Advances in CT Technology to Reduce Patient Risk - … · Advances in CT Technology to Reduce...

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Advances in CT Technology to Reduce Advances in CT Technology to Reduce Patient Risk Patient Risk J.A. Seibert, Ph.D. President, AAPM Department of Radiology Sacramento, California USA AAPM / SEFM Symposium AAPM / SEFM Symposium PATIENT SAFETY IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PATIENT SAFETY IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY Sevilla Sevilla 12 May 2011 12 May 2011

Transcript of Advances in CT Technology to Reduce Patient Risk - … · Advances in CT Technology to Reduce...

Page 1: Advances in CT Technology to Reduce Patient Risk - … · Advances in CT Technology to Reduce Patient Risk ... AAPM / SEFM Symposium PATIENT SAFETY IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Advances in CT Technology to Reduce Advances in CT Technology to Reduce Patient Risk Patient Risk 

J.A. Seibert, Ph.D.President, AAPM

Department of Radiology

Sacramento, California USA

AAPM / SEFM SymposiumAAPM / SEFM SymposiumPATIENT SAFETY IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHYPATIENT SAFETY IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

SevillaSevilla –– 12 May 201112 May 2011

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What are the risks of undergoing a CT exam?

• Radiation dose• Deterministic effects (e.g., CT perfusion studies)

• Stochastic risks and cancer induction

• Other risks• Contrast agent delivery 

• Low quality, non‐diagnostic studies

• Poorly trained technologists / operators

• Lack of periodic calibration and quality control

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CT scanners: Top‐of‐the‐Line Technology

GE DiscoveryGE DiscoveryCT750 HDCT750 HD

Philips Philips BrillanceBrillanceiCTiCT

Siemens Siemens Definition FlashDefinition Flash

ToshibaToshibaAquilionAquilion OneOne

Fast kV switchingGemstone Detector 

ASiRHD mode

256 slices8 cm volume 

iDose0.27 s rotation

2 x 128 sliceHigh pitch spiral

IRIS0.75 ms temp res

320 detector rows16 cm volume

AIDRDynamic Volumes

Notable FeaturesNotable Features

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CT Imaging chain hardware improvements

TubeTubeFiltrationFiltration

CollimationCollimation

DASDAS

Beam ShapingBeam Shaping

Detector ArrayDetector Array

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Imaging chain hardware improvements

TubeTube

Flying focal spot, high heat load, large continuous Flying focal spot, high heat load, large continuous mAmA

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Low HighkV

Imaging chain hardware improvements

FiltrationFiltration

Additional Filtration:

Low HighkV

Spectrum Lower energies removed

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Imaging chain hardware improvements

Beam ShapingBeam Shaping

Courtesy of  PhilipsCourtesy of  Philips

OptimizeOptimizedistributiondistributionof Dose toof Dose tothe Patientthe Patient

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Imaging chain hardware improvements

CollimationCollimation

Correct forCorrect forOverbeamingOverbeaming &&OverOver‐‐ranging:ranging:

~5~5‐‐6% lower 6% lower dosedose

Courtesy of GECourtesy of GE

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Imaging chain hardware improvements

Detector ArrayDetector ArrayCeramic detectorsCeramic detectors

fast decayfast decayshort afterglowshort afterglow

high stopping powerhigh stopping powerhigh light outputhigh light output

DASDAS

High frequency High frequency readoutreadout

Low electronic Low electronic noisenoise

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Imaging chain hardware improvements

Reduces scatterReduces scatterImproves SNRImproves SNRLowers doseLowers dose

~ 15%~ 15%

2D anti2D anti‐‐scatterscatter

collimatorcollimator

Courtesy of  PhilipsCourtesy of  Philips

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CT Dose Reduction Strategies

• Automatic Exposure Control (dose modulation)

• XY and Z mA modulation

• ECG gating

• Prospective cardiac acquisition• Helical• Axial

• Advanced reconstruction methods

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Automatic Exposure Control: mA modulation

Angular Angular (XY)(XY)

Longitudinal Longitudinal (Z)(Z)

Combined Combined (XYZ)(XYZ)

GEGE Smart ScanSmart Scan Auto Auto mAmA Smart Smart mAmA

PhilipsPhilips ACS/DOMACS/DOM N/AN/A ZZ--DOMDOM

SiemensSiemens Care DoseCare Dose N/AN/A Care Dose 4DCare Dose 4D

ToshibaToshiba N/AN/A Sure Exposure 3DSure Exposure 3D Sure Exposure 3DSure Exposure 3D

Optimized dose for image quality: current selection & modulationOptimized dose for image quality: current selection & modulation

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AEC – Dose Modulation

• mAmodulation based on localizer or current scan (for next scan)

Constant mAReduced dose level based on scoutReal-time angular dose modulation

Dose reductions of  Dose reductions of  10 10 –– 40%40%

are typical over constant are typical over constant mAmACourtesy ToshibaCourtesy Toshiba

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Cardiac ECG modulation

Courtesy ToshibaCourtesy Toshiba

9090‐‐95%95%relativerelativedose dose 

reduction reduction achieveableachieveable

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CT Reconstruction

• Filtered backprojection (FBP) is a closed analytical solution to reconstruction, and ignores noise

• Iterative reconstruction attempts to solve the “noisy” backprojection/reconstruction problem

