Advancing Global Understanding on the Origin and Impacts of Ciguatera …file.iocwestpac.org/TMO/5-9...

1

Advancing Global Understanding

on the Origin and Impacts of Ciguatera

Fish Poisoning in Tropical Oceans

Dr. Leo Chan

State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution

Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity

Department of Biomedical Sciences

City University of Hong Kong

2

Regional Meeting on Future Focus and Cooperation in HAB Research

2nd

ASIAN GEOHAB MEETING

28 January – 1 February 2008

3

• Hong Kong people consumes 30,000 to

35,000 tonnes of reef fish per annum (with a

total wholesale value about US$ 500 millions).

Live Reef Food Fish Trading (LRFFT)

• Annual regional trade in live reef food fish in the Asia-Pacific region

is estimated around US$ 810 million;

Variola louti (yellow-edged lyretail)

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Brown-marbled grouper)

Plectropomus leopardus (leopard coral grouper)

Gymnothorax spp. (moray eel)

Plectropomus areolatus (areolated coral grouper)

Cromileptes altivelis (humpback grouper)

Epinephelus polyphekadion (camouflage grouper)

Epinephelus lanceolatus (giant grouper)

Common live coral reef food fish species in Hong Kong

香港常見進口珊瑚礁可食用魚類品種

Cheilinus undulaus (humphead wrasse)

Lutjanus bohar (two-spot red snapper)

Lutjanus argentimaculatus (mangrove red snapper)

Docosahexaenoic acid

(DHA)

• Because of their superior

taste and texture, fish

captured on coral reefs have

become the most valued

fishes in seafood markets of

Hong Kong and Mainland

China;

• Consumption of fish provides

energy, protein and a range

of other important nutrients;

• Groupers are regarded as a

delicacy and a luxury food

item.

7

Diagnosis of CFP

Diagnosis of CFP is based on intoxication

symptoms;

Test in the remaining fish meal by Mouse

Bioassay (MBA) (Caillaud et al, 2010);

Clinical differential diagnosis remains

problematic because no reliable biomarkers;

Misdiagnosed as illness such as influenza

(Lewis, 2006).

P-CTX-1

Neuron



nausea | diarrhea




| tingling




Ciguatoxin (CTX)

雪卡毒素


8

Sodium Channel

• Over 100 symptoms worldwide and not one

specific symptom can be used to diagnose the

illness

• No way to predict whether a case will

become chronic

• There is no antidote

P-CTX-1

Neuron



nausea | diarrhea




| tingling




Ciguatoxin (CTX)

雪卡毒素


9

Sodium Channel

• Worldwide public health institutions have

ranked CFP as one of the most common food-

borne illnesses;

• About 50,000 – 500,000 reported cases of CFP

annually, but could be under-reported and under-

estimated due to a lack of diagnosis of CFP;

• A Health Hazard to global seafood consumers.

10

An issue of local and global

importance

11

Problems with CTX detection

Patchy CTX occurrence;

Many types of CTX;

Available methods:

Animal feeding test (e.g. mouse bioassay);

Cell bioassay (e.g. neuroblastoma assay);

Instrumental method (e.g. HPLC/MS/MS).

• > 400 species of bony fish at all trophic levels have been identified as

ciguatoxic.














Prevention of CFP is only based on

avoidance of:

• high risk fish species;

• large fishes or;














High Risk

High Risk

High Risk

High Risk

High Risk

High Risk

High Risk

High Risk

High Risk



6.36ppb P-CTX equivalent

E. caeruleopunctatus

(油杉斑)


Epinephelus tauvina

(花杉頭)

Cephalopholis argus

(藍星斑)


The toxicity thresholds for adverse effects in seafood consumers is


Herbivores (草食性魚）

Ctenochaetus striatus

(刺尾魚)Ctenochaetus lineatus

(刺尾魚)

4.71ppbP-CTX equivalent 6.26ppb P-CTX equivalent

Carnivores (肉食性魚）

75 cm 60 cm 40 cm

18 cm - 24 cm 18 cm - 24 cm




E. caeruleopunctatus

(油杉斑)


Epinephelus tauvina

(花杉頭)

Cephalopholis argus

(藍星斑)


The toxicity thresholds for adverse effects in seafood consumers is


Herbivores (草食性魚）

Ctenochaetus striatus

(刺尾魚)Ctenochaetus lineatus

(刺尾魚)

4.71ppbP-CTX equivalent 6.26ppb P-CTX equivalent

Carnivores (肉食性魚）

75 cm 60 cm 40 cm

18 cm - 24 cm 18 cm - 24 cm

•For these reasons, recommendations

regarding the consumption of smaller

fishes or certain species to avoid the

problem of ciguatera are only partly

useful, and at times can be misleading.














