-cpsS IY-I-fmWv hn.-]n. inh-Ip-amÀ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXn-«p-f-f-Xv?D. t_mÀl-kv, tImÀ -kÀ, lphm³ dqÄt^m XpS-§nb ]mÝm-Xy D¯-cm-[p-\nI IYm-Ir- p-¡-fpsS hninjvS IY-I-fmWv hn.-]n. inh-Ip-amÀ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX-Xv. IqSmsX bqPo³ tbm\-kvtIm-bpsS \mS-I-§fpw At±lw hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXn-«p-v.7. hn.-]n. inhIpamdnsâ IY-I-fpsS {][m\ khn-ti-jX Fs -Ãmw?D. B[p-\n-Im-\- c IY-I-fnse `mhp-I-Xz ]cn-Wmaw BZ-y-am-Zyw {]X-y-£-s¸-Sp- nb {][m\IYm-Ir- p-¡-fn-sem-cm-fmWv hn.-]n. inh-Ip-amÀ. B[p-\n-I-Xsb AXn-\p-f-fnÂ \n¶p-sIm-p-

Xs¶ At±-l- nsâ IY-IÄ \ntj-[n-¡p-¶p. AXn-I-Y-bpsS (metafiction) kt¦Xw anI¨

coXn-bnÂ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp- m³ Ignª inh-Ip-am-dnsâ IY-I-fnÂ ]mc-Unbpw {`am-ß-I-Xbpwkz-]v\mßIXbpw \ndªp \nÂ¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. Xmc-X-ta-y\ {lk-z-amWv At±-l- nsâ



IY-IÄ. Ie-lhpw ]cn-lm-khpw ac-Whpw At±-l- nsâ IY-I-fnse kPoh LS-I-§-fm-Wv.

8 . ‘A½ h¶p’ F¶ IY-bpsS BJ-ym-\- nsâ {]m[m-\yw F´v?

D. hn.-]n. inh-Ip-am-dnsâ ‘A½ h¶p’ F¶ IY \mep mK-§-fm-bmWv IYm-Ir¯v Xncn- n-cn-¡p-

¶-Xv. H¶mw mK- nÂ Xoh-n-bnÂ \n¶n-d§n h¶ cma-Ir-jvW-]n-ff F¶ a[-y-h-b-kvI-\mbtI{µ IYm-]m{Xw Xm³ ]Tn¨ hnZ-ym-ebw kµÀin-¡p-¶Xpw Ahn-Ss¯ KX-Ime HmÀ½-IÄAb-hn-d-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. hnZ-ym-e-b- nÂ \n¶p ]pd¯p IS-¡p-t¼mÄ AbmÄ cma-Ir-jvW³F¶ bphm-hmbn amdp-¶p. buh-\-Ime kvac-W-I-fmWv ]ns¶ IYm-Im-c³ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv.IY cmw mK- n-te¡v IS-¡p-t¼mÄ cmap F¶ _mesâ IY-bmWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. A½-bvs¡m¸wBdm«p atlm-Õhw ImWm³ t]mb cmap A½sb At\-z-jn-¡p¶XmWv IYm-k-µÀ`w. IY-bpsS aq¶mw mKw DÕ-h- -d-¼nÂ Ce-Iv{Sn-knän sse³am³ C«n-b-hncm yqkv sI«m³ t]mIp-¶Xpw tImhn-enÂ Hcp A½-tbbpw Ipªn-t\bpw Iv ]cn-{`-an-¡p-¶Xpw hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. IY-

bpsS \memw mK v IYm-Im-c³ cmap F¶ IYm-]m{Xw Ip«n-{]m-b- nÂ Xs¶ ‘kv¢otdm-sUÀa’F¶ A]qÀh tcmKw h¶p acn¨p t]msb¶pw cma-Ir-jvW-s\¶ bphmhpw cma-Ir-jvW-]n-ffF¶ a²y hb-kvI\pw km[-y-X-IÄ am{X-am-sW¶pw hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. Hcp icm-i-cn-¡m-csâ Pohn-Xhpw BÀ`m-S-c-ln-X-amb Ahsâ ac-Whpw {`am-ß-I-amb Xc- nÂ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-I-bmWv IYm-Ir- v. \mSp apgp-h³ DÕ-h-cm{Xn {iotIm-hn-ense A½sb tXSp-t¼mÄ kz´w A½-bpsS aSn-

bnÂ InS¶p ‘A½ ht¶m’ F¶v tXSn-s¡mp Xs¶ acn-¡p-¶p.

9. cmap-hn\p ]nSn-s]« AkpJw F´m-bn-cp-¶p? AXnsâ {]tX-y-IX F´m-bn-cp-¶p? AsÃ-¦nÂ

10. ‘‘icm-i-cn-¡m-csâ Pohn-X- nÂ \n¶v Cu tcmKs¯ Xncn- -dn-bp-hm³ C¶pw Ffp- -a-Ã.’’GXp tcmK-s¯? F´p sImv?