• Adaptive “statistical” models ‐ fast

• Model‐based + statistical models ‐ robust

Measuredprojections

ReconstructedObject

FBPEngine

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Iterative reconstruction

CurrentEstimate

Projections

Synthesizedprojection

Measuredprojection

Comparisons

Statisticsmodel

Objectmodel

ObjectUpdate

candidate

System Statistics

CurrentEstimate

Models Projections

X‐ray model

Image model

Detector model

Synthesizedprojection

Measuredprojection

Comparisons

Statisticsmodel

Objectmodel

ObjectUpdate

candidate

System StatisticsSystem optics

Statistical methodStatistical methodFast, but limitedFast, but limited

Statistical Statistical plusplusModelModel‐‐based based 

methodmethodComputationally Computationally expensive, but expensive, but more robustmore robust

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Adaptive Statistical Iterative Techniques

• Requirements:• Software and hardware

• Extra time for computation 

• Protocols can remain unchanged• Less noise for large patients

• Protocols can use lower mA• Same noise for lower dose

GE: GE: ASiRASiR –– Adaptive Statistical iterative ReconstructionAdaptive Statistical iterative ReconstructionPhilips: Philips: iDoseiDose –– iterative Doseiterative DoseSiemens: Siemens: IRIS IRIS –– Iterative Reconstruction in Image SpaceIterative Reconstruction in Image SpaceToshiba: Toshiba: AIDR AIDR –– Adaptive Iterative Dose ReductionAdaptive Iterative Dose Reduction

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“Blending” FBP + adaptive reconstruction

• Too much processing creates noise correlation, and “plastic‐appearing” images

• Typical use: fractionally blend FBP and IR images (values of 30 – 40% IR to FBP)

30% 30% ASiRASiR 60% 60% ASiRASiR 90% 90% ASiRASiR 100% 100% ASiRASiR

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Blended Iterative Reconstruction and FBP

• IMPLEMENTATION OF Iterative Reconstruction:

• Do not change too fast

• Incrementally blend

• Allow radiologist to get used to noise pattern

• Maximum blend found to be about 40% for ASiR

• Allows noise index (GE) to be increased from 12.15 to 15.62 with 30% blend, and to 16.78 with 40% blend for C/A/P exam, thus achieving substantially lower dose

30% 30% ASiRASiR 100% 100% ASiRASiR

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IRISIRIS‐‐60% less dose60% less dose

FBPFBP‐‐ full dosefull dose FBP: FBP: CTDIvolCTDIvol = 19 = 19 mGymGy

ASiRASiR: : CTDIvolCTDIvol = 6 = 6 mGymGy

FBPFBP‐‐ low doselow dose

AIDR processingAIDR processing

CLINICAL EXAMPLESCLINICAL EXAMPLES

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Model‐based Iterative Reconstruction

CourtesyCourtesy

ToshibaToshiba

GE: GE: MBIR MBIR –– ModelModel‐‐Based Iterative ReconstructionBased Iterative ReconstructionPhilips: Philips: iDoseiDose44 –– iterative Dose 4iterative Dose 4Siemens: Siemens: SAFIRE SAFIRE –– SinogramSinogram Affirmed Iterative ReconstructionAffirmed Iterative ReconstructionToshiba: Toshiba: AIDR AIDR –– Adaptive Iterative Dose ReductionAdaptive Iterative Dose Reduction

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Model‐based iterative reconstruction

FBPFBP VeoVeo (MBIR)(MBIR)GEGE

FBPFBP SAFIRESAFIRESiemensSiemens

Reported is up to 60%Reported is up to 60%dose reduction compareddose reduction compared

to typical FBPto typical FBP

Focus is on reducing Focus is on reducing reconstruction timereconstruction time

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Input Technique Error Notification

• MITA and manufactures developing “DOSE CHECK”

• Identifies potentially high technique factors before scanning

• User sets internal reference standard

• Notification and Alert status are triggered on the CT console prior to imaging the patient

MITA: Medical Imaging & Technology Alliance

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From Rich Mather presentation

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From

 Rich Mathe

rpresen

tatio

n

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Dose reduction:  a multifaceted challenge

• Review the protocols• Clinician, technologist, physicist• Periodic reviews for consistency, dose

• Lock down the protocols• Once they have been reviewed and verified• Password protection on scanners

• Dose Reporting• IHE REM profile

• Dose reviews

26

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Dose and risk reduction strategies

• It’s more than scanner technologies…..

• Many individuals• Radiologist, technologist, medical physicist• Applications specialist, development engineer• Academic and industry researchers / cooperation

• Many considerations• Development of CT protocols• Independent assessment of CT devices & applications• Accreditation and periodic quality control 

• The ultimate scenario • Right scan on the right patient with the right dose by using the right protocol, and optimized software andhardware

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Summary

• Knowledge of CT dose reduction strategies is essential for all personnel

• Implementation can produce significant savings in dose and improved image quality

• Correct use of technology requires didactic education, hands‐on training and continuous re‐training of users 

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Acknowledgements

• Rich Mather, Toshiba Medical Systems • Many of the slides borrowed from his presentation at NIH “sub mSv” conference in March 2011

• CT manufacturers marketing materials • GE, Siemens, Philips, Toshiba