Advances in Ceramic Armor IX

Advances in Ceramic Armor IX

A Collection of Papers Presented at the 37th International Conference on

Advanced Ceramics and Composites January 27-February 1, 2013

Daytona Beach, Florida

Edited by Jerry C. LaSalvia

Volume Editors Soshu Kirihara

Sujanto Widjaja

The American Ceramic Society

W I L E Y

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ISBN: 978-1-118-80749-1 ISSN: 0196-6219

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Contents

Preface vii

Introduction ix

Responses of Siliceous Materials to High Pressure 1 A. A. Wereszczak, T. G. Morrissey, M. K. Ferber, K. P. Bortle, E. A. Rodgers, G. Tsoi, J. M. Montgomery, Y. Vohra, and S. Toller

Edge-On Impact Investigation of Fracture Propagation in Boron 15 Carbide

E. Strassburger

Macroscopic Assessment of High Pressure Failure of B4C and 25 B4C/SiC Composites

S. M. Salamone, P. G. Karandikar, A. L. Marshall, M. K. Aghajanian, J. Q. Zheng, and S. E. Homer

Effect of Prestressing on the Ballistic Performance of Alumina 31 Ceramics: Experiments and Modeling

Aaron H. Gassman, Vitaly Paris, Lev Levin, Zvi Asaf, Avi Ya'akobovich, Eylam Ran, and Felix Aizik

Geometrical Effect on Damage in Reaction Bonded Ceramic 41 Composites having Experienced High Strain Rate Impact

Andrew L. Marshall, Prashant G. Karandikar, Brian P. Givens, Anthony F. Liszkiewicz, Raul Segura, Eric M. Klier, and Kevin J. Doherty

Optimizing the Arrangement of Ceramic Tile Periodic Arrays for 53 Armor Applications using a Genetic Algorithm

Michael C. Golt and Matthew S. Bratcher

v

Al/Al203 MMCs and Macrocomposites for Armor Applications 63 P. Karandikar, E. Klier, M. Watkins, Brandon McWilliams, and M. Aghajanian

Mechanical Response Anisotropy in Hot-Pressed Silicon Carbide 75 A. A. Wereszczak, D. J. Vuono, K. P. Bortle, P. J. Ritt, J. J. Swab, and J. Campbell

Comparison of Armor Ceramics Made by Spark Plasma Sintering 85 (SPS) and Pressureless Sintering

P. Karandikar, S. Wong, M. Duke, R. Haber, Minn Vu, and J. Singh

Pressureless Sintering of SiC-B4C Composites 101 L.J. Vandeperre and J.H. Teo

Development of Transparent Polycrystalline Beta-Silicon Carbide 109 Ceramic using Field Assisted Sintering Technology

Guillermo R. Villalobos, Shyam Bayya, Jasbinder S. Sanghera, Michael P. Hunt, Michael K. Cinibulk, Carmen M. Carney, Kristin A. Keller, Bryan M. Sadowski, and Ishwar D. Aggarwal

Densification of Synthesized Boron Carbide Powders using SPS 115 M. Fatih Toksoy, William Rafaniello, Richard Haber, and Steve Miller

Consolidation of Aluminum Magnesium Boride (AIMgB14) by 123 Pulsed Electric Current Sintering (PECS) Technique

Nesredin Kedir, Gary Gilde, and Kyu Cho

Ultrasonic Nondestructive Characterization of Transparent Spinel 133 Microstructure

V. DeLucca and R. A. Haber

Author Index 143

vi • Advances in Ceramic Armor IX

Preface

I had the pleasure of being the lead organizer for the 11th Armor Ceramics Sympo­sium in 2013 at the 37th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites. I am very grateful for the guidance and support that was provided by Jeff Swab, Lisa Franks, Andy Wereszczak, Jim McCauley, and the organizing com­mittee in putting this symposium together. Consistent with the history of this sym­posium, we strived to create a program that would foster discussion and collabora­tion between researchers from around the world in academia, government, and industry on various scientific issues associated with the topic of armor ceramics.

The 2013 symposium consisted of approximately 80 invited, contributing, and poster presentations from the international scientific community in the areas of syn­thesis and processing, manufacturing, materials characterization, testing and evalu­ation, quasi-static and dynamic behavior, modeling, and application. In addition, because of their importance for the foreseeable future, this symposium also had spe­cial focused topic sessions on Transparent Ceramics and Glasses, Boron-Icosahe-dral Based Ceramics, and the Army Research Laboratory's new program on Materi­als in Extreme Dynamic Environments. Based on feedback from attendees, the 2013 symposium was a success, and the manuscripts contained in these proceedings are from some of the presentations that comprised the 11th edition of the Armor Ce­ramics Symposium.

