ADVANCED PLACEMENT ADVANCED PLACEMENT WORLD HISTORY WORLD HISTORY SEQUOYAH HIGH SEQUOYAH HIGH SCHOOLSCHOOL

Necessary AbbreviationsNecessary Abbreviations

BCE: Before the Common EraBCE: Before the Common Era CE : Common EraCE : Common Era BP: Before PresentBP: Before Present

(These are used in AP World History in (These are used in AP World History in preference to B.C. and A.D.)preference to B.C. and A.D.)

The First Great ChangesThe First Great Changes

Adaptations driven by climateAdaptations driven by climate Last great Ice Age began about 2 million years Last great Ice Age began about 2 million years

ago (BP)ago (BP) Long cold intervals with warming intervals of Long cold intervals with warming intervals of

about 10,000 to 30,000 yearsabout 10,000 to 30,000 years Present Warming Period is the Holocene, Present Warming Period is the Holocene,

beginning about 13,000 years ago.beginning about 13,000 years ago. Some now speak of the Anthropocene, a Some now speak of the Anthropocene, a

period in which humans have affected the period in which humans have affected the climate and environment.climate and environment.

Human AdaptationsHuman Adaptations

Manual dexterityManual dexterity Walking erectWalking erect Larger, more complex brainsLarger, more complex brains Led to tool making and technologyLed to tool making and technology LanguageLanguage

Where did humans Where did humans develop?develop?

AFRICA!AFRICA!During the During the Paleolithic EraPaleolithic Era

AustralopithecusAustralopithecus

Olduvai Gorge, East AfricaOlduvai Gorge, East Africa 4 million years BP4 million years BP ““Lucy”Lucy”

Homo HabilisHomo Habilis

Man Having AbilityMan Having Ability First Known Tool UserFirst Known Tool User 2.5 million years B.P.2.5 million years B.P. Omnivorous OpportunistOmnivorous Opportunist ScavengerScavenger

Homo ErectusHomo Erectus

Man Walking UprightMan Walking Upright 1 million years B.P.1 million years B.P. Physically LargerPhysically Larger Increased IntelligenceIncreased Intelligence Spread beyond Africa into EurasiaSpread beyond Africa into Eurasia

Inventive rather than InstinctiveInventive rather than Instinctive ToolsTools Crude shelters or windbreaksCrude shelters or windbreaks

Two early Homo Erectus Two early Homo Erectus DiscoveriesDiscoveries

Java Man discovered 1891Java Man discovered 1891

Peking Man (first known fire user)Peking Man (first known fire user)

Eventual Homo Erectus Population of 1. Eventual Homo Erectus Population of 1. 5 million5 million

Aggressive: Lots of smashed in skulls Aggressive: Lots of smashed in skulls and broken bonesand broken bones

Homo SapiensHomo Sapiens

Mesolithic EraMesolithic Era Neanderthal Man Neanderthal Man 200,000 years B.P.200,000 years B.P.

Ranged from Europe to Southwest AsiaRanged from Europe to Southwest Asia Larger brain capacity than modern Larger brain capacity than modern

humanshumans Artificial toolsArtificial tools Buried dead with toolsBuried dead with tools Cave dwellersCave dwellers

Cro-Magnon ManCro-Magnon Man

45,000-10,000 BCE45,000-10,000 BCE Modern Man (homo Modern Man (homo

sapiens sapiens?)sapiens sapiens?) Northern latitudes of Northern latitudes of

Eurasia, the Eurasia, the AmericasAmericas

Improved tools, sewn Improved tools, sewn clothing, housingclothing, housing

Hunting in large, Hunting in large, cooperative bandscooperative bands

Long distance tradeLong distance trade Formation of regional Formation of regional

or tribal associationsor tribal associations Art: carvings, cave Art: carvings, cave

paintingspaintings

The Lascaux Cave The Lascaux Cave Paintings (Cro-Magnon)Paintings (Cro-Magnon)

Neolithic EraNeolithic Era

Homo Sapiens SapiensHomo Sapiens Sapiens

By 12,000 years BP human population By 12,000 years BP human population spread into Australia and the Americas.spread into Australia and the Americas.