Prevention of CFP is only based on

avoidance of:

• high risk fish species;

• large fishes or;

• fishes imported from the CFP

endemic regions.

Large number of live coral reef fish are

imported into Hong Kong each year

1970s

1980s

1990s

Source: Sadovy, YJ (2003) The Live Reef

Food Fish Trade While Stocks Last,

As a result of :

1. The lack of an effective screening tool

for CFP;

2. There is no regulation on record of

origin;

3. Avoidance based on experiences and

historical knowledges of local

fishermen and consumers.

Apple Daily, 26th

October, 2004Southcn.com, 2

ndApril, 2004

This was how our story began………

Two prominent outbreaks in 1998 and

2004

more than 100 cases, affecting more

than 400 people (Wong et al., 2005)

29 tones of unscreened coral

reef fishes were disposed of

in one operation (Ta-Kung

Pao, March 12, 1999)

Apple Daily, 26th

October, 2004Southcn.com, 2

ndApril, 2004

This was how our story began………

Two prominent outbreaks in 1998 and

2004

more than 100 cases, affecting more

than 400 people (Wong et al., 2005)

29 tones of unscreened coral

reef fishes were disposed of

in one operation (Ta-Kung

Pao, March 12, 1999)

CFP is confirmed to be an important

cause of toxin food poisoning illness

and a significant public health hazard

in Hong Kong.

Coral

Bioeroison

Grazers*

Food Sources

Grazers*

(Vectors)

* Grazers are fishes that graze on

hard surfaces for food and can be

herbivorous, omnivorous and

carnivorous fishes

Loss of biodiversity

Overgrazing

Population

explosions

Diverse community

with many species

Community dominant

by few species

“Dead” community with

no species present

Human Health

Predators

Ec

om

onic

Loss

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) / OverharvestingE

nviro

nm

en

ta

l D

estru

ctio

n

Although ciguatera fishing poisoning is a

significant human health hazard, an

important microbial component of coral

reefs, and a potential threat to tropical

fisheries and coral reef ecosystems, the

general state of knowledge on ciguatera

fishing poisoning remains poor.

• Amount of CTX authentic standards is limited

• several milligrams in the globe;

• not commercially available;

• Extremely expensive;

• CTXs are at trace levels in coral reef fishes and remnants of consumed fish are often unavailable for testing

• threshold level for acute CFP induction

= 0.1 ng/g P-CTX-1 equivalent in fish muscle;

• proposed safety level


• Analytical method for rapid, robust and reliable CTX detection is limited

• regular screening of imported fishes for protection of human health.

Challenges and key technological issues in

CFP research

(US$ 3,000 per microgram of

P-CTX-1/P-CTX-2/P-CTX-3)

US$40 per gram of Gold

US$ 3 billion per gram of

P-CTX-1/P-CTX-2/P-CTX-3

Republic of Kiribati 基里巴斯共和國A global hotspot of CFP occurrence and a fishing ground of

imported wild-caught coral reef fishes of Hong Kong

147k

m

China

Australia

Marakei Island

马拉凯岛

Tarawa Island

塔拉瓦岛South Pacific Ocean

Kiribati

147km

Apple Daily, 5th

September 2004

Republic of Kiribati 基里巴斯共和國A global hotspot of CFP occurrence and a fishing ground of

imported wild-caught coral reef fishes of Hong Kong

147k

m

China

Australia

Marakei Island

馬拉凱島

Tarawa Island

塔拉瓦島South Pacific Ocean

Kiribati

147km

Our voyage of discovery to the South Pacific Ocean (2005-2013)

Marakei Island: The Poison Island

30

Algal Toxins: Development of Analytical and Bioassay Detection

Methods & Assessment of Environmental Transfer in Marine Food

Webs (CityU3/CRF/08); Collaborative Research Fund, 2009 – 2012,

HK$3.2M;

Dr. CHAN Leo Lai (2010-2012)

Prof. Paul K.S. Lam

Dr. MURPHY Margaret B.

