Advances in Diesel Engine Technologies for European ... · Klaus-Peter Schindler Volkswagen AG,...

European Status

Klaus-Peter Schindler

Volkswagen AG, Wolfsburg, Germany

Advances in Diesel Engine Technologies for European Passenger Vehicles

8th Diesel Engine Emissions Reduction (DEER) Conference August 25-29, 2002 San Diego, California

European Status

1. Diesel market in Western Europe

2. Environmental relevant driving forces of

vehicle development

3. Powertrain concepts: today and in the

future

4. Outlook and conclusions

Content

European Status90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04

10

20

30

40

50 Diesel share of total market [%]

Diesel Share in Western EuropeComparison of different prognosis (DRI)

3/19995/1998

8/1997

3/2001

3/2000

6/2001

3/20026/2002

Prognosisdated

actual

year

European Status

Diesel market in Western EuropeJanuary – June 2002

France 23,5%

Germany 20,5%

Italy 16,9%

Spain 12,7%United Kingdom 9,9%

Belgien/Lux 6,6%Austria 3,5%

Netherlands 2,1%Portugal 1,4%Others 2,7%

totalDiesel market

3,056 Mio.

Source: Association Auxiliaire de l'Automobile

European Status

AB/LUX F E I D P NL FIN UK DK CH IRE N S GR

0

20

40

60

80 [%]

Western EuropeNational Diesel Shares 1990 / 2001 / ½yr 2002

Source: DRI, Association Auxiliaire de l'Automobile

Ø 199014,1%

19902001

2002

Ø 200239,4%

Ø 200136,0%

European Status

VW

Fiat

Ford

GM

PSARenault

VW

Fiat

FordGMPSA

Renault

90 0095 90 0095

2000

1000

0

New registrations of Diesel passenger carsWestern Europe: 1990 - 2001

Gasoline Diesel

Year

103 vehicles

European Status69,0

63,562,0

60,755,6

42,039,3

37,032,7

22,522,2

18,716,116,115,8

15,56,7

0,9 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

AustriaBelgium

FranceLuxemburg

SpainItaly

West. EuropeGermanyPortugal

Unit. KingdomNetherlands

DenmarkSwitzerland

NorwayIreland

FinnlandSwedenGreece

New registrations of Diesel passenger carsWestern Europe: January - June 2002

Diesel share [%]

European Status1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0 Mio. passenger cars

95%

5%

73%

27%

62%38%

New registrations of passenger carsGermany

Diesel

Gasoline

European Status

Mini car

Small car

Compact car

Medium size car

Full size car

Luxury car

Vans

SUV

0 100 200

Number in segments (?103)

49,0

26,0

11,4

200,7

3,3

35,4

90,5

68,8

164,6

51,2

9,6

16,9

36,3

49,0

56,9

12

57,2

57,8

0 20 40 60

Share of the segment in %

Ø Diesel shareGermany

38,0%

12,0

New registrations of Diesel passenger carsGermany: January - June 2002

European Status

56,552,1

48,3

35,0 34,7 34,7

20,0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Audi DC VW Ford BMW Smart Opel

Diesel share in GermanyJanuary to Juni 2002: German manufacturers

European Status

47,2

38,7 38,2 37,232,1

28,027,523,4 21,5

18,3

11,3

0

10

20

30

40

VolvoSeat

SkodaCitroen

RenaultMitsubishi

PeugeotToyota

NissanFiat

Mazda

Diesel share in GermanyJanuary to Juni 2002: Importers

European Status

Why do costumers in Europe buy the Diesel?

?the diesel closed the gap to the gasoline engine on:

?performance

?noise

?the diesel has reduced fuel consumption (CO2 emissions)

?the diesel has lower operating costs

European Status

Operating costs of a Diesel vehicle

?during purchasing?vehicle price?purchase tax?VAT

?during operation yearly?annual vehicle tax

?during driving?fuel tax?maintance costs

? real costs from sophisticated calculationBut: costumers consider mainly the difference in

gasoline and diesel fuel costs

European Status

1. Diesel 1. Diesel 1. Diesel market market market in Western Europein Western Europein Western Europe

2. Environmental relevant driving forces of

vehicle development

Content

European Status

Environmental relevant driving forces of vehicledevelopment

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Energy

Greenhouse effect CO2

Exhaust gas emissions CO, NOx, HC, PM

Importance

European Status

European Status

NOx [g/mi]