D. ‘kv¢otdm-sUÀa’ F¶ A]qÀÆ-tcm-K-am-bn-cp¶p cmap-hn-\v. F«p hb-Êm-b-t¸m-tg¡pw Ahsâ

]Ãp-I-sfÃmw sImgn-ªp. Xe-apSn \c- p. icocw Np¡n- p-fn-ªp. hmÀ²-IyIme-tcm-K-§ÄAhs\ ASn-s -Sp v A\-i-z-c-X-bp-tSbpw Ime- n-tâbpw aWÂ¯n-«-bn-te¡v Fdn-ªp. taep-Im-hnse Hcp-Õ-h- n\v Bdm-«p-tLm-j-bm{X Xncn-s¨- m-dmb ka-b v Ah³ acn-¡p-¶p. 1947\p ap¼v Bfp-IÄ¡v saUn-¡Â hnÚm\w Ipd-hm-bn-cp¶ Ime¯v Ahsâ {Kma- nse FÂ.-Fw.-]n-¡m-cmb ]gb tUmIvSÀamcpw ae-b³ FtÌ-äp-I-fnÂ \n¶p ]ncnª It¼m-ÀamcpwA -c- n-semcp kpJ-t¡-Sn-s\-]än tI«n-cp-¶n-Ã. icm-i-cn-¡m-csâ Pohn-X- nÂ \n¶v {]kvXpXtcmKs¯ Xncn- -dn-bm³ \S- p-Im-e¯pw Ffp- -aÃ F¶p IYm-Ir¯v A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp-¶p.11. ‘‘a§nb Hcp qX-Im-e- n-te¡v Cu IY Xncn¨p t]mhp-I-bm-Wv.’’ GXp IY? Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS HuNn-X-y-sa- v?D. hn.-]n. inh-Ip-am-dnsâ ‘A½ h¶p’ F¶ IY \mep mK-§-fm-bmWv IYm-Ir v Nn«-s -Sp- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. cma-Ir-jvW- n-ff F¶ a²y hb-kvI-sâbpw cma-Ir-jvW³ F¶ bphm-hn-sâbpwKX-Ime Nn -IÄ Ah-X-cn- n- -Xn\p tijw IYm-Ir¯v cmw `mKw Bcw- n-¡p-¶Xv ‘‘a§nbHcp qX-Im-e- n-te¡v Cu IY Xncn- p-t]m-hp-I-bmWv’’ F¶ {]kvXm-h-\-tbm-sS-bm-Wv. bYmÀ°-¯nÂ Cu mKw Zo]vX-amb HmÀ½-I-fmÂ k¼¶amsW-¶mWv {]Ya ZrjvSym tXm¶p-I. Bdm«patlm-Õhhpw DÕ-h- -d-¼nse kw -h-hn-Im-k-§fpw X·-b-X-z-t¯msS Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶p F¶mÂsshZypXn s]s«¶v AW-ªp-t]m-Ip-¶Xpw IYm-{]-kwKw CS-bv¡p-h¨p apdn-ªXpw Npäp-hn-f-¡p-IÄ F® XoÀ¶p sI«p t]mbXpw Ig-I-¡m-cpsS Dd-¡hpw IYm- -co-£s¯ asämcp Xe- n-



eqsS A\p- -hn-¡m³ klr-Z-bs\ t{]cn- n-¡p-¶p. cmap F¶ sIm¨p Ipªv DWÀs¶-gp-t¶ävA½sb At\-z-jn-¡p-¶p. acWw A½-bpsS aSn-bn-em-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw cmap-hnsâ At\-z-jWw

‘A½ ht¶m’ F¶Xpam{X-am-Wv.

