Advances in Operational Surveillance with Commercial...

Disclosure restrictedas noted on the cover page.

Advances in Operational

Surveillance with Commercial SAR


Space News, 4 January 2010


SAR Mode Comparison

SAR Satellite:

• RADARSAT-2

• TerraSAR-X

• Cosmo Skymed

Radar mode:

• Stripmap

• Spotlight

• ScanSAR

Polarization:

• Single

• Dual

• Quad +0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1 10 100 1000

Swath width (km)

Norm

aliz

ed S

ingle

-look R

esolu

tion (

m)

Wider swath

Finer

Resolution


• MDA is the owner and operator of

RADARSAT-2 and holds the the worldwide

distribution rights for all products.

• Spacecraft design : 7 years

• Data continuity from RADARSAT-1. All

RADARSAT-1 imaging modes supported,

plus many additional capabilities

RADARSAT-2: Flexible and Operational Mission

New Imaging Capabilities:

• 3 metre Ultra-fine resolution, 3/1 metre Spotlight

resolution

• Polarization diversity (single, dual, quad polarization).

• Improved Geolocation Accuracy

– GPS on-board; real-time position knowledge ± 20

m

New Operational Capabilities

• Routine left and right-looking capability

• Faster satellite tasking: 12 - 24 hours routine; 4 - 12

hours emergency

• On-board solid-state recorders

• Enhanced ground system for faster processing

• Downlink encryption)


Keys to Operational Use of Commercial SAR

1. The importance of data fusion


•Use of RADARSAT

surveillance to support HSDN

project reduced maritime patrol

aircraft time from budget of

100 hours to 5 hours (at ~

$21K per hour)


Cross Queuing for Identification

EROS AT+3 hrs. 30min

RADARSAT 1T = 0 hrs.

•Reduced satellite planning time allows for cross

queuing between satellites and between different

modes of RADARSAT 2


Fusion of the Two Data Sources

• AIS ideally as coincident to RADARSAT pass as possible, though a large timewindow (–2 hours / + 30 minutes) is operationally sufficient

• Utilizing the heading (Cog), speed (Sog), and age (before or after) of the AISrecord, it is possible to predict the location of the vessel at the time of theRADARSAT image

• Unless the area is very congested (e.g., port, narrow choke point), it is possibleto correlate (i.e., match) the two records

• When AIS record is before the RADARSAT image, it is possible not only to fusethe information but update the vessel location and confirm speed and heading

T = 21:24z

T - 53 minutesT + 47 minutesForecastHindcast

11 km


75 meters332 meters

Piracy

Sirius Star

18 November, 2008


Oil Slick, Gulf of Mexico


Oil Slick, Gulf of Mexico Verdict : Not guilty!




2. Derived image products and services


Descending SLA2425 August 09

1 x Tu-95MS

BEAR

1 x Prob Tu-95MSBEAR Taxiing

6 x Tu-95MS

BEARs


Shape and structure

Surface texture & moisture

New capabilityNot availablePolarimetric change

detection (PCD) and

classification

Ground movement

Structural movement

Improved

capability

AvailablePersistent scatterer

interferometry

(PSINSAR)

ActivityImproved

capability

AvailableCoherent change

detection (CCD)

Presence/absence

Confirmation of targets

Improved

capability

AvailableAmplitude change

detection

Change Detection RevealsRADARSAT-2RADARSAT-1Form of change

detection

RADARSAT Change Detection Capabilities



Page 23

- Demonstrated high

temporal frequency change

detection using mixed

incidence angles, look

directions and resolutions

2008-May-10

ASC Right U (U27) 3 m

2008-May-11

DES Right U (U18) 3 m

Amplitude Change Detection


Site # 1

Site # 2


Target Change

ClassificationFor 2009 based on stack of 10

Site # 1Green No change,

Red Random Change;

Blue Construction

L. Blue Demolition


Central-north: sub-area 1, Housing project, Bunker/Firing positions

QuickBird May-19-2009

(C) COPYRIGHT 2010

DigitalGlobe, Inc.


