Adventures in Arbovirus Virus...
Transcript of Adventures in Arbovirus Virus...
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Benjamin Pinsky, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Pathology and MedicineMedical Director, Clinical Virology LaboratoryStanford University School of Medicine
Adventures in Arbovirus Virus Diagnostics
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Disclosures
The Stanford Zika virus and chikungunya virus molecular assays presented here have been licensed by Bio-Rad.
The Stanford dengue virus molecular assays presented here have been licensed by Globavir and sub-licensed to Bio-Rad.
Consultant, Nirmidas, Inc.
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Outline
Waggoner and Pinsky, J Clin Microbiol 2016Waggoner et al., Emerg Infect Dis 2016
• Markers of Zika virus infection
• Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAAT)
• Serologic Testing
• Future Directions
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Aedes Mosquito Vectors
• Transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes– Ae. aegypti
– Ae. albopictus
• Live in urban/peri-domestic environments
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Introduction of Aedes albopictus to North America through the Used Tire Trade
Craven et al., J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 1988
Hawley et al., Science 1987
Reiter and Sprenger, J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1987
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Zika virus: A new TORCH infection?
• ZIKV linked to the development of neonatal microcephaly and neurologic abnormalities
• ZIKV identified in amniotic fluid and fetal tissues.
Brasil et al., NEJM 2016
Johansson et al., NEJM 2016
Rasmussen et al., NEJM 2016
Reagan-Steiner et al., MMWR 2017
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Zika Virus
• Family: Flaviviridae
• Genus: Flavivirus
• Species: Zika virus (ZIKV)• Antigenic complex: Spondweni
•Other mosquito-borne flaviviruses
– DENV, YFV, WNV, JEV
Weaver et al., Antiviral Res 2016
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Zika virus Phylogeny:Asian and African Lineages
Weaver et al., Antiviral Res 2016
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• Enveloped virus, ~50 nm in diameter
• Positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome
• ~10.8 kb in length
• Encoding 3 structural and 7 non-structural proteins
Zika Virology
Sirohi et al., Science 2016
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Zika virus infection presents with non-specific signs and symptoms
• ZIKV infection typically presents without localizing signs or symptoms.– Fever, muscle aches, rash, conjunctivitis
• Co-circulation of ZIKV, CHIKV, and DENV complicates clinical diagnosis and highlights the importance of diagnostics that can detect and differentiate these pathogens.
• Up to 80% of ZIKV infections may be asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic.
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Zika Virus: Markers of Infection
Adapted from Desiree Labeaud and Michele Barry, Stanford University
Infection
0
Incubation
Period
First Symptoms
-14 -3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Viral RNA
Time (days)
IgM
Serological Diagnosis PCR Diagnosis
-2 -1
Virus RNA
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CDC Testing Algorithm
CDC, August 27, 2017 https://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/testing-algorithm-symptomatic-nonpregnant.pdf
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Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAAT): Serum
CDC ZIKV real-time RT-PCR (Lanciotti Assay)• Assays based on sequence from the Yap Islands outbreak, 2007
• Targets the prM and E genes in 2 separate reactions
• Requires detection in both reactions with Ct values <38.5 to call Positive
Result Percent #/Total
Positive 10.8% 17/157
Equivocal 6.4% 10/157
Negative 82.8% 130/157
• 88.2% (15/17) of positives were collected within the first 3 days of illness
• During the 2013-2014 French Polynesia outbreak a short duration of viremia was also observed
Mean day of illness 3.3 days (SD = 1.8 days)
Lanciotti et al., Emerg Infect Dis 2008Musso et al. J Clin Virol 2015
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NAAT: Virus Load, Serum
Yap Islands, 2007
• CDC ZIKV rRT-PCR
• Mean ZIKV level: 4.40 log10 copies/mL (SD 0.94 log10 copies/mL)
Nicaragua, 2016
• ZCD multiplex rRT-PCR
• Mean ZIKV level: 4.7 log10 copies/mL of serum (SD, 0.97 log10 copies/mL)
• Significantly lower than mean viremia detected in DENV- and CHIKV-positive samples– DENV 5.84 log10 copies/mL, SD 1.84;p<0.001
– CHIKV 6.42 log10 copies/mL, SD 2.72;p<0.001
Lanciotti et al., Emerg Infect Dis 2008Waggoner et al., Clin Infect Dis 2016
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NAAT: Alternative Specimen TypeSaliva
French Polynesia, 2013-14
• CDC ZIKV rRT-PCR
19.2% (35/182) Saliva +/Serum - vs.8.8% (16/182) Saliva -/Serum + (p=0.0117)
• Saliva: Mean day of illness 3.5 days (SD = 1.5 days)
Saliva
Positive Negative Total
Seru
m Positive 52 16 68
Negative 35 79 114
Total 87 95 182
Musso et al. J Clin Virol 2015
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New Caledonia, 2014• ZIKV RNA detectable in urine 7 or more days after it is no longer detectable in serum.