Dr. CHAN Leo Lai (2009-2010)

Prof. SADOVY Yvonne

Dr. GU Ji-Dong

Dr. ANDERSON Donald M.

Dr. LU Chung-Kuang

Co-investigators:

31

Sampling of Ciguatoxic Reef Fishes from

Ciguatera Outbreak Area

32

Sampling of Ciguatoxic Reef Fishes from

Ciguatera Outbreak Area

33

Purification and Isolation of Toxins

Preparation of Authentic Toxin Standards

Towards Certified Reference Materials

Gymnothorax javanicus

(Giant moray eel)

Toxicity: 95 μg/Kg tissue

Length: 165 cm

Weight: 14Kg

HPLC-UV chromatograph

74 µg P-CTX-1













CFP research


P-CTX-1/P-CTX-2/P-CTX-3)74 µg P-CTX-1

US$222,000

HK$1.73M

Development of clean-up method for quantification of CTXs in marine fishes

Extraction Clean-upInstrumental

analysisSample

collection

UPLC-MS/MS, UPLC-QTOF or UPLC-HR/AM MS

(A) Abiota (including seawater and sediment)

(B) Dinoflagellates

(C) Fish tissue (including brain, skin, muscle, gill, liver)

Solid phase extraction

Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)

Ultrasonication

C18 & PSA

Target phycotoxins

36

Two rapid, robust and reliable analytical methods

were optimized and validated for simultaneous

quantification of three Pacific CTXs in fish muscle

and blood

37




and blood

38

LOQ P-CTX-1 P-CTX-2 P-CTX-3

Fish blood

(n = 4)

0.0003 –

0.0023

ng/mL

0.0025 –

0.0233

ng/mL

0.0025 –

0.0233

ng/mL

Fish

muscle

(n = 3)

0.0005 ng/g 0.0050 ng/g 0.0050 ng/g

The Limit of Quantification (LOQ)

was 20-time lower than the toxicity

thresholds for adverse effects in

seafood consumers

(0.01 ng/g P-CTX-1 equivalent in fish

muscle) of acute CFP incidence.




and blood

Development of instrumental method for identification of

BETA-related phycotoxins in marine life

Q ExactiveTM

hybrid

quadrupole-Orbitrap

mass spectrometer

(UPLC-HR/AM MS)

combines high-

performance

quadrupole precursor

selection with high-

resolution, accurate-

mass (HR/AM)

Orbitrap™ detection,

enable the detection of

phycotoxins with high

molecular mass.

Figure The chromatographs of standards of 20 phycotoxins identified using UPLC-HR/AM MS

Instrumental Detection Limits (IDLs)

N um ber T oxin E S I m ode C hem ical form ula M olecular w eight M olecular ion R T (m in) m /z calculated R 2LO Q (ppb) of

LC -H R /A M -M S

1 D inophysistoxin 1 negative C 45H 70O 13 818.48109 [M -H ]- 9.80 817.47437 0.9983 0.1

2 D inophysistoxin 2 negative C 44H 68O 13 804.46654 [M -H ]- 9.15 803.45872 0.9960 0.05

3 Y essotoxin negative C 55H 82O 21S 2 1142.47955 [M -H ]- 8.21 1141.47172 0.9929 0.5

4 P ectenotoxin-2 positive C 47H 70O 14 858.47710 [M +N H 4]+ 9.38 876.51038 0.9923 0.05

5 P alytoxin positive C 129H 223N 3O 54 2679.48240 [M +2H -2H 2O ]2+ 6.34 1322.73819 0.9979 10

6 M aitotoxin negative C 164H 256O 68S 2N a2 3424.58444 [M -2H ]2- 8.04 1689.30300 0.9996 5

7 O kadai cacid positive C 44H 68O 13 804.46544 [M -H ]- 8.91 803.45872 0.9961 0.5

8 B revetoxin2 positive C 50H 70O 14 894.47710 [M +H ]+ 10.19 895.48383 0.9981 20



11 C iguatoxin1 positive C 60H 86O 19 1110.57578 [M +N H 4]+ 8.52 1128.61016 / 6.25



14 A zaspiracid-1 positive C 47H 71N O 12 841.49708 [M +H ]+ 9.88 842.50490 0.9979 0.006



17 G ym nodim ine positive C 32H 45N O 4 507.33431 [M +H ]+ 6.33 508.34214 0.9956 0.002

18 13-D esm ethyl-spirolide C positive C 42H 61N O 7 691.44425 [M +H ]+ 6.98 692.45208 0.9921 0.004

Table Summary of MS parameters, retention time, linearity and IDLs of phycotoxins detected by UPLC-HR/AM MS

41

Recovery: 62 – 94%

CV: 4.46 – 14.9%

Recovery: 82 – 98%

CV: 2.57 – 20.8%

The recoveries of five P-CTXs in (a) dinoflagellates, and (b) various fish tissues

including brain, gill, skin, muscle and liver.

