Advances in Acoustic Microscopy and High Resolution Imaging · PDF fileMicroscopy and High...
Transcript of Advances in Acoustic Microscopy and High Resolution Imaging · PDF fileMicroscopy and High...
Edited by
Roman Gr. Maev
Advances in Acoustic Microscopy and High Resolution Imaging
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Advances in Acoustic Microscopy and High Resolution Imaging
From Principles to Applictaions
Edited by Roman Gr. Maev
The Editor
Prof. Roman Gr. MaevNSERC Indust. Research ChairUniversity of Windsor401, Sunset AvenueWindsor ON N9B 3P4Canada
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V
Contents
ListofContributors XIII Introduction XVII AuthorBiographies XIX
PartOne Fundamentals 1
1 FromMultiwaveImagingtoElasticityImaging 3MathiasFinkandMickaelTanter
1.1 Introduction 31.2 RegimesofSpatialResolution 31.3 TheMultiwaveApproach 41.4 WavetoWaveGeneration 51.5 WavetoWaveTagging 71.6 WavetoWaveImaging:MappingElasticity 81.7 Super-resolutioninSupersonicShearWaveImaging 141.8 ClinicalApplications 161.9 Conclusion 19 References 21
2 ImagingviaSpeckleInterferometryandNonlinearMethods 23JeffreySadlerandRomanGr.Maev
2.1 GeneralIntroduction 232.2 PartI:SpeckleInterferometry 242.2.1 Introduction 242.2.2 Labeyrie’sMethod 252.2.3 Knox–ThompsonMethod 292.2.4 ImportanceofPhaseDifferenceCalculation 322.2.5 LabeyrieandKnox–ThompsoninTwoDimensions 332.2.6 OtherImprovementstoSpeckleInterferometry 342.3 PartII:NonlinearImaging 342.3.1 Introduction 342.3.2 Deviation(DifferenceSquared),orAbsoluteDifference 36
VI Contents
2.3.3 FourierTransform-BasedMethodology 362.3.4 FourierMethodology:HowtoCreateanImage 382.3.5 FourierTransform:ProblemswithUsing 392.3.6 HilbertTransform-BasedMethodology 392.3.7 HilbertMethodology:HowtoCreateanImage,and
3DImage 422.4 SummaryandClosing 44
SelectedReferences(BySubject) 45Speckle:BaseMethods 45Speckle:MoreAdvancedMethods 45NonlinearImaging 45
PartTwo NovelDevelopmentsinAdvancedImagingTechniquesandMethods 47
3 FundamentalsandApplicationsofaQuantitativeUltrasonicMicroscopeforSoftBiologicalTissues 49KazutoKobayashiandNaohiroHozumi
3.1 GeneralIntroduction:BasicIdeaofanUltrasonicMicroscopeforBiologicalTissues 49
3.2 SoundSpeedProfile 503.2.1 Fundamentals 503.2.2 SpecimentobeObserved 503.2.3 ExperimentalSetupandAcquiredSignal 513.2.4 CalculationofSoundSpeed 523.2.4.1 FrequencyDomainAnalysis 523.2.4.2 Time–FrequencyDomainAnalysis 543.2.5 Two-DimensionalSoundSpeedProfiles 563.2.6 AttemptsatBetterSpatialResolution 583.3 AcousticImpedanceProfile 603.3.1 Fundamentals 603.3.2 ExperimentalSetup 613.3.3 SpecimentobeObserved 623.3.4 AcquiredSignal 633.3.5 CalibrationforCharacteristicAcousticImpedance 633.3.6 ObservationofCerebellarCortexofaRat 653.3.7 CellSizeObservation 673.3.8 CommercializedEquipment 693.4 Summary 70
References 70
4 PortableUltrasonicImagingDevices 71SergeyA.Titov,RomanGr.Maev,andFedarM.SeverinReferences 91
Contents VII
5 High-FrequencyUltrasonicSystemsforHigh-ResolutionRangingandImaging 93MichaelVogtandHelmutErmert
5.1 GeneralIntroduction 935.2 High-FrequencyUltrasonicSystemComponents 945.2.1 UltrasoundEchoSystems 945.2.2 TransmitterandReceiverComponentsforHigh-FrequencyUltrasonic
EchoSystems 955.2.3 SpectralandRangeResolutionProperties 975.2.4 MeasurementandOptimizationofthePulseTransferProperties 995.2.5 RangeResolutionOptimization:InverseEchoSignalFiltering 1015.2.6 MeasurementofAcousticScatteringParametersinPlaneWave
Propagation 1025.3 EngineeringConceptsforHigh-FrequencyUltrasonicImaging 1045.3.1 Single-ElementTransducerB-ScanTechniques 1045.3.2 LateralResolutionOptimization 1055.3.2.1 B/D-ScanTechnique 1065.3.2.2 SyntheticApertureFocusingTechniques(SAFT) 1065.3.3 LimitedAngleSpatialCompounding(LASC) 1105.3.4 MultidirectionalTissueCharacterization 1125.4 High-FrequencyUltrasoundImaginginBiomedicalApplications 1155.4.1 SkinImaging 1155.4.2 ImagingofSmallAnimals 1175.5 Summary 118