12. yqkv t\m¡m-\mbn t]mIp¶ hgn {iotIm-hn-en-\-I v Ce-Iv{Sn-knän sse³am³ C«n-b-hncmI ImgvN F´m-bn-cp-¶p?D. Btcm hm§n-s¡m-Sp¯ Hcp Ip¸n Nmcmbw Hä-b-Sn¡p hngp-§nb tijw Hcp ]oSn-I- n-®-bnÂ Zn¡m-em-Xn-hÀ¯n-bmbn Ce-Iv{Sn-knän sse³am³ C«n-b-hncm Ign-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. IYm-{]-kwKw ]mXnhgn-bnÂ \n¶pt]mb-XnÂ £p`n-Xcpw AXp-tIÄ¡m-\p-ff XmÂ]-c-y-ap-f-f-h-cp-amb\m«p-ImÀ Abmsf ]nSn-IqSn yqkv t\m¡m³ ]d-ª-b- p. t]mIp¶ hgn¡v AbmÄ {iotIm-hn-en-\-I-t¯¡v H¶p F¯n-t\m-¡n. AtXmsS AbmÄ¡p ]cn-k-c-t_m[w hopw \jvS-s¸-«p.AI¯v ]oT- nÂ hntem-e-h-kv{X-§Ä [cn¨v ]q¡ÄNq-Snb at\m-l-cn-bmb Hcp kv{Xobn-cn- p-m-bn-cp-¶p. aSn-bnÂ Hcp Ip«n ab-§n-¡n-S¡p-¶p. Ahsâ Ipªn-ss¡-bnÂ ]f-fn-hm-fp-v.ImenÂ Nne-¼pw. B sIm¨p-i-cocw Bk-Iew hkq-cn-s¸m-f-f-§Ä t]mse hnbÀ¸p-a-Wn-IÄDcp-p-IqSn \nÂ¡p-¶p. A½-bpsS Imcp-Wyw aIsâ Ihn-fnepw apSn-bnepw Xtem-Sp-I-bm-Wv.DSp-]p-S-h-bpsS Aäw sImv Ahsâ s\©-s¯ hnbÀ¸v H¸n-sb-Sp-¡p-I-bm-Wv.13. kn. A¿- sâ IYm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä GsX-Ãmw?D. D¨-bp-d-¡- nse kz-]v\-§Ä, Rv.14. kn. A¿- sâ cN-\m-k-{¼-Zmbw ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp- p-I?D. ae-bmf sNdp-I-Ym-km-ln-X-y- nse {][m\ ZenXv Fgp- p-Im-c-\mWv kn. A¿- ³. ZenXvPohn-Xm-\p- -h-§sf AXnsâ IrX-y-amb Øe- p-h¨p Xs¶ Is-Sp-¡m³ A¿- ³ {ian-¡p-¶p. CXn-\p-thn {]mtZ-in-I-amb an¯p-Ifpw _nw_-§fpw ssien-Ifpw At±lw D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp- p-¶p. Ccp-]- -t©mfw IY-IÄ am{Xta At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-f-fq.15. IrjvW³ amjnsâ _me-y-Im-e-kp-lr¯pw AbÂhm-kn-bp-amb ]©m-b-¯p-sa-¼dpwkwLhpw IzmÀt«-gvkn-se¯n Adn-bn- -sX- v?D. amjnsâ s]-§Ä¡v {`m´v Ie-i-em-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ahsf ASp- p-ff {`m´m-kv]-{Xn-bn-em-¡m³ Xm³ Ib-dn-h¶ kwL-t¯mSv kl-I-cn-¡-Ww.16. IzmÀt«-gvkn-se- nb kwL- nsâ Bh-iyw tI«-t¸mÄ IrjvW¬amjv ]dª adp-]SnF v?D. Xsâ ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS tcmK-s¯- än Xt¶-¡m-f-[nIw Adnhv h¶-hÀ¡pv F¶ PmS a\-Ên-en-cn-¡-s«. AhÄ¡-Ã, AhÄ¡p-thn ]ncnhpw Xncnhpw \S¯n Imdpw tImem-l-e-hp-ambnh¶n-cn-¡p-¶-hÀs¡m-s¡-bmWv {`m´p-f-fXv F¶ adp-]-Sn-bmWv AbmÄ \ÂIn-b-Xv.17. {`m´n-bmb s]§sf Xnc-kvI-cn- -Xn\v IrjvW³amjv Is- p¶ \ym-bo-I-c-W-sa- v?D. kplr¯pw kwLhpw \nÀt±-in-¡pw-t]mse s]§-fpsS Imc-y- nÂ CS-s]-«n-cp-s¶-¦nÂ X\n¡vkw -hn-¡m-\n-cn-¡p-¶-sX-s´¶v IrjvW³am-jn\v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p. \mep-Im-c-W-§-fmWv kzbw\ym-bo-IcWambn AbmÄ Is- p-¶-Xv. 1. s]§Ä {`m´n-bm-sW¶v IzmÀt«-gvknse kl-Xm-a-k-¡mÀ Adn-bpw. 2. Xm³ A[:-Ir-X-\m-sW¶ Imcyw P\-§Ä a\-Ên-em-¡pw. 3. A[:-Ir-X-sb¶ Hcp tXm¶epw Dm-¡m¯ \ndhpw {]Ir-X-hp-ap-ff Xsâ mc-ybv¡v À¯r -ho-«p-Im-tcmSv Ad¸pw AIÂ¨-bp-am-Wv. 4. \K-c- nÂ P\n- v, Ahn-sS- s¶ hfÀ¶ aIÄ¡v CsXm¶pw A{Xbv¡v CjvS-am-In-Ã.18. kpJ-an-Ãm¯ s]§sf AhÄ Bkv]-{Xn-bnÂ InS-¡p-t¼mÄ Hcn-¡-se-¦nepw kµÀin-¡m-

-Xn\v IrjvW³amjn-\p-ff \ym-bo-I-c-W-sa- v?



D. {`mń-bmb ktlm-Z-cnsb amjv t]mbn IXv sImv Hcp {]tbm-P-\-hp-an-Ã. AhÄ¡vktlm-Z-cs\ Xncn- -dn-bm-\m-In-Ã-tÃm. AXn-\mÂ B kµÀi\w {]tbm-P-\-iq-\-y-amb Hcp {]hr-¯n-bm-Ip-sa¶v Abm-fpsS _p²n ]d-bp-¶p.