0

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6

TIER 2,INTERIM

(Bin 9)

TIER 2 (bin 5)

Particulates [g/mi]

Euro 4

But in Europe:

• phase-in of only one year

• earlier introduction by tax incentives

Comparison between EU and US legislation

European Status

Scenario EU exhaust gas legislation

2000 2005 2010 2015

Dir 98/69Euro 3

Euro 4

Euro 5

Fuel Sulphur

Dir 98/70

50/50150/350

Modification: max 10 ppmProposal Phase-in

Publication

European Statusyear

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

New European driving cycle (Directive 93/116)Data before 1995: calculated from 1/3-Mix

ACEA:- 140 g/km in 2008

(-25% from 1995) - target in 2003:

165 - 170 g/km CO2

- M1 vehicles

CO2 emissions [g/km]

CO2 Reduction in EuropeAgreement between ACEA and the EU Commission

ACEA fleet

VW Group

40 mpg G

45 mpg D

European Status

Simulation of CO2 emissions from traffic in Germany

90

100

110

120

130

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Prognos 1999TREMODESSO 2000

[%]

Source: German Ministry ofthe Environment, 2002

European Status

1940 1960 1980 2000 2020Year

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

USA

Rest of World

E-Europe/Asia

W-Europe

Middle East

Share of regional oil prodution1930-2020

European Status

1. Diesel 1. Diesel 1. Diesel market market market in Western Europein Western Europein Western Europe

2. 2. 2. EnvironmentalEnvironmentalEnvironmental relevant relevant relevant driving forcesdriving forcesdriving forces of of of

vehicle developmentvehicle developmentvehicle development

3. Powertrain concepts: today and in the

future

Content

European Status

Approaches to maintain individual mobility

Diesel TDIDiesel TDI Diesel• internal engine measures

• exhaust aftertreatment

Diesel• internal engine measures

• exhaust aftertreatment

PowertrainsPowertrains

In productionIn production AlternativeAlternative

European Status

Estimate of potential85 kW vehicle, Golf category, NEDC

BasisBasis

EU III

EU IV

Improved fueland lubricants

Particle emissions in g/km0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

00 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

NOx + HC emissions in g/km

opt. Oxi-cat.

opt. injection

opt. management4 V Technology

opt. comb. process

European Status

NOx sensor

NOxstorage

cat.

Oxi-cat.

? p sensorTemperature

Particlefilter

NO2cat.

EDC

? ?sensor

VW exhaust aftertreatment systems: particle filter system & NOx storage catalytic converter

European Status

Strategies for future diesel development

BasisBasis

Euro 3

Euro 4

Particle emission in g/km0,05

0,04

0,03

0,02

0,01

00 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6

NOx + HC-Emissions in g/km

NOx cat with efficiency> 65% (today

technical not feasible)

Version 1

Trap withefficiency> 95%

European Status

BasisBasis

Euro 3

Euro 4


0,04

0,03

0,02

0,01

00 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6


Trap with efficiency> 95%

Frequent regeneration ? increase in fuel consumption

NOx:Particle > 10:1

NOx:Particle < 10:1

NOx catwith efficiency

> 80%

EGR, etc.

Version 2


European Status

BasisBasis

Euro 3

Euro 4


0,04

0,03

0,02

0,01

00 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6


Engine measuresEU-4 strategy

NOx catwith efficiency

> 65% Trap with efficiency> 95%

NOx:Particle > 10:1

NOx:Particle > 10:1

Version VW


European Status

S free fuel + NOx cat

VW-Reduction strategy for Euro 4in combination with improved fuels

Mass

Power

S free fuel + trap

150

4V engine

100

PassatAGHS

[kW]

2V engine + internal measures *)

75

GolfAGHS

*) incl. Oxi-cat.