Two theories:Two theories: ““Out of Africa”Out of Africa” ““Parallel Development”Parallel Development”

Out of AfricaOut of Africa

Mitochondrial DNA indicates all present Mitochondrial DNA indicates all present humans descend from a single woman humans descend from a single woman who lived in Africa approximately who lived in Africa approximately 150,000 to 200,000 BP150,000 to 200,000 BP

Mitochondrial DNA is collected and Mitochondrial DNA is collected and analyzed in comparison to the analyzed in comparison to the Cambridge Reference Sequence (the Cambridge Reference Sequence (the first MtDNA ever analyzed).first MtDNA ever analyzed).

LanguagesLanguages

The development of language is another The development of language is another clue to early human originsclue to early human origins

The oldest languages appear to be the The oldest languages appear to be the “click” languages of southern and central “click” languages of southern and central Africa.Africa.

Depending on how they are classified, Depending on how they are classified, there may be over 100 language families there may be over 100 language families in the world today.in the world today.

English is a branch of the Indo-European English is a branch of the Indo-European language family.language family.

Other language families include: Uralic, Other language families include: Uralic, Altaic, Afro-Asiatic, Sino-Tibetan, Altaic, Afro-Asiatic, Sino-Tibetan, Malayo-Polynesian, Niger-Congo, Malayo-Polynesian, Niger-Congo, Dravidian, etc.Dravidian, etc.

““Month” in various Indo-Month” in various Indo-European languagesEuropean languages

English English monthmonth Spanish Spanish mesmes Dutch Dutch maandmaand Portuguese Portuguese mêsmês German German MonatMonat Italian Italian mesemese Swedish Swedish månadmånad Polish Polish miesiacmiesiac Welsh Welsh mismis Russian Russian myesyatsmyesyats Gaelic Gaelic mímí Lithuanian Lithuanian menuomenuo French French moismois Albanian Albanian muajmuaj Greek Greek minasminas Farsi Farsi mâhmâh Hindi Hindi mahinamahina

““Month” in some non-Month” in some non-Indo-European Indo-European LanguagesLanguages

Arabic (Afro-Asiatic Family) Arabic (Afro-Asiatic Family) shahr shahr Finnish (Uralic Family) Finnish (Uralic Family) kuukausi kuukausi Basque (Independent) Basque (Independent) hilabethe hilabethe Turkish (Altaic Family) Turkish (Altaic Family) ay ay Malay (Malao-Polynesian Family) Malay (Malao-Polynesian Family) bulan bulan Zulu (Niger-Congo Family) Zulu (Niger-Congo Family) Inyanga Inyanga Mandarin (Sino-Tibetan Family) Mandarin (Sino-Tibetan Family) yue yue Kannada (Dravidian Family) Kannada (Dravidian Family) timgaltimgal

Vietnamese (Austro-Asiatic Family) Vietnamese (Austro-Asiatic Family) thangthang Cherokee (Iroquoian Family) Cherokee (Iroquoian Family) iyanvdaiyanvda

The Neolithic RevolutionThe Neolithic Revolution

Aka “The Neolithic Transition”Aka “The Neolithic Transition” Development of:Development of:

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

ca 12,000-15,000 years agoca 12,000-15,000 years ago Middle EastMiddle East Wheat and barleyWheat and barley In East Asia, riceIn East Asia, rice In the Americas, corn (maize), sweet In the Americas, corn (maize), sweet

potatoespotatoes

Impact of the Neolithic Impact of the Neolithic RevolutionRevolution

Hunter-gatherer societies: nomadic, little Hunter-gatherer societies: nomadic, little or no gender specialization or economic or no gender specialization or economic differences.differences.