19. ‘‘IrjvW³Ip-«o, \n\¡pw {`m´m-tWm?’’ kµÀ`w GXv?

D. Hcp Znhkw Xsâ _me-y-Im-e-kp-lr¯pw AbÂhm-kn-bp-amb ]©m-b¯p sa¼ÀIrjvW³amjv Xma-kn-¡p¶ IzmÀt«-gvkn-se¯n s]§-fpsS {`m v Ie-i-em-sW¶pw Ahsf ASp-¯p-ff {`m´m-kv]-{Xn-bnÂ AUvanäv sN¿m³ X§-tfmSv kl-I-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw Adn-bn-¡p-¶p.F¶mÂ Xsâ \ne-hnse Npäp-]m-Sn\v £oWhpw am\-t¡-Sp-ap-m-¡p-sa¶v IcpXn amjvAXnÂ\n¶pw Hgn-ªp-am-dp-¶p. s]§-fp-ambn h¶-hÀ¡mWv {`ms´¶pw Xncn¨p ]dª IrjvW³Ip«n¡v AhÀ Imdn-en-cn-¡p¶ ktlm-Z-cnsb ImWn¨p sImSp-¡p-¶p. X\n-s¡m¶pw ImWp-¶n-ÃtÃm F¶ IrjvW³Ip-«n-bpsS adp-]-Sn¡v kplr v Xncn v tNmZn-¡p¶ tNmZ-y-amWv ‘‘IrjvW³Ip-«o, X\n¡pw {`m´mtWm?’’ F¶v.

20. ‘‘A]-IÀjXm t_m[w sImv Iq\nbpw sRmn-bp-amWv Cubp-f-f-hsâ \S- v. AXn\p

]pdta CXp IqSn-bm-bmÂ.........’’ hnh-£n-X-sa v?

D. {`mń-bmb s]§sf Bkv]-{Xn-bn-em-¡m\pw ip{iq-jn-¡m\pw A`-y-kvX-hn-Z-y\pw A¸Àan-UnÂ ¢mÊp-ImÀ Xma-kn-¡p¶ IzmÀt«-gvknÂ kpµ-cnbpw DtZ-ym-K-Ø-bp-amb `mc-y-tbmSpw aI-tfm-Sp-sam¸w Ign-bp-¶-h-\p-amb IrjvW³amjv X¿m-dm-Ip-¶n-Ã. AXn\v At±lw Hmtcm \ym-b-§Ä \nc- p-I-bm-Wv. {`mń-bmb s]§sf ]cn-N-cn-¡m³ \n¶mÂ ]cn-lm-k- nsâ I®-S- n-Ãn-eqsS Xs¶ t\m¡p¶ ]cn-N-b-¡m-cnÂ \n¶v Xms\-§s\ c£-s¸-Sp-sa¶v IrjvW³BtemNn¡p¶p. \m«pImÀ ]ncn-sh-Sp v Bkv]-{Xn-bn-em-¡nb Hcp {`mń-bpsS ktlm-Z-c-\mWvXms\¶v IzmÀt«-gvknÂ \mep-t]À Adn-bp-¶Xv At±-l- n\p henb £oWw sN¿pw. AsÃ-¦nÂXs¶ A]-IÀjXm t_m[w sImp Iq\nbpw sRmn-bp-amWv Xsâ \S-s¸¶pw C\n B No -t -cp-Iq-Sn-bm-bmÂ................ hmIyw ]qÀ®-am-¡m³ t]mepw AbmÄ¡v km[n-¡p-¶n-Ã F¶p ImWmw.21. Xsâ aIsf ImWm³ ap¯Èn h¶-t¸mÄ A\p- -hn¨ A]-am-\hpw thZ-\bpw F´m-bn-cp-¶p?AsÃ-¦nÂ

22. ‘‘A½ aS-§n-sb¶v Adnhv In«n-b-t¸mtg AhÄ Xncn¨v h¶p-ffq’’ þ Bcv? F´m-bn-cp¶p

Imc-Ww?AsÃ-¦nÂ

23. ‘‘C¯cw {]iv\-§Ä {]Xn-k-Ôn-I-fm-Ip-¶Xv Fsâ Ign-hn-Ãmbva sImm-sW¶p \n§Ä¡p

tXm¶mw. F¶mÂ kX-y- nÂ CXn-sem¶pw Ign-hp-tI-Snsâ {]iv\w A´À -hn- n-«n-Ã.’’ þ GXp

{]iv\-s¯-¡p-dn- mWv ChnsS ]cm-aÀiw?