Brazil, 2015• ZIKV RNA was more frequently detected in serum compared to urine
– 13.6% (12/88) Urine +/Serum - vs. 29.5% (26/88) Urine -/Serum+
Florida, USA, 2016• ZIKV RNA was more frequently detected in urine compared to serum
– 95% (52/55) Urine +/Serum - vs. 56% (31/55) Urine -/Serum+
Gourinat et al., Emerg Infect Dis 2015
Brasil et al., N Engl J Med 2016
NAAT: Alternative Specimen TypeUrine
Bingham et al., MMWR 2016
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Puerto Rico, 2016-17
• Serum-median time until the loss of RNA detection was 14 days (95% CI, 11-17)
• Urine-median time until the loss of RNA detection was 8 days (95% CI, 6 to 10)
• 10.1% had detectable RNA in urine but not in serum, whereas 36.7% had RNA in serum but not urine.
Paz-Bailey et al., N Engl J Med 2017
NAAT: Alternative Specimen TypesUrine
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ZIKV RNA is Unstable in Urine Stored at -80°C
Tan et al., J Virol Methods 2017
Trend towards RNA instability for low ZIKV concentrations at
room temperature for 48 hours
Significant instability forLow ZIKV concentrations at -80°C
rescued by NA stabilizers
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• Amniotic Fluid (AF)
• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
• Semen
• Fetal Tissue
• Whole Blood
NAAT: Alternative Specimen Types
Oliveira Melo et al., Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016
Jouannic et al., Lancet 2016
Calvet et al., Lancet Infect Dis 2016
Meany-Delman et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016
Driggers et al., N Engl J Med 2016
Cao-Lormeau et al., Lancet 2016Waggoner et al., submitted 2016
Musso et al. ,Emerg Infect Dis 2015D’Ortenzio et al., N Engl J Med 2016Mansuy et al., Lancet Infect Dis 2016Atkinson et al., Emerg Infect Dis 2016Paz-Bailey et al., N Engl J Med 2017
Driggers et al., N Engl J Med 2016Mlakar et al., N Engl J Med 2016Sarno et al., PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016Martines et al., MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016Meany-Delman et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016
Murray et al., Emerg Infect Dis 2017Mansuy et al.,Emerg Infect Dis 2017
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NAAT: Alternative Specimen TypeWhole Blood
Murray et al., Emerg Infect Dis 2017
Honduras, 2017•ZIKV RNA detectable whole blood 80 days after onset of symptoms.
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Emergency Use Authorization (EUA)– Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests
As of October 18, 2017
1. Trioplex real-time RT-PCR, CDC
2. Zika Virus RNA Qualitative RNA RT-PCR, Quest/Focus Diagnostics
3. RealStar® Zika Virus RT-PCR Kit, Altona Diagnostics
4. Aptima® Zika Virus Assay, Hologic Inc.
5. Viracor/Eurofins Zika virus real-time RT-PCR Test
6. VERSANT® Zika RNA 1.0 Assay (kPCR) Kit, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc.
7. xMAP® MultiFLEX™ Zika RNA Assay, Luminex Corporation
8. Sentosa® SA ZIKV RT-PCR Test, Vela Diagnostics USA, Inc.
9. Zika Virus Detection by RT-PCR Test, ARUP Laboratories
10. Abbott Zika Realtime, Abbott Molecular
11. Zika ELITe MGB Kit U.S., ELITech Group Inc. Molecular Diagnostics
12. Gene-RADAR® Zika Virus Test, Nanobiosym Diagnostics, Inc.
13. CII-ArboViroPlex rRT-PCR assay , Columbia University
14. TaqPath Zika Virus Kit, Thermo Fisher Scientific
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22Gift from Stanford Pathology Residents- Sebastian Fernandez-Pol, Jana Broadhurst, and Morgan Ballard
And After!