Sedentary Agriculture led Sedentary Agriculture led to:to:

PropertyProperty LawsLaws GovernmentGovernment Differentiation of laborDifferentiation of labor Social hierarchiesSocial hierarchies Gender inequalityGender inequality Formal religionFormal religion Population growthPopulation growth

Population GrowthPopulation Growth

10.000 BCE 4 million10.000 BCE 4 million 5000 BCE 5 million5000 BCE 5 million 3000 BCE 14 million3000 BCE 14 million 2000 BCE 27 million2000 BCE 27 million 1000 BCE 50 million1000 BCE 50 million 500 CE 100 million500 CE 100 million

Religious ChangesReligious Changes

Based on the need to preserve fertilityBased on the need to preserve fertility

AnimisticAnimistic AnthropomorphicAnthropomorphic

GovernmentGovernment

TheocracyTheocracy MonarchyMonarchy

CIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION

The most complex stage in the The most complex stage in the development of human culture.development of human culture.

Symbolic Behavior (writing, art)Symbolic Behavior (writing, art) Human community primarily Human community primarily

concentrated in communities or statesconcentrated in communities or states Distinct division of laborDistinct division of labor Complex religionsComplex religions Record keeping required (writing)Record keeping required (writing)

Division of laborDivision of labor

Subsistence Raisers (farmers, herders)Subsistence Raisers (farmers, herders) Artisans and laborers: brickmakers, Artisans and laborers: brickmakers,

potters, metallurgy, weaving.potters, metallurgy, weaving. Groups dependent on but in control of Groups dependent on but in control of

farmers and artisans: bureaucrats, farmers and artisans: bureaucrats, soldiers, rulers, priests, etc.soldiers, rulers, priests, etc.

Merchants and tradersMerchants and traders

Civilization and ReligionCivilization and Religion

Fertility basedFertility based Often pantheistic, polytheisticOften pantheistic, polytheistic RitualsRituals Specialized buildings (monumental Specialized buildings (monumental

architecture)architecture) Often rulers considered to be in special Often rulers considered to be in special

relationship to the deities.relationship to the deities.

Civilization and EconomyCivilization and Economy

Exchange of goods and servicesExchange of goods and services Involves non-resident groups: travelling Involves non-resident groups: travelling

merchantsmerchants Barter economy, gradually giving way to Barter economy, gradually giving way to

monetary economymonetary economy

Domesticated Plants

Area Domesticated Animals

Earliest Attested Date

Wheat, barley, lentil, pea, flax, muskmelon, olive

Southwest Asia Sheep, goat, cattle 8,500 BC

Rice, millet, soybean, adzuki bean, mung bean, hemp

China Pig, silkworm 7,500 BC

Corn, beans, squash, cotton, yucca, agave, jicama, avocado

Mesoamerica Turkey By 3,500 BC

Potato, manioc, peanut, cotton, sweet potato, oca, squashes

Andes and Amazonia

Llama, guinea pig By 3,500 BC

Sunflower, goosefoot. maygrass, little barley, knotweed, Jerusalem artichoke, squash

Eastern U. S. None 2,500 BC

Sorghum, pearl millet, African rice, cowpea, cotton

Sahel Guinea fowl By 5,000 BC

African yams, oil palm, watermelon, groundnut

Tropical West Africa

None By 3,000 BC

Coffee, teff, finger millet

Ethiopia None ?

Sugarcane, banana, yams, taro

New Guinea None 7,000 BC

Why was Eurasia the home Why was Eurasia the home of most early civilizations?of most early civilizations?

East-West AxisEast-West Axis Many cereal/grass cropsMany cereal/grass crops Population of easily domesticable animalsPopulation of easily domesticable animals Animal contact led to diseases spreading to Animal contact led to diseases spreading to

human populationhuman population Disease exposure led to biological Disease exposure led to biological

resistance/immunities and a Eurasian resistance/immunities and a Eurasian advantage over other continentsadvantage over other continents

What makes a What makes a civilization?civilization?