D. kn. A¿- sâ ‘{`m´v’ F¶ IY-bnse IrjvW³amjv Xsâ ktlm-Z-cn¡v {`m´v Ie-i-em-b-

t¸mÄ Ahsf Bkv]-{Xn-bn-em-¡m\pw ]cn-N-cn-¡m\pw X¿m-dm-Ip-¶n-Ã. AXn\v At±lw \nc-h[nImc-W-§Ä ]d-bp-¶p. Ah-bnÂ {][m-\-s -«Xv Xsâ aIÄ Xs¶- än F´p ]dbpw F¶p-f-f-Xm-Wv. ImgvN-bnepw ImgvN-bn-Ãm-bva-bnepw AhÄ Ah-fpsS A½-sb-t¸m-se-bm-Wv. Hcp Akm-[m-cW kz- m-h-¡m-cn-bm-Wv. Ipsd hÀjw apt¼ Xsâ t]c-aIsf ImWm³ IrjvWsâ A½ F¯p-I-bp-m-bn. IrjvWsâ amt\-P-cpsS Nmb-¡-S-bnÂ \n¶p \me©p ]cn- p-h-Sbpw s]mXnªpsI«n-bmWv aIsâ aIsf Hcp t\m¡p ImWm³ BÀ¯n-tbmsS ap¯Èn F¯n-b-Xv. A¶paIÄ¡v Bdp hb-Êm-Wv. ap¯Èn ]e-]mSp hnfn- n«pw IrjvW³ No¯ ]d-ªn«pw e-ap-m-



bn-Ã; AhÄ ap¯-Ènsb ImWm³ Iq«m-¡n-bn-Ã. AhÄ ]pd- p-ff hmXnÂ hen- -S- n«v ASp-¯p-ff Iq«p-Im-cn-bpsS IzmÀt«-gvkn-te¡v Xncnªp t\m¡msX HmSn. A½ aS-§n-t¸m-sb¶vAdnhv e`n- -t¸mÄ am{X-amWv AhÄ Xncn-s - n-b-Xv. IrjvW³ Ahsf hg-s¡m¶pw ]d-ªnÃsNdnb Ip«n-b-tÃ? t]mcm- -Xn\v IrjvWsâ A`n-{]m-b- nÂ sXäv Ipd v Xsâ A½-bpsS ASp-¯p-v. BZ-y-ambn«mWv Ipªv ap¯-Ènsb ImWp-¶Xv F¶Xp t]ms«; A½bv¡v Ipd- p-IqSnshfp¸pw hr¯nbpapff appw »ukpw [cn-¡m-am-bn-cp-¶p. t]mcm- -Xn\v A½ Idp- n-«p-am-Wv. aIÄ¡m-sW-¦nÂ Idp- -hsc ]cn-N-b-hp-an-Ã. \K-c- nse Iqä³ Php-fn-¡-S-I-fpsSap¼nÂ h¨n-cn-¡p¶ qan-bnse amem-J-am-cpsS \ndhpw cq]-hp-ap-f-f-h-cmWv aI-fpsS Iq«p-Im-cn-e-[n-I-hpw. A¯cw {]iv\-§Ä At±-l- nsâ Ign-hn-Ãmbva sImv {]Xn-k-Ôn-I-fm-Ip-¶psh¶ptXm¶mw. F¶mÂ AsXm¶pw Ign-hp-tI-Snsâ {]iv\-a-sÃ-¶p-Ir-jvW³am-jn-\v A-dnbmw. At±-l- nsâ `mc-ybv¡pw aIÄ¡pw ]d-b- ¡ kz- m-h-Zq-j-y-§-fn-Ã. AhÀ IrjvW³am-jnsâ_Ôp-P-\-§sf shdp-¡p-¶Xp t]mepw BßmÀ°-am-bn-«m-Wv.24. kp`mjv N{µsâ IYm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä GsX-Ãmw?D. LSn-Im-c-§Ä \ne-bv¡p¶ ka-bw, ]dp-Zo-km-\-jvSw, Xev]w, »Un tacn, at[-y-bn-§-s\,ImWp¶ t\c- v.25. Bip-]-{Xn-bnÂ \n¶n-d§pw ap¼v Iae ]Xn-hm-¡nb cp Imc-y-§Ä Fs -Ãmw?D. Xm³hcpw hsc AÑsâ Imc-y-§Ä¡v knÌÀ enknsb N«w-sI-«p-I, Hcp hi¯p