RADARSAT-2 Target Change detection: Classification (2009, 10 UF scenes)Green – Stable targets, “Red – Random Change; Blue – New Targets (construction) Light Blue – Old Targets (disappeared)

Green No change,

Red Random Change

Blue Construction

L. Blue Demolition


Quickbird May-2009

Google Earth June 23, 2006

Profile of backscatter

Construction activity Site #1Green – Stable targets, no change


Construction activity Site #1Blue – permanent increase in backscatter

Quickbird May-2009

June 23, 2006



Quickbird May-2009



Construction activity Site #1Red – Random changes in backscatter


Quickbird May-2009



Construction activity Site #1Light Blue – Permanent decrease

in backscatter = “demolition”


Site #1 Target Change: Refined analysis of timing, timing is equivalent to colour

Target disappears December 2, 2009Target disappears December 2, 2009

Target disappears July 11, 2009Target disappears July 11, 2009


Site #1 Target Change: Refined analysis of timing,

timing is equivalent to colour

New small targets appear December 2, 2009New small targets appear December 2, 2009

New targets appear May 24, 2009New targets appear May 24, 2009

New targets appear June 17, 2009New targets appear June 17, 2009


Target Change

ClassificationFor 2009 based on stack of 10

Site # 2

Green No change,

Red Random Change

Blue Construction

L. Blue Demolition


Quickbird May-2009



Activity Site #2Red – Random changes in backscatter


Coherent Change Detection:

Surface disturbance

Classification 2009For 2009 based on stack of 10

Green No change in

Coherence level

Red Random Change

of coherence

level

Blue Increase in

coherence level

L. Blue Decrease in

coherence level

Surface disturbance

near runwaySite # 1

Amplitude is average

coherence for stack


Site #1 RADARSAT-2 Coherent Change Detection: Ground Disturbance

East of Construction site: Probably excavated soil

Green No change in

Coherence level

Red Random Change

of coherence

level;

Blue Increase in

coherence level

L. Blue Decrease in

coherence level


Coherence

Change Detection


Coherent Change DetectionCoherent Change Detection

Iraq/SyriaIraq/Syria BorderBorder

CCD fromRADARSAT-1

Mar. 19 to Apr. 12


CCD ProductAfghanistan/Pakistan Border


• Optical image shows

existing roads

CCD Product

Afghanistan/Pakistan Border• Coherence image shows

activity not associated

with observable road


Hong Kong Airport


Interferometric

Change Detection


Mosul Dam, Iraq

INSAR measured

deformation of

earthen dam

Stable scatterers

A September 2006 report by the United States Army Corps of Engineers noted, "In terms of internal erosion

potential of the foundation, Mosul Dam is the most dangerous dam in the world." (source: "Iraq dismisses

Mosul Dam warnings" BBC news article BBC, October 31, 2007.)


Deformation map U20 May 27 – August 31, 2008 (stack)

Urban Monitoring


City of Long Beach, California

InSAR CTM


Polarimetric Change Detection


Volume Scattering

• A resolution cell is a 3-Dimensional space

and captures results from many scattering

events within the 3D space

• The backscattered signal is a function of:

– density of the media

– geometry of scattering elements

– dielectric properties of elements

• We can analyze Polarimetric parameters in

many ways to illustrate complete scattering

– Statistical Methods (Cloude Pottier)

– Model Based Methods (Freeman

Durden Decomposition)

• This gives us numerous ways to analyze

target shape & structure


(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a) radar image

(b) optical image

(c) ground picture

(d) polarization response

Polarimetric Target Analysis



Page 51

Airfield Facility Monitoring

• Polarimetric Signatures – Davis Monthan AFB

Tandem Demo DVR, July 23, 2008

TDM-PM-52- 7133 Issue/Rev: 0/1


Coastal Zone Land Classification

FQ 10 A

http://www.vcrlter.virginia.edu/

South Hog Island

Unsupervised Wishart classification based on

RADARSAT-2 Fine quad-pol data. The classification

shows the Marsh and Upland coastline types.