(a) (b)

Optimization of clean-up method for quantification

of BETA-related phycotoxins in marine life

Recovery in dinoflagellates and fish tissue













CFP research


P-CTX-1/P-CTX-2/P-CTX-3)74 µg P-CTX-1

US$222,000

HK$1.73M













CFP research


P-CTX-1/P-CTX-2/P-CTX-3)

US$40 per gram of Gold

US$ 3 billion per gram of

P-CTX-1/P-CTX-2/P-CTX-3

1. Sources

Gambierdiscus

live on seaweed

•

3. Biotransformation,

bioaccumulation and transfer

Carnivorous fish

2. Biotransformation,


Herbivorous fish, Invertebrates

Randall 1958

P-CTX-1

Gambiertoxins

CTX-4A/4B

4. Consumption of fishes

resulted in CFP

P-CTX-2/3

Assessment of Environmental Transfer in

Marine Food Webs

(precursor compounds)

MW = 1061

LC50

= 4 µg/kg

MW = 1095

LC50

= 2.3 µg/kg

MW = 1111

LC50

= 0.08 - 0.25 µg/kg

45

With the success in

identification CFP endemic region ……

Toxicity of Gambierdiscus spp. Distribution of ciguatoxic fish

Marakei Island of

the Republic of

Kiribati

The spatial distribution of toxigenic Gambierdiscus spp.

in Marakei, the Republic of Kiribati

In western

region,

Gambierdiscus

spp. and coral

reef fish were

found to be

toxic.

In eastern region,

Gambierdiscus

spp. were less

toxic and coral

reef fish were

considered to be

free of CTXs.

Target-oriented

and nature-

inspired sampling

HO

91 1

5 E

F202865

DS

-1HO

91 4

EF

202871

44D

7-2

NO

AA

9 1

1 E

F20287

GTT91

4 1

0 EF20

2879

HIT

D5

1 EF2

0288

8

GTT

91 4

1 E

F202

878

21M5

-1

1112

M1M0

3

21D8-1

1114M4D07

51D3-1

24D1-1

21M8-1

24D2-1

K070922 2 C7 AB764258

KW070922 1 C5 AB764248

K070922 2 C5 AB764257

NOAA2 3 EF202877

NO

AA5 E

F202870

NO

AA

18 2

2 E

F202868

NO

AA

12 4

EF

202908

NO

AA

1 1

2 E

F202911

NO

AA

12 8

EF

202910

M08

08

28

2 C

7 A

B76

42

84

WI9

2G

C2 A

B76

42

79

GT

03004

NO

AA

ext1

3 E

F202926

NO

AA

7 2

9 E

F202915

NO

AA

4 5 23 E

F20

2924

GT25001

M08

0906

5 A

B764

302

M08

0828

4 A

B764

301

S080

911 1

AB76

4303

NOAA

6 3 4 E

F20290

1

NOAA6 7

1 EF2028

99NOAA6 7 6 EF2

028981D00-1

TB2 5 EF202903

TB2 2 2 EF202902

TB2 2 9 EF202907

IR4G AB764310

IR4G AB764311

IR4G

AB764309

Alexandrium

tamarense A

J415510

Gym

nodinium breve A

F172714

Pro

roce

ntru

m lim

a Y

16235

Pro

rocentru

m lim

a A

B189779

0.02Gambierdiscus toxicus

Gambierdiscus cf. yasumotoi

Gambierdiscus polynesiensis

Gambierdiscus carolinianus

Gambierdiscus australes

Gambierdiscus pacificus

Gambierdiscus sp. type 1

Gambierdiscus belizeanus

Gambierdiscus carpenteri

Gambierdiscus sp. type 2

Gambierdiscus caribaeus

Analysis ------------------------ Phylogeny Reconstruction

Statistical Method -------------- Maximum Likelihood

Substitutions Type -------------- Nucleotide

Model/Method -------------------- Tamura-Nei model

Rates among Sites --------------- Uniform rates

Gaps/Missing Data Treatment ----- Complete deletion

ML Heuristic Method ------------- Nearest-Neighbor-Interchange (NNI)

Initial Tree for ML ------------- Make initial tree automatically (Default - NJ/BioNJ)

Branch Swap Filter -------------- Very Strong

Codons Included ----------------- 1st+2nd+3rd+Non-Coding

No. of Seqs : 57

No. of Sites : 1523

May be a novel Gambierdiscus sp.