am{X-ambn\pW-¡pgn an¶n¨v tUmIvSÀ htf-fm-¡m-c\v Hcp Nncn sImSp-¡p-I. þ Ch cp-amWv Iae Bip-]-{Xn-bnÂ \n¶n-d§pw ap¼v ]Xn-hm-¡n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.26. tUmIvSÀ kp\nÂ, tUmIvSÀ htf-fm-¡m-c\p \ÂInb amK-kn-\nÂ \nÀ_-Ô-ambpw hmbn-¡m³ \nÀt±-in¨ Imcyw F´m-bn-cp-¶p.D. temkv G©Âknse bqWn-th-gvknän Hm^v Imen-t^mÀWn-b-bnse saUn-¡Â skâ-dnsecp bph tUmIvSÀamÀ \S- nb AX-y´w ]co-£-Wm-ß-I-amb akvXnjvI ikv{X{Inb-bpsSZrIvkm£n hnh-c-W-amWv AXnÂ Dm-bn-cp-¶-Xv.27. sImdn\ Aem-an-Ã-bpsS akvXnjvI ikv{X-{In-b-bnse shÃp-hnfn F´m-bn-cp-¶p?D. sImdn\ Aem-anÃ F¶ Iuam-c-¡m-cn¡v akvXn-jvI- nÂ Syq-aÀ Bbn-cp-¶p. CS-Xp-sN-hn¡pw CS-Xp-s\-än¡pw CS-bv¡p-ff mK- v, Aev]w AI-t¯¡v amdn-bn«mbn-cp¶p Syq-aÀ, t{_m¡-bpsS CSw F¶v imkv{X-Ú³amÀ hnfn-¡p-¶, mjm-km-aÀ°-y- nsâ {]`-h-tI-{µ-t¯mSv ap«n-bn-cp-¶p½n AXv Ccpp ]nSn¨p hfÀ¶n-cp-¶p. Syq-aÀ apdn¨p amäp-t¼mÄ sImdn-\-bpsS mjbpwapdn-tª-¡mw. AXm-bn-cp¶p {][m\ shÃp-hn-fn. AXn-kq-£-va-amb tImi-§-fn-eqsS I¯n\o§p¶ AtX thfbnÂ sImdn-\-bpsS mj-IÄ¡v apdn-thÂ¡p-¶pthm F¶-dn-bm³ AhsfCw¥ojpw kv]m\njpw kwkm-cn-t¡nvh¶p.28. tUmIvSÀ kp\nÂ IqsS-¡qsS kwLÀj- -cn-X-\m-Im³ ImcWw F´v?D. Ata-cn-¡-bnepw Cw¥-nepw Xsâ kplr- p-¡Ä A\p- -hn-¡p¶ ku`m-K-y-§-sf- än HmÀ½n-¨Xp sImv.29. tUmIvSÀ tXmakv htÅm-¡m-csâ ]nXr- -àn¡v ImcWw F´v?D. ]T-\- nÂ icm-i-cn-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶ tXma-kns\ ]W- nsâ Hscm-ä-_-e- nÂ tUmIvS-dm¡namän FSp¯ Ncn-{X-t_m-[-amWv tUmIvSÀ tXmakv htÅm-¡m-csâ ]nXr- -àn¡v Imc-Ww.30. ‘‘Ip«n-IÄ apXnÀ¶-h-cnÂ \n¶vþ{]-tX-y-In v tUmIvS-dnÂ \n¶v Adn-hp-tISv {]Xo-£n-¡p-¶n-Ã.AXp-sImv htÅm-¡m-c³ Xami ]d-ª-Xm-bn-¡-cpXn Iae’’ kµÀ`-ta-Xv?D. kp`mjv N{µsâ Xev]w Iae F¶ sIm¨p s]¬Ip-«n-bp-sSbpw tXmakv htÅm-¡m-c³ F¶e¼-S-\mb tUmIvS-dp-sSbpw IY ]d-bp-¶p. Iae F¶ ]g-©³ t]cv BcmWv Ipªn\p \ÂIn-b-sX¶ tUmIvdpsS tNmZ-y- n\v AÑ\v Gähpw CjvS-s¸« Fgp- p-Im-cn-bpsS t]cm-b-Xn-\mÂ