Polarimetric - Biomass Estimation

VVHV

HH

Ground

Return

Scattering is

from Canopy

• POLInSAR combines multiple interferograms using different polarization channels to analyze

vertical structure and problems involving combined surface/volume scattering

• Vegetated areas have poor polarimetric phase stability due to depolarisation (high entropy);

combining polarimetry with interferometry is a potential solution

• Provides a direct physical measure of vegetation height, structure and biomass

HH



Page 56

Terrain Mobility Measurements

Smooth Rough

0.0 2.6 3.1 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.1 6.1

Derived Surface

Roughness Map

(RMS Height cm)

Dryer Wetter

.00 .35 .47 .55 .63 .71 .80 .91 1.03 1.20 1.52

Relative Soil Moisture (Dielectric Constant)




Data Flow for Geospatial Intelligence

Derived

ProductsDEM, ACD,

CCD, PCD,

INSAR

ImagesSAR, Optical

Actionable

Intelligence Decisions

Intelligence

Analysis

Commercial Data Sources

Traditional Data Sources

ImagesDerived

ProductsIntelligence

Analysis




2. Derived image products and services

3. Exploit scheduling capabilities


Rapid Tasking and Beam Switching

Image Processed1630 UTC

Total time4:45 hrs

Image Downlinked1600 UTC

Image acquired1445 UTC

Task scheduled1230 UTC

Request submitted1145 UTC

• ORS support to theatre operations

• Developed optimum ordering timeline directly with field units using

standard operating procedures

• Used ‘store & forward’ acquisitions

• Demonstrated rapid beam switching to image multiple targets in

close proximity

34°N

31°N

33°N

32°N

38°E 42°E40°E

#1 Ultrafine 03:26:49

UTC

Ultrafine and Spotlight collects#2 UF, #1 + 7s

#3 UF, #2 + 8s

#4 Spotlight, #3 + 11s

Rapid Beam Switching

Satellite pass

“An Operationally Responsive Space Asset”





Page 60

Algiers, Port Facility Monitoring

Amplitude vs Coherent Change Detection


Facility Monitoring: Algiers Container Port

“Red has fled, blue is new”

May 29 Ultrafine U15

June 5 Ultrafine U8

Amplitude Changes

User: ONI





Page 62

• Coherent change detection

May 12, 2008 – U8 (3m) @17:52 (Ascending) May 05, 2008 – U15 (3m) @17:49 (Ascending)

Jun 05, 2008 – U8 (3m) @17:52 (Ascending) May 29, 2008 – U15 (3m) @17:49 (Ascending)

Facility Monitoring: Algiers Container Port


Image 2

Image 3

Coherent Amplitude

Change Product

Coherence Change

Product

Interferometric Change

Product

Amplitude Change

Product

Polarimetric Change

Product

Target

Presence

Surface Activity

Ground & Building

Movement

Target Change Type

Terrain Mobility

Actionable Intelligence•Regional Threat Assessments

•Order of Battle (ORBAT)

•Imagery Exploitation Reports (IER)

•Strategic Analysis

•Intelligence Preparation of

Battlespace (IPB)

•Indications & Warnings (I&W)

Polarimetric Moisture,

roughness, biomass

measures, Vegetation

type

Environemntal

change

Digital Elevation

Models

Image 4

Image 5

Surveillance Strategy

Daily Products Daily

Intelligence

Analysis

Image 1

Image 6

Image 7

Image21

Image 22

Image 23

Image 24

Image 25

Image20

Image 19

Image 18

Image 17


RADARSAT Constellation Mission

• MDA is under contract with the Canadian Space Agency on the RADARSAT Constellation mission (RCM)

• The constellation will consist of a fleet of three spacecraft (scalable to six), and be both complementary and afollow-on to the RADARSAT-2 mission

• The main uses of RCM are expected to be in the areas of:

– maritime surveillance (ship detection, ice monitoring, and oil spill detection)

– disaster management; and

– ecosystem monitoring

• First launch ~ 2014

Thank You!

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