References 119
6 QuantitativeAcousticMicroscopyBasedontheArrayApproach 125SergeyTitovandRomanGr.Maev
6.1 GeneralIntroduction 1256.2 MeasurementofVelocityandAttenuationofLeakyWaves 1266.3 MeasurementofBulkWaveVelocitiesandThicknessof
Specimen 1416.4 Conclusions 150
References 150
PartThree AdvancedBiomedicalApplications 153
7 StudyoftheContrastMechanisminanAcousticImageforThicklySectionedMelanomaSkinTissueswithAcousticMicroscopy 155BernhardR.Tittmann,ChiakiMiyasaka,ElenaMaeva,andDavidShum
7.1 Introduction 1557.1.1 WhatIsMelanoma? 1557.1.2 HowIsMelanomaDiagnosed? 156
VIII Contents
7.1.3 PresentProblemsforBiopsy 1577.1.4 ObjectiveofPresentStudy 1577.2 PhysicalandMathematicalModelingforFiveLayerWavePropagation
inanAcousticMicroscope 1587.3 SamplePreparation 1627.4 DigitalImaging–OpticalandUltrasonic 1637.4.1 OpticalImage 1637.4.2 AcousticImagingPrinciple(Pulse-WaveMode) 1647.4.3 Resolution 1687.4.4 AcousticImages 1697.4.5 WaveformAnalysis 1717.5 HighFrequencyAcousticMicroscopy 1747.5.1 NormalControlSkinTissue 1747.5.2 AbnormalSkinTissue 1757.5.3 AcousticVelocity 1757.5.4 ComputerSimulation 1777.5.4.1 ExperimentalV(z)Curve 1777.5.4.2 TheoreticalV(z)Curve(SimulationofV(z)Curve) 1787.6 Conclusions 181
Acknowledgment 183References 183
8 NewConceptofPathology–MechanicalPropertiesProvidedbyAcousticMicroscopy 187YoshifumiSaijo
8.1 Introduction 1878.2 PrincipleofAcousticMicroscopy 1888.3 ApplicationtoCellularImaging 1898.4 ApplicationtoHardTissues 1918.5 ApplicationtoSoftTissues 1938.5.1 GastricCancer 1938.5.2 MyocardialInfarction 1958.5.3 Kidney 1978.5.4 Atherosclerosis 1978.6 UltrasoundSpeedMicroscopy(USM) 2008.7 ArticularTissues 2028.8 Summary 202
References 204
9 QuantitativeScanningAcousticMicroscopyofBone 207PascalLaugier,AmenaSaïed,MathildeGranke,andKayRaum
9.1 Introduction 2079.1.1 HierarchicalStructureofBoneandProperties 2079.1.2 RelevanceofMultiscaleElasticProperties 2099.1.3 HistoryofMeasurementPrinciples 210
Contents IX
9.2 QuantitativeSAM-BasedImpedanceofBone 2139.2.1 Theory 2139.2.2 Time-ResolvedMeasurements 2169.2.3 MeasurementswithTime-GatedAmplitudeDetection 2179.2.3.1 Calibration 2189.3 TissueMineralization,AcousticImpedance,andStiffness 2199.4 ElasticAnisotropyattheNanoscale(Lamellar)Level 2229.5 ElasticAnisotropyattheMicroscale(Tissue)Level 2239.6 ApplicationsinMusculoskeletalResearch 2259.7 Conclusions 226
References 228
PartFour AdvancedMaterialsApplications 231
10 ArrayImagingandDefectCharacterizationUsingPost-processingApproaches 233AlexanderVelichko,PaulD.Wilcox,andBruceW.Drinkwater
10.1 Introduction 23310.2 ModelingArrayData 23710.2.1 Introduction 23710.2.2 Ray-BasedDescriptionofUltrasonicArrayData 23810.2.2.1 DeterminingtheRay-Paths 23810.2.2.2 PredictingtheSignalAssociatedwithaRay-Path 24010.2.2.3 SimpleExample 24010.2.3 MathematicalModelofUltrasonicArrayData 24210.3 Imagingwith1DArrays 24510.3.1 ClassicalBeam-FormingImagingMethodsinPost-processing 24510.3.2 TotalFocusingMethod 24610.3.3 WavenumberMethod 24710.3.4 Back-PropagationMethod 24910.3.5 TheoreticalComparisonofImagingMethods 25010.3.6 ComputationalBurden 25110.3.7 FocusingPerformance 25210.3.8 ExperimentalExample 25310.4 Imagingwith2DArrays 25510.4.1 Optimizationof2DArrayLayout 25510.4.1.1 OptimizationCriterion 25510.4.1.2 RegularSampling 25610.4.1.3 Non-uniformSampling 25710.4.2 ExperimentalComparisonof2DArrayLayouts 25810.4.2.1 SphericalInclusion 25910.4.2.2 AluminumBlockwithFlatBottomHoles 26010.4.2.3 Surface-BreakingFatigueCrack 26010.5 ScatteringMatricesandTheirExperimentalExtraction 260
X Contents