Technology: irrigation, metallurgy, Technology: irrigation, metallurgy, calculation, monumental architecture, calculation, monumental architecture, chemistrychemistry

Graphic Symbols: writing, iconographyGraphic Symbols: writing, iconography Higher Abstract Thought: scientific Higher Abstract Thought: scientific

activity, philosophical questions, ethical activity, philosophical questions, ethical conduct and lawconduct and law

Complex Government InstitutionsComplex Government Institutions

The Importance of The Importance of WritingWriting

Two phases in writing:Two phases in writing: Accounting and NamingAccounting and Naming Literature and HistoryLiterature and History Both phases must be present in a Both phases must be present in a

civilization.civilization.

Cultural Diffusion or Cultural Diffusion or Independent Invention?Independent Invention?

What is more important?:What is more important?: Contact between civilizations (cross Contact between civilizations (cross

cultural trade, war, etc.)cultural trade, war, etc.) Independent developments within Independent developments within

separate civilizations.separate civilizations.

Pastoral SocietiesPastoral Societies

HerdersHerders Essential Link Between CivilizationsEssential Link Between Civilizations Conquerors, Merchants, GuardsConquerors, Merchants, Guards

Primary CivilizationsPrimary Civilizations

Arise IndigenouslyArise Indigenously Cultural Diffusion vs. Independent Cultural Diffusion vs. Independent

InventionInvention River ValleysRiver Valleys

Sumer (Tigris-Euphrates) Egypt (Nile) Sumer (Tigris-Euphrates) Egypt (Nile)

Harappa (Indus) San Dei or Three Dynasty Harappa (Indus) San Dei or Three Dynasty China (Hwang He)China (Hwang He)

Other Early CivilizationsOther Early Civilizations

Chavin, Olmec cultures in Central and Chavin, Olmec cultures in Central and South America (no river valleys)South America (no river valleys)

Secondary Civilizations develop out of Secondary Civilizations develop out of contact with primary civlilizations:contact with primary civlilizations:

Persia, Classical Greece and Rome, Persia, Classical Greece and Rome, Mauryan-Gupta India, Han China, etc.Mauryan-Gupta India, Han China, etc.

Sumer (Mesopotamia) ca Sumer (Mesopotamia) ca 3200 BCE3200 BCE

Tigris and Euphrates RiversTigris and Euphrates Rivers Flat land with little wood or stoneFlat land with little wood or stone Irrigation led to development of villages Irrigation led to development of villages

which led to city-stateswhich led to city-states Regular interaction among city-states Regular interaction among city-states

and with other areas east, north, and and with other areas east, north, and south.south.

Cuneiform (Wedge-Cuneiform (Wedge-shaped Marks)shaped Marks)

PictogramsPictograms IdeogramsIdeograms Clay tablets and stylusesClay tablets and styluses

Sumerian Religious Sumerian Religious ThoughtThought

PolytheisticPolytheistic Man created to serve the godsMan created to serve the gods Afterlife a grim place filled with sufferingAfterlife a grim place filled with suffering

Sumerian Religious Sumerian Religious ThoughtThought

They are gloomy, their shadow dark, no light is They are gloomy, their shadow dark, no light is in their bodies, in their bodies, ever they slink along covertly, walk not upright, ever they slink along covertly, walk not upright, from their claws drips bitter gall, their footprints from their claws drips bitter gall, their footprints are (full of) evil venom.... are (full of) evil venom....

Neither males are they, nor females, Neither males are they, nor females, they are winds ever sweeping along, they are winds ever sweeping along, they have not wives, engender not children, they have not wives, engender not children, know not how to show mercy, know not how to show mercy, hear not prayer and supplication.... hear not prayer and supplication....