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Rapid Disappearance of Zika virus
Cohen, Science 2017
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Co-Infections have lower levels of viremia than Mono-infections
ZIKV
Mono-In
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ZIKV
Co-Infe
ctio
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CHIK
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Mono-in
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CHIK
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Co-infe
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DEN
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Mono-in
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DEN
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Co-infe
ction
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Lo
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Nicaragua, 2016ZCD multiplex rRT-PCR
ZIKV Mono-infection:4.70 log10 copies/mL of serum (SD, 0.97 log10
copies/mL)
ZIKV co-infection: 4.22 log10 copies/mL of serum (SD, 0.48 log10
copies/mL) p<0.018
Waggoner et al., Clin Infect Dis 2016
Hospitalized cases had higher viremia than those who did not require hospitalization (7.1 vs 4.1 log10 copies/mL serum, respectively; p<0.001).
Waggoner et al., Emerg Infec Dis 2016
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Future Directions - NAATs
• Development and regulatory approval of additional multiplexed options for the molecular diagnosis of ZIKV, CHIKV, and DENV, as well as other pathogens in the differential, including Yellow Fever, Mayaro, etc…
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Molecular Diagnostics for Undifferentiated Systemic Febrile Illness (UFI)
Sensitive and Specific Multiplex UFI Diagnostics are critical for the care of individual patients as well as for efficient public health surveillance :
• Optimize patient triage, isolation, and supportive care
• Appropriately manage antimicrobial therapy, if available
• Tailor the public health response, if required
• Allow targeted use of Broad Range Pathogen Discovery techniques
The Express Tribune; Sept 6, 2011
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The UFI Multiplex Assay Version 1.0
J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52(6):2011-8
Component Target Channel
Pan-DENV 5’UTR-Core Green
Pan-Leptospira
16S rRNA Yellow
P. falciparum Pfr364 Orange
Plasmodium species
18S rRNA Red
Internal Control
RNAse P Crimson
• Began with dengue virus, the most common mosquito-borne viral pathogen
• Malaria and Leptospira were added based on:• High disease burden• High levels of pathogen nucleic
acid in blood• Worldwide distribution• The availability of antimicrobial
therapy
• Now designed ~15 assays that can be interchangeably performed in multiplex
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Some of the Pathogens causing an Undifferentiated Systemic Febrile Illness
Malaria Leptospira Rickettsia
Chikungunya O’nyong nyong Sindbis Mayaro Ross River
Dengue Yellow Fever Zika West Nile
Rubella Measles HIV
CMV EBV HHV-6 Enteroviruses Respiratory Viruses
Rift Valley Fever Hantavirus Oropouche
Tim Sparer, PhD
Ebola Marburg Lassa
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Syndromic Multiplex Panels Have TransformedClinical Infectious Diseases Testing
Gastrointestinal Encephalitis/Meningitis
Respiratory Blood Culture
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NAATs for near-care or point-of-care testing
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Zika Virus: Markers of Infection
Adapted from Desiree Labeaud and Michele Barry, Stanford University
Infection
0
Incubation
Period
First Symptoms
-14 -3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Viral RNA
Time (days)
IgM
Serological Diagnosis PCR Diagnosis
-2 -1
Virus RNA
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CDC Testing Algorithm
CDC, August 27, 2017 https://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/testing-algorithm-symptomatic-nonpregnant.pdf
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Zika Virus Diagnostics:Antibody Detection – IgM• IgM Detected ≥4 days after the onset of illness and may
persist for 2-12 weeks (or longer)
• Previous Infection or vaccination with other flaviviruses (e.g., DENV, JEV, YFV) may result in false positive IgM results
• Emergency Use Authorization:– CDC ZIKV MAC ELISA
– ZIKV Detect Capture IgM (InBios)
– LIAISON® XL Zika Capture IgM Assay (DiaSorin Inc.)
