Advanced Information Storage 17 - University of Yorkah566/lectures/adv17_others.pdf · Advanced...
Transcript of Advanced Information Storage 17 - University of Yorkah566/lectures/adv17_others.pdf · Advanced...
1
Department of Electronics
Advanced Information Storage 17
Atsufumi Hirohata
17:00 02/December/2013 Monday (AEW 105)
Quick Review over the Last Lecture
Cache and register :
* http://withfriendship.com/user/levis/processor-register.php
• Cache to overcome the von Neumann bottleneck :
Access speed : Processor ≫ memories
2
17 Other Memory Concepts
• Millipede
• Nano-RAM
• Floating junction gate
• Hybrid memory cube
• I / O interfaces
Millipede Memory
* http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/IBMs_Millipede_Memory_Chip
In 2002, Gerd Binnig (IBM) proposed a millipede memory : *
• Arrayed AFM tips (1,024) for read / write
• Bit to be recorded as a nanometre-sized indentation by a heated tip
• Bit to be erased by a heated tip
• Bit to be read by a tip
3
Further Improvement
* http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/tech/36334
In 2005, an improved millipede memory was announced : *
64 × 64 cantilever array
7 mm × 7 mm data sled
800 Gbit / inch 2
10 nm indented bits
Theoretically > 1 Tbit / inch 2
× Slow access speed
× Mechanical parts
Nano-RAM (NRAM)
* http://www.wikipedia.org/
In 2001, Nantero was founded to fabricate nano-RAM (NRAM) : *
4
Floating Junction Gate Floating junction gate (FJG) random access memory was invented by Oriental Semiconductor in 2013 : *
* http://www.wikipedia.org/
Hybrid Memory Cube Micron and Samsung formed consortium to develop a new 3D architecture : *
* http://japanese.engadget.com/2013/04/03/dram-hmc-1-0/
3D memory arrays
TSV (through-Silicon via)
→ Memory chip fabricated on an interface logic between a CPU / GPU and memory controller
Large band width (interface speed : × 15 as compared with DDR3
Low power consumption : - 70 % as compared with DDR3
Area : - 90 % as compared with RDIMM
5
Electrically-Induced Phase Changes Universities of Chiba and Karlsruhe jointly demonstrated Fe atomic structures can be transformed between bcc and fcc by applying an electric field using a STM tip : *
* http://archive.wiredvision.co.jp/blog/yamaji/201012/201012241431.html
Semiconducting Mechanical Resonator
* http://archive.wiredvision.co.jp/blog/yamaji/201103/201103241931.html
Electrode B
Electrode C
Electrode A Mechanical resonator
Input B (frequency : fB)
NTT developed a mechanical resonator for logic circuits : *
Input A (frequency : fA)
Electrical input
Mechanical resonance
Different electrical output
“1” : resonance / “0” : no signal
time
Output A and B (fC)
Output A or B (fD)
0.1 pW / resonator
Low power consumption :
Current CPU : ~ 10 W Resonator : ~ 10 µW
6
Logic Operations Logic operations : *
* http://archive.wiredvision.co.jp/blog/yamaji/201103/201103241931.html
Input : A and B
Input : B
Input : A
Input : none
Out
put I
nten
sity
Output Frequency
Quasi-Liquid Memory Gel / liquid memrister was demonstrated by North Carolina State University : *
* H.-J. Koo et al., Adv. Mater. 23, 3559 (2011).
7
Categories of Input / Output Interfaces Memories engaging through input / output (I/O) interfaces can be categorised : *
* http://www.docstoc.com/docs/120963914/Chapter-11-IO-Management-and-Disk-Scheduling
Human readable :
• Suitable for communicating with the computer user
• Examples : printers, terminals, video display, keyboard, mouse
Machine readable :
• Suitable for communicating with electronic equipment
• Examples : disk drives, USB keys, sensors, controllers
Communications :
• Suitable for communicating with remote devices
• Examples : modems, digital line drivers
Organisation of I / O Functions I/O technologies can be categorised : *
* http://www.docstoc.com/docs/120963914/Chapter-11-IO-Management-and-Disk-Scheduling
Prorgrammed I/O :
• The processor issues an I/O command on behalf of a process to an I/O module.
• That process then becomes busy and waits for the operation to be completed before proceeding.
Interrupt-driven I/O :
• The processor issues an I/O command on behalf of a process.
• If non-blocking – processor continues to execute instructions from the process that issued the I/O command.
• If blocking – the next instruction the processor executes is from the OS, which will put the current process in a blocked state and schedule another process.
Direct memory access (DMA) :
• A DMA module controls the exchange of data between main memory and an I/O module.
8
Evolution of I / O Functions
* http://www.docstoc.com/docs/120963914/Chapter-11-IO-Management-and-Disk-Scheduling
1 • Processor directly controls a peripheral device
2 • A controller or I/O module is added
3 • Same configuration as step 2, but now interrupts are employed
4 • The I/O module is given direct control of memory via DMA
5 • The I/O module is enhanced to become a separate processor, with a
specialized instruction set tailored for I/O
6 • The I/O module has a local memory of its own and is, in fact, a
computer in its own right
DMA Alternative Configurations
* http://www.docstoc.com/docs/120963914/Chapter-11-IO-Management-and-Disk-Scheduling
9
Model of I / O Organisations
* http://www.docstoc.com/docs/120963914/Chapter-11-IO-Management-and-Disk-Scheduling
Buffering
* http://www.docstoc.com/docs/120963914/Chapter-11-IO-Management-and-Disk-Scheduling
Buffering is used to smooth out peaks in I/O requests : *
Block-oriented devices :
• Stores information in blocks that are usually of fixed size
• Transfers are made one block at a time
• Possible to reference data by its block number
• Disks and USB keys are examples
Stream-oriented devices :
• Transfers data in and out as a stream of bytes
• No block structure
• Terminals, printers, communications ports, and most other devices that are not secondary storage are examples
10
Types of Buffering
* http://www.docstoc.com/docs/120963914/Chapter-11-IO-Management-and-Disk-Scheduling
Without buffering, an operating system (OS) directly sees the device : *
Single buffer, the OS assigns the buffer in a main memory for I/O requests : *
Timing of I / O Requests
* http://www.docstoc.com/docs/120963914/Chapter-11-IO-Management-and-Disk-Scheduling
Typical I/O transfer depends on : *