On behalf of Jeff Swab, Lisa Franks, and the organizing committee, I would like to thank all of the presenters, authors, session chairs, and manuscript reviewers for their efforts in making this symposium and the associated proceedings a success. I would also especially like to thank Andy Wereszczak, Mike Golt, Steve Kilczews-ki, Bob Pavlacka, Gene Shanholtz, Eric Warner, and Jared Wright for stepping up at the last minute to host and chair the symposium when we were unable to due to Sequestration. Last, but not least, I would like to recognize Marilyn Stoltz and Greg

vii

Geiger of The American Ceramic Society, for their support and tireless efforts with­out which the success of this symposium would not be possible.

JERRY C. LASALVIA Symposium Chair, Armor Ceramics

viii • Advances in Ceramic Armor IX

Introduction

This issue of the Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings (CESP) is one of nine issues that has been published based on manuscripts submitted and approved for the proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC), held January 27-February 1, 2013 in Daytona Beach, Florida. ICACC is the most prominent international meeting in the area of advanced structural, functional, and nanoscopic ceramics, composites, and other emerging ce­ramic materials and technologies. This prestigious conference has been organized by The American Ceramic Society's (ACerS) Engineering Ceramics Division (ECD) since 1977.

The 37th ICACC hosted more than 1,000 attendees from 40 countries and ap­proximately 800 presentations. The topics ranged from ceramic nanomaterials to structural reliability of ceramic components which demonstrated the linkage be­tween materials science developments at the atomic level and macro level structural applications. Papers addressed material, model, and component development and investigated the interrelations between the processing, properties, and microstruc­ture of ceramic materials.

The conference was organized into the following 19 symposia and sessions:

Symposium 1

Symposium 2

Symposium 3

Symposium 4 Symposium 5 Symposium 6

Symposium 7

Mechanical Behavior and Performance of Ceramics and Composites Advanced Ceramic Coatings for Structural, Environmental, and Functional Applications 10th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC): Materials, Science, and Technology Armor Ceramics Next Generation Bioceramics International Symposium on Ceramics for Electric Energy Generation, Storage, and Distribution 7th International Symposium on Nanostructured Materials and Nanocomposites: Development and Applications

IX

Symposium 8 7th International Symposium on Advanced Processing & Manufacturing Technologies for Structural & Multifunctional Materials and Systems (APMT)

Symposium 9 Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications Symposium 10 Virtual Materials (Computational) Design and Ceramic

Genome Symposium 11 Next Generation Technologies for Innovative Surface

Coatings Symposium 12 Materials for Extreme Environments: Ultrahigh Temperature

Ceramics (UHTCs) and Nanolaminated Ternary Carbides and Nitrides (MAX Phases)

Symposium 13 Advanced Ceramics and Composites for Sustainable Nuclear Energy and Fusion Energy

Focused Session 1 Geopolymers and Chemically Bonded Ceramics Focused Session 2 Thermal Management Materials and Technologies Focused Session 3 Nanomaterials for Sensing Applications Focused Session 4 Advanced Ceramic Materials and Processing for Photonics

and Energy Special Session Engineering Ceramics Summit of the Americas Special Session 2nd Global Young Investigators Forum

The proceedings papers from this conference are published in the below nine issues of the 2013 CESP; Volume 34, Issues 2-10:

Mechanical Properties and Performance of Engineering Ceramics and Composites VIII, CESP Volume 34, Issue 2 (includes papers from Symposium i) Advanced Ceramic Coatings and Materials for Extreme Environments III, Volume 34, Issue 3 (includes papers from Symposia 2 and 11) Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells IX, CESP Volume 34, Issue 4 (includes papers from Symposium 3) Advances in Ceramic Armor IX, CESP Volume 34, Issue 5 (includes papers from Symposium 4) Advances in Bioceramics and Porous Ceramics VI, CESP Volume 34, Issue 6 (includes papers from Symposia 5 and 9) Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology VII, CESP Volume 34, Issue 7 (includes papers from Symposium 7 and FS3) Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Structural and Multi functional Materials VII, CESP Volume 34, Issue 8 (includes papers from Symposium 8) Ceramic Materials for Energy Applications III, CESP Volume 34, Issue 9 (includes papers from Symposia 6, 13, and FS4) Developments in Strategic Materials and Computational Design IV, CESP Volume 34, Issue 10 (includes papers from Symposium 10 and 12 and from Focused Sessions 1 and 2)

x • Advances in Ceramic Armor IX

The organization of the Daytona Beach meeting and the publication of these pro­ceedings were possible thanks to the professional staff of ACerS and the tireless dedication of many ECD members. We would especially like to express our sincere thanks to the symposia organizers, session chairs, presenters and conference atten­dees, for their efforts and enthusiastic participation in the vibrant and cutting-edge conference.