Ziggurats (Mountains of Ziggurats (Mountains of the gods)the gods)

Sumerian Sumerian AccomplishmentsAccomplishments

Architecture: brick vault, arch, domeArchitecture: brick vault, arch, dome TechnologyTechnology Sailboat and four wheeled cartSailboat and four wheeled cart PlowPlow Potter’s wheel (first use of wheel)Potter’s wheel (first use of wheel) Literature and historyLiterature and history

Sumerian WorldviewSumerian Worldview

Innovative and speculativeInnovative and speculative Somewhat pessimisticSomewhat pessimistic Humanity inadequate to deal with forces Humanity inadequate to deal with forces

of nature, conflictof nature, conflict

Gilgamesh EpicGilgamesh Epic

Decline and Fall of SumerDecline and Fall of Sumer

Constant warfare, invasionsConstant warfare, invasions Salinization due to irrigationSalinization due to irrigation Succeeded by many later civilizations Succeeded by many later civilizations

which drew on Sumerian which drew on Sumerian accomplishmentsaccomplishments

Mesopotamian ArtMesopotamian Art

Secondary Civilizations Secondary Civilizations Influenced by SumerInfluenced by Sumer

Mesopotamian civilizations: Babylonians, Mesopotamian civilizations: Babylonians, Amorites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, etc.Amorites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, etc.

Other Fertile Crescent regional Other Fertile Crescent regional civilizations: Phoenicians, Hebrews, civilizations: Phoenicians, Hebrews, MinoansMinoans

Cross-cultural trade networks commonCross-cultural trade networks common Adoption of Sumerian religious ideas, Adoption of Sumerian religious ideas,

writing, etc.writing, etc.

EgyptEgypt

Ca 3100 BCECa 3100 BCE Nile River: predictable floodingNile River: predictable flooding Isolated: Sahara Desert, Mediterranean Isolated: Sahara Desert, Mediterranean

Sea, Red Sea, Mountains of the Moon.Sea, Red Sea, Mountains of the Moon. No city-state periodNo city-state period Early unification under rule of PharaohsEarly unification under rule of Pharaohs Pharaohs grouped into dynastiesPharaohs grouped into dynasties

Rural population, few large citiesRural population, few large cities First capital MemphisFirst capital Memphis Second capital ThebesSecond capital Thebes Long periods of prosperity and wealthLong periods of prosperity and wealth

Egyptian ReligionEgyptian Religion

PolytheisticPolytheistic Osiris cultOsiris cult Amon or Amon-Re Amon or Amon-Re Importance of Importance of

AfterlifeAfterlife Ma’atMa’at Pharaoh: God-KingPharaoh: God-King

Monumental ArchitectureMonumental Architecture

Pyramids, templesPyramids, temples Designed to maintain the body after Designed to maintain the body after

deathdeath Tombs prepared throughout a lifetime to Tombs prepared throughout a lifetime to

ensure an afterlife for the ka (soul)ensure an afterlife for the ka (soul) Mummification developed to preserve Mummification developed to preserve

body as home of the ka.body as home of the ka.

An Egyptian tombAn Egyptian tomb

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

Egyptian morality based on the need to Egyptian morality based on the need to preserve ma’at: duty, responsibilitypreserve ma’at: duty, responsibility

Egyptian writing system: HieroglyphicsEgyptian writing system: Hieroglyphics

Egyptian ArtEgyptian Art

Egyptian society optimistic, static, Egyptian society optimistic, static, conservativeconservative

Little technologyLittle technology No literary traditionNo literary tradition Medical knowledge, anatomyMedical knowledge, anatomy Geometry, algebra, trigonometryGeometry, algebra, trigonometry CalendarCalendar Gradual decline, conquered by invadersGradual decline, conquered by invaders

Areas influenced by Areas influenced by EgyptEgypt

Kush and AxumKush and Axum African societies which copied Egyptian African societies which copied Egyptian

architectural, religious, and governmental architectural, religious, and governmental ideasideas

