Advanced Design of Interactive Systems · Advanced Design of Interactive Systems February 2020 ©...

Advanced Design of Interactive Systems February 2020

© Wendy E. Mackay Inria & Université Paris-Saclay

Professor: Wendy Mackay [email protected]: Yi Zhang [email protected]: Nicolas Taffin [email protected]

ExSitu lab, Inria & Université Paris-Saclay

10 February 2020

Advanced Design �of Interactive Systems

Lecture 4: Participatory Design

Chapter 5: Participatory Design© 2020 Wendy E. Mackay

Participatory Design lectureIntroductionParticipatory Design workshopsTechnology probesCreativity methodsField studyInteractive threadStructured observationConclusion

ParticipatoryDesign



Participatory Design…focuses on situated interaction �

between users and technology…involves users throughout the design process…is fundamentally generative not evaluative…values iteration and rapid redesign …explores breakdowns and the unexpectednot just perfection

Participatory DesignGood User Experience design involves (at least): user interviews, focus groups & user testingParticipatory design actively involves users throughoutthe design process

Participatory DesignWhy involve users throughout?costs time and effort ...But: users can als:save timeprevent making major errorscontribute to new insightsgenerate context-tested user innovations

Participatory DesignUsers are expert at:the experience of the design probelmbut rarely the design solutionDon’t ask users to designDo ask them to participate!



Participatory DesignCompare ‘subject matter experts’ and ordinary usersSubject matter experts:provide expert advice on contentoften want to design solutions for youmay not take the ‘ordinary user’ perspectiveYou need both!Example: Boeing test pilots

Participatory DesignKey challenge: How to get access to users?Some users are hard to get:Fragile: children, elderly, handicappedBusy experts: pilots, doctors, lawyersLocation: waste water plant, air traffic control room

Participatory DesignHow do you talk to them?They come to you great if you can do it, Lab, office, café lacks context Workshop setting You go to them more trouble Their workplace worth it Their home Class Conference Reception Museum

Participatory DesignHow do you manage their expectations?Context may be: Educational vs. Research vs. CorporateBe careful what you promise:Exploring ideas vs. building them a custom productBe careful of their backgrounds:example: ‘yellow family’



Participatory DesignPaper and video prototyping lets everyone participate on an equal basis

Prototyping with Biologists

Prototying with biologists at the Institut Pasteur

Why participatory design?Asking users ≠ letting them show you It is hard to figure out what the user experiences…especially if you are not one of your own users.Your instincts are not enough and often wrong… and get worse as you delve deeper into the design. You will understand the system more … but the user less.

Examples:General Motors executives thought GM quality was great.Every morning, their cars went to the shopExperts tuned them, cars rarely broke down





Examples:General Motors executives thought GM quality was great.Every morning, their cars went to the shopExperts tuned them, cars rarely broke downBUT GM customers had a very different experienceNo daily tune-ups – poor reliabilityExecutives had no clue about what was wrong

Examples:California Department of Motor Vehicles was very, very slowExecutives skipped the linesAll other drivers forced to wait with regular customersInnovation: Make all executives wait in lineResult: Many innovations and reduced linesYour design instincts are not good if you lack the user’s ‘lived’ experienceSet up the environment so users experience real conditions



Cultural Probes

Cultural probesPurpose

Exploration of Research/Design SpaceChallenge assumptionsValidate predictionsLook for unexpectedGather subjective, intimate materialDialog with users

Deployment

Involve usersConsider privacyRequired resourcesLength of time

Inspire

EngageInform

Classic probes:disposable camera with questionsdiariesdream recorder



Cultural probes for InterLiving project“Probe kit” sent to userswith stamped envelopes to return materials

TechnologyProbes

Perspectives on understanding users

Scientific viewCollect data about users‘Objective’ analysisInform designers

Design perspectiveSeek design inspirationRedefine the design problemGenerate innovations

Engineering perspective Address a given problem Make technical trade-offs

Ensure that it works “in situ”

Technology probes

Goals:Inspire users and designers to generate new design ideasUnderstand how a technology is used in a real world settingStudy emergent behavior patterns around new technologiesCreate common ground for subsequent designCombine three perspectives:Scientific: collect data about users in situEngineering: test technical infrastructureDesign: inspire new ideas



Technology probesThree phases:1. Introduce technology to users2. Observe and interpret use in situ3. Participatory design to explore alternatives and new ideas

Compare: Technology probes Prototypes

Simplicity: Single function Multiple functionsUsabilty: Not the focus Major focusLogging: Major focus Secondary focusFlexibility: Open-ended Specified purposeOriginality: Unusual, provocative Relevant to needsDesign cycle: Early-middle Middle-endLongevity: Throw away EvolvableConcept: Still unclear Mostly defined

Example: InterLiving

Goals: learn about family communicationdiscover real-world technological constraintsspark new ideasTechnology probe, not a prototype:Simple, single function technologyInstalled in home settings over timeOpen to reinterpretation by usersInstrumented to log dataFollow-up prototyping in participatory design workshops

Participatory design with families

Designmethods:Cultural probesDesign workshops“Home” workIn situ observation

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Example: MessageProbeHand-written notes on a tablet screenSynchronous or asynchronousZoomable interfaceAll notes shared among all householdsTemporal or selected order

Example: MessageProbeconversations between message? grandpa and grand children conversation? game?