ACerS and the ECD invite you to attend the 38th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (http://www.ceramics.org/daytona2014) Janu­ary 26-31, 2014 in Daytona Beach, Florida.

To purchase additional CESP issues as well as other ceramic publications, visit the ACerS-Wiley Publications home page at www.wiley.com/go/ceramics.

SOSHU KIRIHARA, Osaka University, Japan SUJANTO WIDJAJA, Corning Incorporated, USA

Volume Editors August 2013

Advances in Ceramic Armor IX • xi

RESPONSES OF SILICEOUS MATERIALS TO HIGH PRESSURE*

A. A. Wereszczak,1 T. G. Morrissey,2 M. K. Ferber,1 K. P. Bortle,2 E. A. Rodgers,2

G. Tsoi,3 J. M. Montgomery,3 Y. Vohra, 3and S. Toller4

1 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831. 2 ORISE Student Contractor, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831. 3 University of Alabama - Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294. 4 LSP Technologies, Dublin, OH 43016.

ABSTRACT

Several silicate-based materials were subjected to high pressure loading using spherical indentation, diamond anvil cell (DAC) testing, and laser shock impact. The test methods were chosen because they can apply many gigapascal (GPa) of pressure, are relatively quick and inexpensive to experimentally conduct, produce repeatable results, induce a bulk material response, and enable in-situ or postmortem material analysis. Differences in apparent yield stress, hydrostatic pressure, and laser shock responses were observed among the materials and are described herein.

INTRODUCTION

The ballistic impact of transparent armor materials often involves the imposition of very high pressures. Transparent armor materials are almost always silicate (siliceous) based either in the form of glass or glass ceramics, and can exist in many forms and phases if crystalline.

The discussion and interpretation of high pressure response of siliceous based materials has continued for several decades now and arose from recognized pioneering work by Robert B. Sosman (regarding all things silica) and 1947 Nobel Prize recipient Percy W. Bridgman (high pressure testing). The reader is directed toward selected References [1-10] should interest exist in reviewing some of the more classical literature and useful reviews.

Relatively large densifications of glass under pressure are known to exist with initiations occurring as low as a few GPa and are known to be a strong function of the glass's chemistry. Additionally, the presence of water in a glass is known to decrease its hardness [11], therefore its role in potential densification of a soda lime silicate glass is considerable too.

While pressure-induced densification is a sum of reversible and permanent densification, only recently has the latter started to be accounted for in ballistic modeling [12]. Ballistics testing can produce densification and enable densification's study; however, it is expensive, time consuming, and not always amenable for postmortem material characterization. Consequently ballistic

§ As the authors are not Government employees, this document was only reviewed for export controls, and improper Army association or emblem usage considerations. All other legal considerations are the responsibility of the authors and their employers.

1

Responses of Siliceous Materials to High Pressure

testing as a screening tool is impractical when there are many different potential glass candidates for transparent armor with different compositions. Therefore, three different high-pressure-application test methods were employed in this study to explore the high pressure response of siliceous materials. The methods were:

• Spherical indentation testing with small indenter diameter. This test produces both high pressure and shear, along with loading and unloading histories which enable quantification of apparent yield stress and semi-quantification of energy absorption capability (hysteresis). The authors of the present report continue to assert this method is applicable for characterizing high pressure response, and continue to refine its testing protocol and interpretation to satisfy that.

• Diamond anvil cell (DAC) testing. This test produces a hydrostatic stress, and when concurrently used with Raman Spectroscopy, enables the potential identification of changes of state of material as a function of quantified pressure for the various siliceous materials. Permanent densification is also detectable. Most high pressure studies involve this method.

• Laser shock testing. This test produces high pressures but under dynamic conditions (impact event less than 30 ns) which enables the study of the effect of rate on high pressure. This is a non-standard test; however, the authors of the present report continue to consider its utility because it (1) applies high pressure under dynamic conditions, and (2) does so in the absence of a penetrating projectile thusly enabling the potential deconvolution of shock damage and contact damage.

There were two objectives with this work: investigate and compare the response of various siliceous materials to high pressures, and investigate the utility, advantages and disadvantages of these three test methods to impart that high pressure. This proceedings paper is a condensed version of a more comprehensive report published by the authors [13].

MATERIALS AND TEST METHODS

Several materials were evaluated but not all could be tested using all three test methods (spherical indentation, diamond anvil cell testing, and laser shock testing) owing to specimen size limitations in some cases. A summary of which materials were tested by each test method is listed in Table I. Among all those listed, the responses of four materials (fused silica, Starphire soda lime silicate glass, BOROFLOAT borosilicate glass, and ROBAX glass ceramic) were evaluated by all three test techniques. The air and tin sides of the three float glasses were also tested with all three test methods.

2 • Advances in Ceramic Armor IX