(ADVANCED) FLOW MEASUREMENTS Dr. János VAD, associate … · 2010-02-23 · (ADVANCED) FLOW...
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(ADVANCED) FLOW MEASUREMENTS
Dr. János VAD, associate professor, Dept. Fluid Mechanics, BME
1: Introduction. The need for flow measurements. Practical / industrial
necessity of flow measurements in general. Quantities to be measured.
Aspects of „being advanced”. Special notes on advanced flow measurements.
2: Measurement of temporal mean pressures: static, total, dynamic. Probes
Interactive presentations (– „PREMIUM SCORES”):
Vad, J. (2008), Advanced flow measurements. Mőegyetemi Kiadó, 45085.
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
2: Measurement of temporal mean pressures: static, total, dynamic. Probes
and methods. Manometers. Pressure-based measurement of velocity
magnitude and direction. Anemometers, thermal probes. Temperature
measurements.
3: Measurement of unsteady pressures. Sound and vibration measurements.
Laboratory display: Devices for pressure, velocity and temperature
measurements. Pneumatic measurements (pressure, temperature, flow rate).
Electro-pneumatic systems.
4: Hot wire anemometry. Flow visualization. Introduction to lasers applied to
optical flow diagnostics.
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5: Laser optical flow measurements. Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). Phase
Doppler Anemometry (PDA). Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV).
6: Laboratory display: Wind tunnel techniques. Hot wire anemometry. Laser
operation. Laser Doppler Anemometry.
7: Mid-term test 1 – Part A: closed book test (theory), Part B: open book test
(solution of practical problems)
8: Flow rate measurements with use of contraction elements and deduced from
velocity data. Comparison.
9: Specialised flowmeters: ultrasonic, MHD, capacitive cross-correlation
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
9: Specialised flowmeters: ultrasonic, MHD, capacitive cross-correlation
technique, Coriolis.
10: Specialised flowmeters: vortex, rotameter, turbine, volumetric.
11: Laboratory display: Ultrasonic flowmetry, MHD flowmetry, rotameters,
turbine flowmeters.
12: Mid-term test 2 – Part A: closed book test (theory), Part B: open book test
(solution of practical problems)
13: The complementary characters of flow measurements and Computational
Fluid Dynamics. Industrial case studies.
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For the Mechanical Engineering Modelling MSc+PhD Course: Interactive seminars (lab displays, industrial case studies–„PREMIUM SCORES”) + laboratory excercises:
1: ICS: Fault diagnostics of the air supply system of a gas motor power
generator. Development of a dynamic fire extinguishment method. Testing a
wind tunnel via ad hoc measurements.
2: ICS: Optimization of a mineral wool production process. Development of an
axial fan of long throw. Visualisation of water coning in the model of an oil
production well.
3: ICS: Proposal for noise reduction of an aerobic waste water treatment
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
3: ICS: Proposal for noise reduction of an aerobic waste water treatment
system. Investigation on a wood chip drying tower.
4: ICS: Optimization of a pharmaceutical fermentation process. Measurement
and simulation of an electro-pneumatic brake modulator. Vibration diagnostics
on a boiler combustion air supply fan.
5: ICS: Experimental investigation on a scaled-up model fuel pump. Extension
of a food industry cooler system.
6: Laboratory display: Visit to the laboratory of Institute of Physics, Eötvös
Loránt University of Science. PIV measurements.
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7: Preparation for the laboratory measurements. Laboratorymeasurements 1.
8: Laboratory measurements 2.
9: Laboratory measurements 3.
10: ICS: Development of a standardised axial fan test facility for testing
industrial fans. Fluid mechanical survey of a gas turbine power plant.
11: ICS: Measurements on a silencer built in a cement industry flue gas duct.
Fluid mechanical survey of a combustion air supply fan of a thermal power
plant.
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
plant.
12: ICS: Survey on a heat power measurement method in a remote heating
system. Reconstruction of the pump system of a chemical industrial reservoir
park.
13: ICS: Investigation of the cooling process applied in sheet metal industry.
Study on the effect of flow rate measurement noise in a natural gas supply line.
Testing compressors used in air conditioners.
14: Presentation of laboratory measurement results.
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HARDCORE FLUID MECHANICS
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
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„Keep•your blood clean,•your body lean,•and your mind sharp.”