– DPP Zika IgM Assay System (ChemBio)
– ADVIA Centaur Zika test (IgM, Siemens)
• InBios utilizes a Cross-Reacting
Control Antigen (CCA) to generate
an Immune Status Ratio
(ISR = ZIKV Ag/CCA) in an attempt to
improve specificity.
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CDC MAC ELISA– Yap Island, 2007
Lanciotti et al., Emerg Infect Dis 2008
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Zika Virus Diagnostics:Antibody Detection – PRNT
• Plaque Reduction Neutralization Testing (PRNT)– PRNT90 may help distinguish ZIKV infection from infection with DENV or other
flaviviruses
– Criteria for ZIKV Positive
• Titer ≥4-fold compared to other flaviviruses
• ≥4-fold increase in acute and convalescent sera
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PRNT– Yap Island, 2007
Lanciotti et al., Emerg Infect Dis 2008
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CDC MAC ELISA
Positive Percent agreement: 97.8% (45/46) (95% CI: 88.7% 99.6%) Negative percent agreement: 45/99 = 45.5% (95% CI: 36.0% -55.3%)
CDC MAC ELISA EUA Package Insert
PRNT is unable to resolve 17.2% (16/93) of Zika MAC ELISA positive specimens
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ZIKV Detect Capture IgM, InBios
ZIKV Detect Capture IgM, InBios EUA Package Insert
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Independent Comparison of the CDC and InBios MAC ELISAs
• Mayo Medical Laboratories: CDC and InBios MAC-ELISAs performed comparably to each other– positive agreement 87.5%-93.1%
– negative agreement range 95.7%-98.5%
• Euroimmun IgM ELISA demonstrated poor positive percent agreement– 17.9%-42.9%
• Of 19 prospectively collected samples with non-negative IgM results, only 1was confirmed ZIKV antibody positive by PRNT– 1 ZIKV
– 1 DENV
– 8 unidentified flavivirus
– 9 negative
Granger et al., J Clin Microbiol 2017
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Future Directions - Serology
• Widespread availability of well-characterized antibody tests for diagnostic and public health laboratories
• Improvement in ZIKV antibody test specificity– Identification of ZIKV-specific epitopes
– Identification and deletion of ZIKV-DENV common epitopes
• Alternatives to PRNT– ZIKV Western Blot
– Multiplex Flavivirus IgG/IgG Avidity
• Development of specific ZIKV IgG assays, NS1 antigen assays, and multiplexed assays with ZIKV, CHIKV, and DENV
• Development of antigen and antibody assays for near-care or point-of-care testing.
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ZIKV NS1 Blockade of Binding Assay
Binding of the plasma
polyclonal antibodies to multiple
sites of the coated ZIKV NS1
1 hr
Binding of
ZKA35 is not
blocked
wash
+
STV-AP
ZK
A35
Biotinilated ZKA35 mAb
Plasma polyclonal
antibodies (even undiluted)Coated ZIKV
NS1
STV-AP
Signal
No signal
ZK
A35
Probe Ab is added
without washing
5-15 min wash
+
substrate
(pNPP)
Reading
with a
spectrophotometer
Binding of
ZKA35 is
blocked
Plasma is added
to ZIKV NS1
coated wells
Stettler et al. Science 2016
A ZIKV NS1-specific monoclonal antibody (ZKA35) was isolated from a ZIKV-infected, DENV-naïve donor and used as a probe in a blockade of binding assay.
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0 25 50 75 100
Ctr. mAbZKA35
Ctr. DENVZIKV
ZKA35 blockade (%)
ZIKV NS1 Blockade of Binding Assay
Stettler et al. Science 2016
0
1
2
3
4
Bin
din
g to Z
IKV
NS
1 (
OD
)
ZIKV plasma
DENV plasma
Blood bank plasma
Balmaseda et al. PNAS 2017
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Ancient Nanotechnology meets an Emerging Infectious Disease
Gold (Au) nanoparticles have been used in art for centuries due to their brilliant color.
Amendola et al. J Phys: Condens Matter 2017
The Lycurgus Cup, 4th Century - The British Museum
Au nanoparticles have been used for decades in rapid antigen and antibody assays
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Gold Nanoparticles undergo PlasmonicResonance
• The field of plasmonics represents the study of the interaction between light and conduction electrons of a metal.