The relative phylogeny position of 1D01 strain in

Gambierdiscus species

20 µm

C.K. LU, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taiwan

Purification scheme of P-CTX-2 & 3

Hydrophilic

LC-MS/MS analysis for tracking CTXs toxins

& toxins purification by HPLC P-CTX-2 & 3

RP-HPLC

C.K. LU, National

Research Institute of

Chinese Medicine,

Taiwan

XIC of +MRM (17 pairs): 1112.700/1077.800 Da ID: P-CTX-2/3a from Sample 6 (P-CTX3mix) of 20131003_Lu.wiff (Turbo Spray) Max. 2.7e4 cps.

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0Time, min

0.0

2000.0

4000.0

6000.0

8000.0

1.0e4

1.2e4

1.4e4

1.6e4

1.8e4

2.0e4

2.2e4

2.4e4

2.6e4

2.7e4

Inte

nsity

, cps

6.07

5.36

P-C

TX-3

P-C

TX-2

System: Agient UPLC 1290 couple with

AB 5500 Qtrap MS/MS

Column: Thermo FALC 2.2um,

2.1x100mm

Mobile phase:

(A) 0.1% formic acid + 2mM

ammonium formate in Milli Q

water

(B) 0.1% formic acid + 2mM

ammonium formate in 95%

ACN(aq)

Gradient: 50% (B) to 100% (B) in 2 min,

then hold for 20 min

Flow rate: 0.2 mL/min

Transition:

1112.7 [M+NH4]+> 1077.8 [M-H

2O+H]

+

XIC of +MRM (25 pairs): 1112.700/1077.800 Da ID: P-CTX-2/3a from Sample 13 (2-39-7) of 20131003_Lu.wiff (Turbo Spray) Max. 2.9e5 cps.

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0Time, min

0.0

2.0e4

4.0e4

6.0e4

8.0e4

1.0e5

1.2e5

1.4e5

1.6e5

1.8e5

2.0e5

2.2e5

2.4e5

2.6e5

2.8e5

Inte

nsity

, cps

5.29

P-C

TX-3

P-C

TX-2

Fr. MII-7

Gambierdiscus sp. 1D00-01,

cultural medium

P-CTX-2 & 3 were found in Fr. MII-7, 1D00-01 by LC-MS/MS analyses

Toxins standard

C.K. LU, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taiwan

CTX-like activity

analyzed by NBA

in MII-7

subfractions

Fr. MII-7-4

CTX-2 & -3

isolated

C.K. LU, National

Research Institute of

Chinese Medicine,

Taiwan

Assay Guide isolation of CTXs lead to new structure elucidation

Elucidation of food web transfer of Pacific CTXs

in a ciguatoxic coral reef ecosystem

51

• Pacific CTX-1

possessed a trophic

magnification factor

(TMF) > 1, indicating its

bioaccumulative

potential.

• Identification CTX vectors in coral

reef ecosystem

• Identification of CTX composition

profiles in food web components of

different trophic levels

52

In addition to the conventional clinical

symptoms of CFP, CTXs can cause……

Change in activities of anterior cingulate cortex

(ACC) in rats by acute CTX exposure

Change in sensory functional recovery and

reduction in motor function of mice by repeated

CTX exposure

Chronic sub-clinical exposure of P-CTX-1

induced:

(a) maladaptive decision making

(b) impairment of spatial memory of rats

53

In addition to the conventional clinical

symptoms of CFP, CTXs can cause……

Change in activities of anterior cingulate cortex

(ACC) in rats by acute CTX exposure

Change in sensory functional recovery and

reduction in motor function of mice by repeated

CTX exposure

Chronic sub-clinical exposure of P-CTX-1

induced:

(a) maladaptive decision making

(b) impairment of spatial memory of rats

Question:Do CTXs have effects on other organisms?