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. Objectives of fluid flow measurements
1.1.1. Global (integral) quantitiesGeneral judgment of operation of fluid machinery and the connected fluid mechanical system, fault diagnostics (occasional studies)
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
i
n
i
i
A
m AvdAvq
duct
∆ρρ ∑∫=
⊥≈=1
Mass flow rate:
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Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
Volume flow rate:
∫=
ductA
V dAvq
Providing measurement data for process control and automation
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1.1.2. Local quantities, flow structure data
Fault diagnostics, check of operational state
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
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Providing measurement data for industrial process control
Pressure drop [Pa]
0 2 4 6 8 [m/s]
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
0 2 4 6 8 [m/s]
Air velocity
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Measurement-based research and development (R&D)
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
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Experimental validation of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
R
0.1 cu
[deg]θ
P S
O
U
CFP
W
V
TCA
STH
PV
0.90
0.95
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
1.00
R
0.1
[deg]θ
P
S
O
U
CF PW
CA
STH PV
cu T
LDA: CFD:
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1.2. Measured quantities under discussion
Related to industrial applications and R&D:
Global quantities:•Volume flow rate
•Mass flow rate
Local quantities:
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
Local quantities:Scalar quantities:
•Pressure (temporal mean and fluctuating)
•Temperature
•Concentration of another phase
Vectorial quantities:
•Velocity (temporal mean and fluctuating)
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1.3. “Advanced flow measurements”: aspects of being “advanced”
Demand Examples for instrumentation
“Small” measurement uncertainty Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA):
velocity measurement with 0.1 %
relative uncertainty
“Wide” measurement range LDA equipped with high-speed data
acquisition card, capable for
measurement of sign of velocity:
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
measurement of sign of velocity:
velocity from 0 m/s up to supersonic
flow
“High” spatial resolution LDA: the size of the measurement
volume is in the order of magnitude of
0.1 mm (⇔ Pitot-static probe)
“High” temporal resolution for
investigation of time-dependent
processes (e.g. turbulence)
Hot wire anemometry (Constant
temperature anemometry: CTA) (⇔
Pitot-static probe)
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“High” directional resolution for
measurement of vector quantities
LDA: the interference fringe system
defines the direction of velocity
component being measured (⇔ Pitot-
static probe)
“Low” directional resolution for
measurement of scalar quantities
Pitot-static (Prandtl) probe for
dynamic pressure measurements:
directionally insensitive in the range
of ±15° (this is a disadvantage if the
velocity is to be determined for
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
velocity is to be determined for
deduction of volume flow rate)
Multi-dimensionality 1D, 2D, 3D LDA and CTA, stereo
PIV
Limited need for calibration (stable
internal parameters)
LDA: NO need for calibration, “black
box”: NOT ALLOWED to adjust (⇔
CTA)
Easy-to-use, “plug and play” Propeller anemometer (⇔ LDA)
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Reliable operation in a wide
application area: under heavy
circumstances (dusty, hot, humid,
aggressive industrial environment)
S-probe (⇔ LDA)
Application areas not servable with
other methods; remote measurements
Laser vibrometer (⇔ pieso-electric
accelerometer)
“Limited” disturbance of the flow to Ultrasound flowmeter (⇔ Solid-state
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
“Limited” disturbance of the flow to
be measured: “non-contact” / “non-
intrusive” / “non-invasive” techniques
Ultrasound flowmeter (⇔ Solid-state
probes)
Limited necessity to manipulate the
equipment to be measured
Laser vibrometer, ultrasound
flowmeter (⇔ throughflow orifice
meter)
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Electronic output signal for advanced
representation of data and for process
control
Electronic pressure transducer (⇔ U-
type liquid manometer)
Computer-supported, automated
measurement (calibration, traversing,
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) (⇔
Pitot-static probe)
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
measurement (calibration, traversing,
data acquisition, data processing, data
storage, data representation…)
Pitot-static probe)
“Low” expenses Pitot-static probe (⇔ LDA)
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1.4. Special notes on advanced flow measurements
A/ Measurement methods: selection according to the demands
Velocity measurement:
Technique Pitot-static probe 1-component
CTA or LDA
2-component
LDA
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
Aim Magnitude of
temporal mean
velocity, point-
like
1 temporal mean
(and fluctuating)
velocity
component, point-
like
2 velocity
components,
point-like
O. m. in
expenses
0.5 kEUR 25 kEUR 100 kEUR
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Technique 3-component
LDA
2-component PIV Stereo PIV
Aim 3 velocity
components,
point-like
2 velocity
components, in a
plane
3 velocity
components, in a
plane
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
point-like plane plane
O. m. in
expenses
200 kEUR 200 kEUR 400 kEUR
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B/ “Advanced” only IF: the entire experimental procedure and evaluation is also advanced
•Supersonic wind tunnel:
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
•IC test engine
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C/ Paradox: „we need to know the answer before we begin.”
“Without theory the facts remain silent.”
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
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x - y Traversing
Fan with
Rotary encoder
Throttle
mechanism
Rotor
torque meter
y
x
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
Inlet cone
Spray nozzle
air inlet
LDA system
Downstream windows
Upstream windows
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D/ Full exploitation of the measurement technique
5 1015 20 25 30 35 0.7
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u kc u=2R ψ
Dr. János VAD: Flow measurements
35Tangenciális koordináta [deg] Lapátmozgás 35Tangenciális koordináta [deg] Lapátmozgás
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c kϕ x u=
Tangenciális koordináta [deg]5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ω0.1u
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k