‘Iae’ F¶v X\n¡v t]cp \ÂInsb¶v AhÄ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Fgp- p-Im-cnsb a\-Ên-em-¡msX

‘‘Bcv? Iaem s\lvdp-thm?’’ F¶ a³ tNmZyw tUmIvSÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. hnVvVn- p-cn-I-ap-

bÀ¯n tUmIvSÀ D¶-bn-¡p¶ tNmZyw tI«v IYm-Ir¯v {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv taÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸« mj.

31. ‘‘Xpd¶ hmXn-en-¶p-f-fnÂ s\Sp-\o-f- nÂ arX-ambn InS-¡p¶ Ccp-«p-Iv Ipªp s\©nÂ

Hcp B -ep-m-bn.’’ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

D. kp`mjv N{µsâ ‘Xev]w’ F¶ IY-bpsS A -y- nÂ If-¦-a-dn-bm¯ Iae F¶ _men-Isb

{]oWn- n¨v tUm. htÅm-¡m-c³ ssewKnI Bh-i-y- n-\mbn hn-¡-Sp-t¯¡v sImp t]mIp-¶p. ]Ww Hcp-¡p-Iq-«m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ a¬Ip-Sp¡ AÑsâ Bkv]-{Xn- n-e-hn\p ]Ww XnI-bmsX h¶mÂ s]m«n-t¡-n-h-cpw. At¸mÄ s]m«nb a¬Ip-Sp-¡¡p ]Icw ]e \nd- n-ep-ff¹mÌnIv IpSp¡ k½m-\-ambn \ÂImw F¶v tUmIvSÀ Ia-e-tbmSv Gän-cp-¶p. hn-bpsS ss{UhÀAXv hm§n hn-¡-I v sh¨n-cn-¡p-¶p F¶pw AsX-Sp-¡m³ Xsâ IqsS hc-W-sa¶pw tUmIvSÀAhsf £Wn-¡p-¶p. Ia-esb X{ -]qÀhw ]nd-In-ep-ff Ccp-«nÂ \nÀ¯n-bn-«n-cn-¡p¶ Bw_p-e³kn-te¡v sImp t]mIp-¶p. hml-\- nsâ ]n¶nse NXp-c-hm-XnÂ Xpd¡pw ap¼v AXnÂNph¶ Cw¥o-jnÂ Fgp-Xn-h- n-cp¶ A£-c-§Ä (AMBULANCE) Iae cm{Xn-bpsS \c¨ shfn-

- nÂ hmbn-¡p-¶p. AhÄ b¶p ]n³am-dp-¶p. Xpd¶ hmXn-en-\p-f-fnÂ s\Sp-\o-f- nÂ arX-ambn InS-¡p¶ Ccp«v Iv Ipªp s\©nÂ Hcm- -ep-m-Ip-¶p.

32. ‘Xev]w’ F¶ IY-bnÂ sImdo\ Ae-an-tÃm¡pw Ia-e¡pw X½n-ep-ff kmayw F´v?

D. Bkp-ctam A]m-b-I-ctam Bb hy-h-Øn-Xn-bnÂ mj-bnÂ \n¶p am\p-jnI mh-§Ä \n¶pt]mIp-Itbm Atijw XpS¨p \o¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm sN¿p-¶p. sImdo-\bv¡pw Ia-ebv¡pw kz´wA\p- -h-§Ä {]Im-in- n-¡m-\p-ff mj \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXv Ah-cpsS kz-X-z-\jvSw Xs¶-bmbn\ap¡v a\-Ên-em-¡n-sb-Sp-¡m-\m-hpw.33. {]nb. F.-F-knsâ {][m\ IYm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä?D. Hmtcmtcm Xncn-hp-IÄ, aª-a-c-§Ä Npän-epw, {]nb.-F.-F-Ênsâ IY-IÄ34. ]Ãn-I-fp-sSbpw a\p-j-y-cp-sSbpw temIw hy-X-y-kvX-amWv F¶v adn-bm½ Xp- nÂ Icp-Xm³Imc-W-sa- v?D. ]Ãn-Ifpw a\p-j-ycpw X½nÂ hfsc A[nIw hy-X-ym-k-ap-s¶v adn-bm-½bv¡v Adn-bmw. s]¬]-Ãn-IÄ a\p-j-y-s -®p-§-sf-t]mse aÕ-c-]-co-£-IÄ¡p thn am{Xw kvt]mÀSvkpw cmjv{So-bhpwNcn-{Xhpw Adn-bp-¶-h-c-Ã. s]®p ]d-ªXp tI«p t]mbmÂ B¬]Ãn s]t¦m- -\m-hp-Itbms]¬]Ãn s^an-\n-Ìm-hp-Itbm sN¿p¶ coXn ]Ãn-hÀ¤- nÂ CÃ. Hcp CWsb Is- -ens\Ie-ymWw F¶p ]dªp DZm- -h-XvI-cn-¡tem CW Imªp-t]m-bmÂ C\n Xm\pw AbmÄ X¶Pohn-X- nsâ HmÀ½-Ifpw F¶p hn§n-s¸m«n A`n-\-bn¨v HmkvIÀ hm§epw H¶pw ]Ãn-tem-I-¯n-en-Ã. ]Ãn-IÄ¡v PohnXw AS-¡n-sh-bv¡-eÃ; kz-X-{ -kp-µ-c-amb mh-{]-I-S-\-am-Wv.35. ‘tacn-Ir]’bnse \m³knbpsS ac-W- n\v am[-hn-¡p-«n-bpsS ‘s\bv m-b-k’hpambn Hcp GI-tZi kmayw Ds¶p IYm-Imcn \nco-£n-¡m³ Imc-W-sa- v?D. ASp-¡-f- -Wn-bnÂ hym-]r-X-\m-bn-cn-s¡, Ip«n-IÄ¡v s\bv¸m-b-k-ap-m¡n h¨v XfÀ¶p

hoWv acn-¡p-I-bmWv s\bv]m-b-k- nse ho«-½. ‘tacn-Ir]’bnse \m³kn-bm-Is« À¯m-hn\v

Ign-¡m-\mbn ck-Kp-f-bp-m¡n {^nUvPnÂ kq£n- p-sh- n-cp-¶p. \m³kn-bpsS ih-a-S¡v Ignªv£oWn¨pw k¦-S-s¸«pw hnh-i-\mbn h¶v shf-f-sa-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v thn {^nUvPv Xpd-¶-t¸mÄ