CTX exposure can also adversely affect

physiological, behavioural and survival of fish

54

CTX exposure can also adversely affect

physiological, behavioural and survival of fish

55

Our findings

Biotransformation,


Biotransformation,


A. Ciguatoxins adversely affect

physiological, behavioural and

survival of fishes and eliminate

CTX-sensitive coral reef fishes

B. Increased abundance of grazers due

to lack of predators

C. Increased coral

bioerosion due to

overgrazingtoxigenic

Gambierdiscus spp.

Grazers

Predators

CTX-2/3

CTX-4A/4BCTX-1

CTXs may not only affect human health, but also cause a shift in fish

community structure and subsequently affect ecological function of

CFP-endemic coral reef ecosystem

Biotransformation,


A. Ciguatoxins adversely affect

physiological, behavioural and

survival of fishes and eliminate

CTX-sensitive coral reef fishes

B. Increased abundance of grazers due

to lack of predators

C. Increased coral

bioerosion due to

overgrazingtoxigenic

Gambierdiscus spp.

Grazers

Predators

CTX-2/3

CTX-4A/4BCTX-1

CTXs may not only affect human health, but also cause a shift in fish

community structure and subsequently affect ecological function of

CFP-endemic coral reef ecosystem

D. Increased cell density of

toxigenic Gambierdiscus spp.

as increased supply of hard

surface such as coral rubbles

Biotransformation,


Coral

Bioeroison

Grazers*

Food Sources

Grazers*

(Vectors)

* Grazers are fishes that graze on

hard surfaces for food and can be

herbivorous, omnivorous and

carnivorous fishes

Loss of biodiversity

Overgrazing

Population

explosions

Diverse community

with many species

Community dominant

by few species

“Dead” community with

no species present

Human Health

Predators

Ec

om

onic

Loss

LRFFT Overharvesting + CFP E

nviron

me

nta

l D

estru

ctio

n

(Active sources of GTXs/CTXs)

60

Taiwan

1. National Cheng Kung University (Dr Yi-Min Chen)

2. National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine,

Ministry of Health and Welfare (Dr Chung-Kuang

Lu)

French Polynesia

1. Institut Louis Malardé

concourt (Dr Mireille Chinain)

Japan

1. Japan Food Research

Laboratories (Prof Takeshi

Yasumoto)

International Collaboration with

International Academia

China

1. Second Institute of Oceanography

SOA (Prof Douding Lu)

2. Tsinghua Shenzhen Graduate School

(Dr. Jin Zhou)

The U.S.

1. University of Connecticut (Prof Senjie Lin)

2. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (Dr Don

Anderson)

3. University of Maryland (Prof Feng Chen)

Malaysia

1. University of Malaya

(Drs Po Teen Lim &

Chui Pin Leaw)

Knowledge Transfer and Screening Service

Xiamen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau

- Training on the analytical methods to quantify Pacific

CTX-1

- Provision of Pacific CTX-1 authentic standards

Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau

- Support on development of analytical methods for

Pacific CTX quantification

Tuvalu Ministry of Fisheries

- Screening of coral reef fish after an

outbreak of CFP

To ensure corresponding authorities to equip essential techniques

and obtain scientific data/knowledge for making policy decisions

to better protect human health and manage fishery resource

and meet their socio-economic needs

http://www.tuvalufisheries.tv/http://www.szciq.gov.cn/index.aspx?siteid=27565

Training and Exchange with Academia and

Government

Training Workshop on the Culturing and Identification of

Benthic Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates (2016)

– Involved local Government Authority such as Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD)

Partnerships for International Research

and Education (PIRE): Advancing Global

Strategies and Understanding on the

Origin of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in

Tropical Oceans”. LEAD INVESTIGATOR:

Alison Robertson, Ph.D.

LEAD INSTITUTION:

The University of South

Alabama & the Marine

Environmental Sciences

Consortium at the Dauphin

Island Sea Lab

24 Co-Is

13 institutions

7 countries

Opportunities

for

collaborative

research

coupled with

teaching and

outreach

opportunities

醫療衞生研究基金

National Natural Science

Foundation of China

國家自然科學基金委員會

Shenzhen Science and

technology Innovation

Committee

深圳市科技創新委員會

Acknowledgements

SKLMP Advanced Scientific Diving Team

We might not have it

altogether, but

together we have it all.

Advancing Global Understanding on the Origin and Impacts of Ciguatera …file.iocwestpac.org/TMO/5-9...

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