10.5.1 FeatureExtractionfromArrayData 26210.5.1.1 Concept 26210.5.1.2 InverseImaging 26310.5.1.3 ExtractionofScatteringMatrix 26610.6 DefectCharacterizationandSizing 26710.6.1 CrackSizing 26710.6.1.1 1DArray 26710.6.1.2 2DArray 26810.6.2 ExperimentalResults 26910.6.2.1 1DArray 26910.6.2.2 2DArray 27110.7 Conclusions 272
References 273
11 UltrasonicForceandRelatedMicroscopies 277AndrewBriggsandOlegV.Kolosov
11.1 Introduction 27711.2 MechanicalDiodeDetection 27911.3 ExperimentalUFMImplementation 28011.4 UFMContrastTheory 28311.5 QuantitativeMeasurementsofContactStiffness 28711.6 UFMPictureGallery 28911.7 ImageInterpretation–EffectsofAdhesionandTopography 29311.8 Superlubricity 29511.9 DefectsBelowtheSurface 29711.10 Time-ResolvedNanoscalePhenomena 299
Acknowledgments 303References 304
12 UltrasonicAtomicForceMicroscopy 307KazushiYamanakaandToshihiroTsuji
12.1 Introduction 30712.2 Principle 30712.2.1 ForcedVibrationofCantileverfromtheBase 30712.2.2 QuantitativeInformation,DirectionalControl,andResonance
FrequencyTracking 30812.2.3 EffectiveEnhancementofCantileverStiffness 30912.2.4 CriteriontoAvoidPlasticDeformation 30912.3 Theory 31112.3.1 Overview 31112.3.2 LinearAnalysisofStiffnessandtheQFactor 31212.3.3 LinearTheoryofSubsurfaceImaging 31412.3.4 AdvantageofAppropriateLoad 31612.3.5 NonlinearAnalysisofSpectra 31612.3.6 DuffingModel 318
Contents XI
12.3.7 NumericalModelwithDoubleNodes 31912.4 Instrumentation 32012.5 Experiments 32212.5.1 EfforttoAvoidNonlinearityatTip–SampleContact 32212.5.2 RelationbetweenUAFMandUFM 32312.5.3 QuantitativeEvaluationofElasticity 32412.6 ObservationofDefectsinLayeredMaterials 32512.6.1 DefectsinGrapheneSheets 32512.6.2 DislocationinMolybdenumDisulfide 32812.6.3 ObservationofDislocationBehaviorunderDifferentLoads 32912.6.4 AnalysisofDislocationMotionunderVaryingAppliedLoad 33112.6.5 ModelfortheReversibleLong-RangeMotionofDislocation 33312.6.6 DelaminationinMicroelectronicandMechanicalDevices 33412.7 Conclusion 335
References 336
13 AcousticalNear-FieldImaging 339WalterArnold
13.1 PrincipleofNear-FieldImaging 33913.1.1 EarlySystemsofAcousticalNear-FieldImaging 33913.2 Near-FieldAcousticalImagingandAtomicForceMicroscopy 34213.2.1 ForceModulation 34313.2.2 LocalAccelerationMicroscopy 34413.2.3 Pulsed-ForceMicroscopy 34513.2.4 AtomicForceAcousticMicroscopyorAFMContact-Resonance
Imaging 34513.2.4.1 PrincipleofOperation 34513.2.4.2 FlexuralCantileverResonances 34613.2.4.3 RelationshipofContactStiffnesstoIndentationModulus 35013.2.4.4 TorsionalResonances 35613.2.4.5 Piezo-modeImaging 35713.2.4.6 NonlinearContactResonancesandRelatedPhenomena 35813.2.4.7 SubsurfaceImagingUsingContactResonances 359
Acknowledgment 362References 362
Index 371
XIII
ListofContributors
Walter ArnoldSaarland UniversityDepartment of Material Science and TechnologyCampus D 2.266123 Saarbrücken, GermanyandGöttingen University1. Phys. InstitutFriedrich-Hund Platz 137077 Göttingen, Germany
Andrew BriggsOxford UniversityDepartment of Materials16 Parks RoadOX1 3PH Oxford, UK
Bruce W. DrinkwaterUniversity of BristolFaculty of EngineeringUniversity WalkBristol BS8 1TR, UK
Helmut ErmertRuhr-Universität BochumDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Information TechnologyHigh Frequency Engineering Research GroupBuilding ID 03/34344780 Bochum, Germany
Mathias FinkEcole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de ParisCNRSINSERMInstitut Langevin10 rue Vauquelin75005 Paris, France
Mathilde GrankeUniversité Pierre et Marie CurieCNRS UMR 7623Laboratoire d’Imagerie Paramétrique15 rue de l’ecole de médecine75006 Paris, France
Naohiro HozumiToyohashi University of Technology1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-choToyohashi 441-8580, Japan
Kazuto KobayashiHonda Electronic Co., Ltd.20 Oyamazuka, Oiwa-choToyohashi 980-857, Japan
Oleg V. KolosovLancaster UniversityDepartment of PhysicsRoom A30, Physics BuildingBailrigg, LA1 4YW Lancaster, UK