L !.DOCUMENTATION OFDECISION-AIDING SOFTWARE:

SCORING RULE SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONDECISIONS AND DESIGNS INC.

Dorothy M. AmeyPhillip H. Feuerwerger

. Roy M. Gulick

July 1979

' ' . .q a

.TI

ADVANCED f

DECISION TECHNOLOGYPROGRQAM

CYBERNETICS TECHNOLOGY OFFICEDEFENSE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY

Office of Naval Research • Engineering Ps,,chology Programs

7 IA

•~ 11 26 186al

DOCUMENTATION OF DECISION-AIDING SOFTWARE:SCORING RULE SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

by

Dorothy M. Amey. Phillip H. Feuerwerger. and Roy M. Gulick

Sponsored by

Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyARPA Order 3469

July 1979

D2CIsIOfs uno oesi05nS. Inc.Suite 600, 8400 Westpark Drive

P.O.Box 907McLean, Virginia 22101

(703) 821-2828 -

; f8WWu1on Un~m~ted

ftI@M

CONTENTS

Page

FIGURES iii

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Purpose of the System Specification 1

1.2 References 1

1.3 Terms and Abbreviations 2

1.3.1 Scoring Rule 21.3.2 SCORE 21.3.3 Terms 2

2.0 DESIGN DETAILS 3

2.1 Background 3

2.2 General Operating Procedures 3

2.3 System Logical Flow 3

2.4 HIPO Documentation 6

AySI tllt odeBAwatllbilil Cod,0S

...Av n d/or;otst s .pecial

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FIGURES

Figure

2-1. LEGEN4D OF HIPO SYMBOLS5

2-2 SCORE OVERVIEW AND VISUAL TABLE OF CONTENTS 7

i up °J | .- . . . . -. .

SCORING RULE SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of the System Specification

The Scoring Rule System Specification is a technical

document written for software development personnel. To-

gether with the Scoring Rule Functional Description, it

guides the software development effort by identifying the

functional requirements and by providing structured logic

diagrams that depict the flow, control, and processing of

information within the system.

The Scoring Rule System Specification is generic and

is intended to guide and facilitate the preparation of the

language-specific program documentation and coding that are

necessary to implement and operate Scoring Rule at an instal-

lation. /

1.2 References /

1.2.1 IBM, HIPO--A Design Aid and Documentation Tech

nique. Technical Publication GC20-1851-0.

White Plains, New York: IBM, October 1974.

1.2.2 Amey, Dorothy M.; Feuerwerger, Phillip H.;

Gulick, Roy M. Documentation of Decision-Aiding

Software: Scoring Rule Functional Description.

McLean, Virginia: Decisions and Designs, Inc.,

July 1979.

L1

1.2.3 Amey, Dorothy M.; Feuerwerger, Phillip H.;

Gulick, Roy M. Documentation of Decision-Aiding

Software: Scoring Rule Users Manual. McLean,Virginia: Decisions and Designs, Inc., July

1979.

1.2.4 Brown, Rex V.; Kahr, Andrew S.; Peterson,

Cameron R. Decision Analysis for the Manager.New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974.

1.3 Terms and Abbreviations

1.3.1 Scoring Rule - Scoring Rule, the name of the

system, is a short description of the function performed by

the software, reflecting the system's method for testing,scoring, and training probability assessors.

1.3.2 SCORE - SCORE, an abbreviation for Scoring Rule,is used throughout this report to refer to the system.

1.3.3 Terms - Standard mathematical notations are usedthroughout this System Specification. Chapter 31 of refer-ence 1.2.4 provides additional background and insight into

the terms and basic concepts underlying the proceduresimplemented by SCORE.

2

2.0 DESIGN DETAILS

2.1 Background

Systems development personnel should refer to the

Scoring Rule Functional Description, reference 1.2.2, in

conjunction with the documentation contained in this speci-

fication. The Functional Description details the testing

procedure implemented by the software and discusses the

specific functions that the software performs. In addition,

systems development personnel may wish to refer to the

Scoring Rule Users Manual, reference 1.2.3.

2.2 General opertn Procedures

SCORE is designed to interact with the user by pre-

senting a sequential set of questions and alternative

answers and asking the user to respond by selecting the

correct answer and specifying the degree of certainty in the

form of a probability. The user may optionally enter com-

mand characters (H, F, or S) which will allow the interrup-

tion of the question-answering mode. If the "H" command is

entered, the system will return a list of available commands

and an explanation of their use; the "F" command causes the

output of intermediate results; and the "S" command causes

an exit from the system prior to finishing the question set.

The system is also designed to be generally forgiving

of procedural errors by the user.

2.3 System Logical Flow

SCORE is a hierarchically structured, modular system.The system structure and logical flow lends itself to

3

* presentation in the form of HIPO diagrams, which are con-tained in this document.

The main purpose of the HIPO diagrams is to provide, ina pictorial manner, the complete set of modular elements

necessary to the operation of SCORE including all input,

output, and internal functional processing. This is done by

displaying input items of the process step which uses them,

defining the process, and showing the resulting output of

the process step.

The documentation diagrams are designed and drawn in a

hierarchical fashion from the main calling routines to the* detail-level operation/calculation routines. Extended

written descriptions are given below a HIPO diagram whenever

it is deemed necessary.

A complete explanation of the symbolic notation used inthe HIPO diagrams is given in reference 1.2.1. An abbre-

* viated legend for the symbols used in this specification isgiven in Figure 2-1. Note that:

a. External subroutines appear partly in the process

block and partly out. Internal subroutines are

shown within the process block.

b. Overview diagrams show general inputs and outputs

only, whereas detail/subroutine-level diagrams

show specific input/output tables and/or displays.

ce Rectangular boxes inside the input/output block

areas are generally used to denote single dataitems. Two or more boxes are grouped to showseveral data items are input/output.

4

Control

*Data movement Sbotn

-> Pointer

- - - - - > ata efer nceLogical grouping

- ~ of functions

Keyed data arrows

I Function identifiedAMI but not included in

ID Of f-page N.N package

connection arrowsL. J

~DATA

'. General flow of data 'DATA ' Or TEamong subprocesses ITEMII Any general

Subrutie ivoke j* ,,J input or output itemW (Return is made to

calling routine)

Routine receives control ONLINE Input/output medium -

STORAGE includes drum, disk, tape,Routine exitsdikteor returns controlI

Inoraio isly yMAGNETIC Mantcap

Infrmtin dspaybyTAPE input/output mediumDISPLAY online indicators - prompted

by program execution or by ekeyboard input, especially CRT

Figure 2-1LEGEND OF HIPO SYMBOLS

d. Rectangular boxes inside the process block indi-

W cate repetitive subprocesses*

The HIPO diagrams appear in the next section, which

completes the System Specification.

2.4 HIPO Documentation

The HIPO diagram identification numbers and figure

040 numbers used in this section stand alone; i.e., they start

with 1.0, increase hierarchically, and are independent of

the number scheme used to this point in this document.

Figure 2-2 is a system structure chart and represents

the overall program logic flow in a visual table of con-

tents. The Visual Table of Contents diagram shows the

hierarchical structure, the functional description labels,

and the diagram (chart) identifiers of functions of SCORE.

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