European Status

Potential for reduction of emissionsExample for a Golf with manual transmission

NOx [g/mi]

0

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6

TIER 2,INTERIM

TIER 2

Improvements by conventional

measures

90% efficiency Particulate trap

>80%efficiencyNOx catalyst

Particulates [g/mi]

Euro 4Golf

2000 1998

European Status

• 1.2 l TDI engine with unit injection

• 45 kW (61 PS)

• Euro 4 limits

• 2,99 l/100 km

The first 3L vehicle in productionVW Lupo 3L TDI

European Status

Volkswagen 1-litre car (235 mpg)four wheels, low height, two seats in tandem

European Status

Volkswagen 1-litre car (235 mpg)carbon-fibre-reinforced outer skin over a Mg spaceframe

European Status

Volkswagen 1-litre car (235 mpg)impact and roll-over protection like a GT racing car

European Status

Volkswagen 1-litre car (235 mpg)Technical data

European Status


Performance / consumption Top speed 120 km/h Consumption 0.99 litres / 100 kilometres Body, wheel, tyre dimensions Length x width x height 3,646 x 1,248 x 1,110 mm Wheelbase 2,205 mm Track front / rear 1,000 / 810 mm Fuel tank volume 6.5 litres Vehicle weight 290 kg Luggage space volume 80 litres Drag coefficient cd / area 0.159 / 1.0 m2 Tyres front / rear 95/80 R 16 / 115/70 R 16

European Status

Engine Principle 1-cylinder naturally-aspirated

diesel with unit injector, aluminium monobloc

Volume 299 cc Bore x stroke 69 mm x 80 mm Compression ratio 16.5: 1 Valves per cylinder 3 Valve timing Twin overhead camshafts Engine weight (dry) 26 kg Output 6.3 kW (8.5 bhp) at 4,000 rpm Torque 18.4 Nm at 2,000 rpm


European Status


An idea for a possible new family of vehicles, which could cover new requirements ranging from the ultra-economical vehicle, through the low-lost everyday touring vehicle for young people to the high-performance sports supercar.

?

European Status

PowertrainPowertrain

in productionin production alternativealternative

Diesel TDIDiesel TDI

Gasoline FSIGasoline FSI

Maintaining individual mobility

European Status

Spark-ignition engine with direct injection Fuel Economy Potential

0

5

10

15

20

25 0 1 2 3 4 5

Direct Injection

high-pressureinjector

Relative Air/Fuel Ratio l

fuel economypotential [%]

partial load

Manifold InjectorInjector

Inlet valve

Exhaust valve

Mani-fold

European Status

Direct injection

High pressure injector

Spark-ignition engine with direct injection Fuel Economy Potential

European Status

Main Cat.NOX-Adsorption lean,3-Way at ? = 1

Start-Cat.HC-Oxidation lean,3-Way at ? = 1

EGRMinimizingNOX raw emissions

Temperature sensorstorage control of NOX-cat.,cat. diagnosis

LSUcontrol at variable ? ,control regeneration NOX -cat.

LSFmain control at ? = 1,cat. diagnosis

FSI: Exhaust gas aftertreatment

European Status

• 1.4 l Gasoline FSI

• 77 kW (105 PS)

• Euro 4 (2005)

• 4,99 l/100 km(47 mpg)

Gasoline direct injection VW Lupo 1.4 l FSI (Fuel Stratified Injection)

European Status

Further development of internal combustion engines

Manifold injection

Prechamber

Partly homogen spark ignition

High pressure

injectionDirect injection

Direct injectionwall guided

Direct injectionspray guided

Direct injection

auto-ignition

Gasoline engine

Diesel engine

Combined Combustion

System

European Status

010

2030

4050

60

7080

90100

HC NOx CO FSN0

1020

30

4050

6070

8090

100

HC NOx CO FSN

1500 rpm / 22 Nm 2000 rpm / 94 Nm

Reference Diesel Synfuel A Synfuel A + 5% O2C

on

cen

trat

ion

[%]

Reduction of exhaust gas emissions by using a SynFuel

European Status

• CVT

• direct

• automatic

• CVT

• direct

• automatic





TransmissionTransmission


European Status





TransmissionTransmission


ElectricElectric

HydrogenHydrogen

CNGCNG

European Status



ElectricElectric HydrogenHydrogen

CNGCNG

Gasoline reformer+ Fuel cellGasoline reformer+ Fuel cell

Hydrogen+ Fuel cellHydrogen

+ Fuel cell

BatteryBattery


European Status

0

10

20

30

40

50

Gasoline Methanol FC H2 FC

Potential2005

Efficiency [%]

Diesel HC FC

Comparison of modern propulsion conceptsTotal efficiency incl. fuel production, transport and vehicle operation

?

Advances in Diesel Engine Technologies for European ... · Klaus-Peter Schindler Volkswagen AG,...

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