tPmk v ck-Kp-f-¡p¸n ImWp-Ibpw Ipd-s¨®w Ign-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.3 6 . ‘‘adn-bm-½sb GIm- -X-bn-te¡v \bn¨ kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§Ä’’ Fs´Ãmw?D. adn-bm-½-bpsS CW-bmb B¬]Ãn \jvS-s -«-Xn-\mÂ AhÄ GIm-In-bm-bn- o-cp-¶p. AtXmsS\m³kn-bpsS ac-W- mÂ e`n¨ kzm-X-{ -y- nsâ A¼Xmw kphÀW-Zn-\m-tLmjw apS-§p-IbpwsNbvXp.37. kpc-_me tPmk- nsâ hoSv ASn¨p hr¯n-bm-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n- Xv F´p-sIm-v?D. {In¡äv {`m´n-bmb kpc-_me Ifn-bp-ff Znhkw tPmk- p-sam¯v ‘tacn-Ir]’bnÂ H¯p-Iq-Sp-¶p. {In¡äv el-cnbpw kpc-X-e-l-cnbpw H¶n v ]X-ªp-b-cp¶ Hcp aplqÀ - nÂ Ifn-bpsSBthi- nÂ apgp-In-bn-cp¶ adn-bm½ D¯-c- nÂ \n¶v ]nSn-sXän tPmk- n-sâbpw kpc-_m-e-bp-sSbpw Npen-\n-S-bn-ep-ff {`m´n-te¡v hoWp. At¸mÄ kpc-_me Ad¸pw shdp¸pw {]I-Sn- n-¡p¶ Hcp i_vZ-ap-m¡n InS-¡-bnÂ \n¶v Fgp-t¶äp. tPmk- n-t\mSv ]Ãnsb XÃn-s¡m-Ãm³kpc-_me ]d-sª-¦nepw AbmÄ AXv Ku\n-¡p-¶n-Ã. B X¡- n\v hmÂ apdn- n«v cm-fp-sSbpw {i² Xncn¨v adn-bm½]Ãn tai-hn-cn-¡-Sn-bnÂ t]mbn Hfn- p. Xsâ shf-f- -«p-Sp- nÂ]pc ]Ãn-¡mjvSw Iv kpc-_m-e¡v Hm¡m\w tXm¶n. ]Ãnsb shdptX hn«-Xn\v tPmk-^ns\ AhÄ Ipä-s¸-Sp- n-s¡mv AhÄ hoSv ASn¨p hmcn- p-S-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p.-300 hm¡nÂ Ihn-bmsX D -c-sa-gp-Xp-I.1. D -cm-[p-\n-IX F¶m-se- v? ae-bmf sNdp-IYm {]Øm-\- nÂ D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS

km¶n-[yw AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p-I.2. ]pXn-b-Ime sNdp-I-Y-I-fpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ hne-bn-cp- p-I.3. hn.-]n. inh-Ip-am-dnsâ ‘A½ h¶p’ F¶ IYbv¡v Bk-zm-Z\w X¿m-dm-¡p-I.4. kn. A¿- sâ ‘{`m´v’ F¶ IY-bnse IrjvW³ amjv F¶ IYm-]m-{X-s -]än \ncq-]Ww

Fgp-Xp-I.5. ZenXv IY-I-fpsS s]mXp-k-z- mhw Fs´Ãmw F¶v NÀ -sN-¿p-I.6. kn. A¿- sâ ‘{`m´v’ F¶ IY ZenXv kmln-Xy amXr-I-bnÂ cNn-¡-s¸-«-Xm-tWm?

]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.7. kp`mjv N{µsâ IYm-c-N-\m-ssh- -hs¯ ‘Xev]w’ ap³\nÀ¯n Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-I.8. ‘Xev]’sa¶ IY-bnÂ s]®nsâ hn\n-a-b-\-jvS- n-tâ-X-Ã. kz-X-z-\-jvS- n-sâbpw IqSn IY

-bm-Wv. þhn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.9. cXn-bpsS Xev]w Xs¶ arXn-bpsS Xev]-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. ‘Xev]’sa¶ IY-bnÂ.

hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.10. kz-]v\-§fpw mjbpw apSn-bp¶ cXn-Xev]w ih-a-©- nÂ \n¶p n¶-a-Ãm-Xm-Ip-¶p. F¶

hkvXpX ‘Xev]w’ apt¶m-«ph-bv¡p-¶-sX-§-s\?11. {]nb F.-F-Ênsâ BJ-ym-\- nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ ]mT- m-Ks¯ ap³ \nÀ¯n NÀ¨

sN¿p-I.12. ‘AXm t\m¡q, Hcp ]Ãn’ F¶ {]nb-bpsS IYbv¡v Hcp Bk-zm-Z\w X¿m-dm-¡p-I.13. ‘taco-Ir]’bnÂ adn-bm½Xp- n-ensâ PohnXw F§s\ F¶v hnh-cn-¡p-I.

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