Kush Hieroglyphic style Kush Hieroglyphic style writingwriting

Egyptian style obelisk at Egyptian style obelisk at AxumAxum

Indus Valley CivilizationIndus Valley Civilization

Ca 2300-1750 BCECa 2300-1750 BCE Irrigation along Indus ValleyIrrigation along Indus Valley Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Smaller urban areas throughout valleySmaller urban areas throughout valley Standardized architectureStandardized architecture

Harappan Harappan AccomplishmentsAccomplishments

Writing system (untranslated)Writing system (untranslated) Large brick structuresLarge brick structures Irrigation systemIrrigation system Cotton and riceCotton and rice Drainage and sewer systems in citiesDrainage and sewer systems in cities Little information about government, Little information about government,

religious rituals, literature, law codesreligious rituals, literature, law codes

Aryan Invasions of Indus Aryan Invasions of Indus ValleyValley

Harappans affected by salinization, floodingHarappans affected by salinization, flooding Aryans: pastoral, military ethosAryans: pastoral, military ethos Chariots and horsesChariots and horses Warlike deities (male and female)Warlike deities (male and female) Religious stories in the Vedas Religious stories in the Vedas Aryans conquered and dominated the Aryans conquered and dominated the

Harappans, who were the lowest levels of the Harappans, who were the lowest levels of the hierarchyhierarchy

San Dei or Three Dynasty San Dei or Three Dynasty ChinaChina

Xia Dynasty ca 2200-1750 BCEXia Dynasty ca 2200-1750 BCE Shang Dynasty ca 1750-1100 BCEShang Dynasty ca 1750-1100 BCE Zhou Dynasty ca 1100-256 BCEZhou Dynasty ca 1100-256 BCE

Ca 2500 BCE Longshan culture in Ca 2500 BCE Longshan culture in Hwang He valleyHwang He valley

Irrigation, loess soilIrrigation, loess soil Grain agricultureGrain agriculture Village settlementsVillage settlements Few citiesFew cities

Shang Dynasty ChinaShang Dynasty China

Xia Dynasty considered mythical until Xia Dynasty considered mythical until recent archaeological discoveriesrecent archaeological discoveries

Shang Dynasty based on military power, Shang Dynasty based on military power, chariots and horseschariots and horses

Kings used vassal retainers to help Kings used vassal retainers to help govern govern

Religion based on shamans, human Religion based on shamans, human sacrificesacrifice

Chinese writing systemChinese writing system

Symbol of continuity of culture over Symbol of continuity of culture over centuriescenturies

Unifying element among heterogeneous Unifying element among heterogeneous populationpopulation

Based on oracle bone cracks used by Based on oracle bone cracks used by shamans to predict futureshamans to predict future

Chinese WritingChinese Writing

Chinese characters are written with the Chinese characters are written with the following twelve basic strokes: following twelve basic strokes:

Chinese writing Chinese writing continuedcontinued

A character may consist of between 1 A character may consist of between 1 and 64 stokes. The strokes are always and 64 stokes. The strokes are always written in the same direction and there is written in the same direction and there is a set order to write the strokes of each a set order to write the strokes of each character. In dictionaries, characters are character. In dictionaries, characters are ordered partly by the number of stokes ordered partly by the number of stokes they contain. they contain.

When writing Chinese, every character is given exactly the same When writing Chinese, every character is given exactly the same amount of space, no matter how many strokes it contains. There amount of space, no matter how many strokes it contains. There are no spaces between characters and the characters which are no spaces between characters and the characters which make up multi-syllable words are not grouped together, so when make up multi-syllable words are not grouped together, so when reading Chinese, you not only have to work out what the reading Chinese, you not only have to work out what the characters mean and how to pronounce them, but also which characters mean and how to pronounce them, but also which characters belong together. characters belong together.

HomophonesHomophones There are approximately 1,700 possible syllables in Mandarin, There are approximately 1,700 possible syllables in Mandarin,

which compares with over 8,000 in English. As a result, there are which compares with over 8,000 in English. As a result, there are many homophones - syllables which sound the same but mean many homophones - syllables which sound the same but mean different things. These are distinguished in written Chinese by different things. These are distinguished in written Chinese by using different characters for each one. using different characters for each one.