• Plasmonic resonance is the collective oscillation of free electrons.
• Metal enhanced fluorescence can be used for analyte detection.
Strobbia et al., Opt. Eng. 2015
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Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Enhanced (NIR-FE) Imaging on Plasmonic Gold
Tabakman et al. Nature Comm 2011
Cy5 IR800
Tortuous, Elongated Au islands
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Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Enhanced (NIR-FE) Imaging on Plasmonic Gold continued…
Tabakman et al. Nature Comm 2011
x
xZIKV IgG ZIKV IgA
Zhang and Pinsky et al. Nature Med 2017
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Nanoscale Plasmonic-Gold (pGOLD) Platform for Antibody Detection
Zhang and Pinsky et al. Nature Med 2017
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ZIKV/DENV pGOLD Tests
• Antigens: – ZIKV NS1– DENV-2 whole virus– Up to 12 antigens per well
• Specimen Volume: <5 µL serum
• 16 wells per slide
• ~2 hour turnaround time
• Slides read on MidaScan-IR– Dual channel (700 nm and 800 nm)
near-infrared (NIR) confocal microscope scanner
Images Courtesy of Meijie Tang, Nirmidas Biotech, Inc.
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pGOLD IgM Assays Do Not Distinguish Between ZIKV and DENV
Zhang and Pinsky et al., Nature Med 2017
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pGOLD ZIKV IgG distinguishes ZIKV from DENV infection
Zhang and Pinsky et al. Nature Med 2017
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Diagnosis of the TORCH Infections
Toxoplasma
Others (Syphilis, Parvovirus B19, HBV, HIV)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes Simplex Virus
Maternal Evaluation of the Timing of Exposure
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IgG Avidity can be used to estimate the Timing of Exposure
• Avidity takes into account the presence of multiple Ag binding sites per Ab
• As B-cells undergo affinity maturation, antibody avidity increases
• Anticipate using ZIKV IgG + avidity to rule out exposure during pregnancy
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pGOLD ZIKV IgG Avidity is consistent with recent infection
Zhang and Pinsky et al., Nature Med 2017
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DENV pGOLD Avidity Detection reveals ZIKV infected patients were DENV experienced
Zhang and Pinsky et al., Nature Med 2017
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Summary – pGOLD ZIKV/DENV
• IgG Avidity may be useful to determine the timing of exposure, particularly in pregnancy.
• Potential for multiplexing– Detection of a panel of flavivirus/alphavirus antibodies
• ZIKV/CHIKV/DENV/YFV/JEV/WNV/TBEVMAYV
– Development of a 1st trimester maternal screening panel
• IgG/IgG Avidity/ (IgM):ZIKV, Toxoplasma, CMV, (DENV)
• IgG: Rubella, T. pallidum, Varicella
• Antigen: HBV surface Ag, ZIKV Ag, (DENV Ag)
• Multiplexed assay on nanostructured plasmonicgold to detect and distinguish IgG antibodies from patients infected with ZIKV and DENV.
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Government Accountability OfficeReport on the Zika Virus Response
Emerging Infectious Diseases: Actions Needed to Address the Challenges of Responding to Zika Virus Disease Outbreaks.
GAO-17-445, May 23
Report: http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-445
Highlights: http://www.gao.gov/assets/690/684836.pdf
Podcast: http://www.gao.gov/multimedia/podcasts/684715
TESTIMONIESEmerging Infectious Diseases: Actions Needed to Ensure Improved Response to Zika Virus Disease Outbreaks.GAO-17-612T, May 23
Testimony: http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-612T
Highlights: http://www.gao.gov/assets/690/684839.pdf
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Acknowledgements
Nirmidas Biotech, Inc.• Bo Zhang• Jey Ananata• Meijie Tang• Hongjie Dai
Jesse Waggoner
Malaya Sahoo
Funders:
Janaki Abeynayake
UC Berkeley and Nicaragua• Eva Harris• Angel Balmaseda• Lionel Gresh• Sustainable Sciences Institute• National Virology Laboratory
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Thank You!
Questions? Comments?
Harare, Zimbabwe