Not all the following characters are pronounced with Not all the following characters are pronounced with the same tone, so to Chinese ears they sound the same tone, so to Chinese ears they sound different. To Westerner ears however they all sound different. To Westerner ears however they all sound the same. These syllables can be distinguished in the same. These syllables can be distinguished in speech from the context and because most of them speech from the context and because most of them usually appear in combination with other syllables. usually appear in combination with other syllables.

It is even possible to write a text in Chinese using on It is even possible to write a text in Chinese using on one sound, pronounced with different tones, of course. one sound, pronounced with different tones, of course. This is exactly what Chinese linguist, Zhao Yuanren, This is exactly what Chinese linguist, Zhao Yuanren, did when he wrote the "Story of Shi Eating the Lions" did when he wrote the "Story of Shi Eating the Lions" using nothing but the sound 'shi'. The story makes using nothing but the sound 'shi'. The story makes sense in written form, but is impossible to understand sense in written form, but is impossible to understand when read aloud. when read aloud.

Chinese verbs and adjectives generally consist of one Chinese verbs and adjectives generally consist of one character (syllable) but nouns often consist of two, character (syllable) but nouns often consist of two, three or more characters (syllables): three or more characters (syllables):

Story of Shi Eating the LionsA poet named Shi lived in a stone room,

fond of lions, he swore that he would eat ten lions.He constantly went to the market to look for ten lions.

At ten o’clock, ten lions came to the marketand Shi went to the market.

Looking at the ten lions, he relied on his arrowsto cause the ten lions to pass away.

Shi picked up the corpses of the ten lions and took them to his stone room.

The stone room was damp. Shi ordered a servant to wipe the stone room.

As the stone den was being wiped, Shi began to try to eat the meat of the ten lions.

At the time of the meal, he began to realize that the ten lion corpses were in fact were ten stone lions.

shī shì shí shī shǐshí shì shī shì shī shì,shì shī, shì shí shí shī.

shì shí shí shì shì shì shīshí shí, shì shí shī shì shì.

shì shí, shì shī shì shì shì shì.shì shì shì shí shī, shì shǐ shì,

shǐ shì shí shī shì shì.shì shí shì shí shī shī, shì shí shì.shí shì, shī, shì shǐ shì shì shí shì.

shí shì shì, shì shǐ shì shí shí shī shī.shí shí, shǐ shì shì shí shī shī, shí shí shí shī shī.

shì shì shì shì

Zhou Dynasty ChinaZhou Dynasty China

Zhou were originally pastoral invaders Zhou were originally pastoral invaders from Central Asiafrom Central Asia

Eventually the Zhou were assimilated Eventually the Zhou were assimilated into Chinese populationinto Chinese population

Zhou brought the concept of “the Zhou brought the concept of “the Mandate of Heaven” to Chinese cultureMandate of Heaven” to Chinese culture

Feudalism Feudalism

TheDynastic

Cycle

TheDynastic

Cycle

A new dynasty

comes to power.

A new dynasty

comes to power.

Lives of common people improved;

taxes reduced;farming encouraged.

Lives of common people improved;

taxes reduced;farming encouraged.

Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)

Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)

Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.

Farming neglected.

Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.

Farming neglected.

Govt. increasesspending; corruption.

Govt. increasesspending; corruption.

Droughts,floods,

famines occur.

Droughts,floods,

famines occur.

Poor looserespect for govt.They join rebels

& attack landlords.

Poor looserespect for govt.They join rebels

& attack landlords.

Rebel bands findstrong leader who

unites them.Attack the emperor.

Rebel bands findstrong leader who

unites them.Attack the emperor.

Emperor isdefeated !!

Emperor isdefeated !!

The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it more

efficient.

The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it more

efficient.

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