Example: VideoProbeImages from a video camera No motion 3 sec. = 1 imageImage archive shared between householdsView images with a remote controlImages fade unless explicitly save

We’re going away for a week

Happy Vacation to everybody!!

Example: VideoProbe Testing in the home:Must work for familiesand sistersin tiny Paris apartments



Example: Marker Clock

Peripheral awareness for seniors at homeMonitoring vs. Peer-careImplicit sharing: movement on clock faceExplicit sharing: leaving markers

Field tested with seniors in FranceEasily interpretable by people who know each others’ rhythms and routines

Example: MirrorSpaceInstead of a high-resolution video imageBlur the image according to the distance:Far away: blurry imageApproach: crisp imageUsers control their privacy simply bymoving in space

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Example: MirrorSpaceExhibited at:La VillettePompidou CentreWe notices the people who know each other approachand play with each other’sfaces ...Strangers immediately stepback

How to design a probeDecide what you would like to find out about your usersChoose an existing device that can:capture relevant information from themprovide a new experience for theminspire ideas relevant to your projectCultural probes: Discover user characteristicsTechnology probes: Inspire new designs



InteractiveThread

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Weaving an interactive thread

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Participatory research methods

DIS 2004

Interactive Thread at DIS 2002Goal: Create a dynamic, interesting event that: increases audience participation? shares multi-disciplinary design methods? collects data for the interLiving project?Solution:An ‘interactive thread’ of 10 design exerciseswoven through the 3-day conference15-minutes at the end of each 90-minute session

Interactive Thread at DIS 2002Begin with a focal point: Henrik Färling’s 3 meter long poster included drawings ofreal stories collected from the interLiving projectTen10-minute exercisesbuilt on each other



Interactive Thread at DIS 2002One method card per exercise:Front: Describe goal and instructionsBack: Specific task and workspace

DIS 2002

Interactive Thread at DIS 2002What worked well:Poster as focal pointEarly, short exercisesData gathering exercisesParticipant interaction

What worked less well:Removing poster after day 1Longer exercisesToo many exercisesStress from linked exercises

Interactive Thread at UIST ‘07Two exercises:Conference activity: Banquet activity: Timeline to capture key Brainstorm new ideas influences from the past from old publications



Interactive Thread at UIST ‘07Capture the paston a timelineCreate interaction point cardsParticipants fill in the history of interactive technologyPlace them on thetimeline

Interactive Thread at UIST ‘07Brainstorm the futureCreate cards with images from previous work Participants generate new ideas, inspired by earlierwork

Possible interactive thread eventsPost-class exercisestudents perform exercises just before the bell rings

Experiment debriefingsubjects interview each other after a session

Corporate meetingsexpose everyone to interactive design techniques

Seminars or conferences (sessions or banquets)get specialized interviews from doctors, air traffic controllers, fighter pilots and other hard-to-access users

Participatory designWorkshop



Participatory design workshopsBring together users and designersCreate an environment for collaborative exploration of ideasActivities can: capture experiencescreate scenariosbrainstorm ideasexplore ideasDo not ASK userswhat they thinkInstead, help them show you

Borrow design activities from classAbout users: Interviews, current

scenario, persona, cultural probe, technology probe

Create ideas: Brainstorming, video brainstorming, web links

Prototype: Future scenario, storyboard, video prototype, design �concept, design diagram

Evaluate: Design walkthrough, field studies, experiments

Redesign: Generative walkthroughs, structured observation

userinsights

designspace

design

analysis interpret

designimplications

designbrief

axesdesign

alternativestechnical

possibilities

designstudies

userinsights

Homework

useranalysisinterpret

userinsights

useranalysisinterpret

userinsights

analysis

implicationsfor design

designstudies analysis

implicationsfor design

designstudies

design

designbrief

designalternatives

designspace

axestechnical possibilities

designspace

axestechnical possibilities

design

designbrief

designalternatives

For Tuesday, 11 February Each group should have:• Concept• Intial storyboard• Feedback on Collaborative Video Clipper• Design Method Poster



Wednesday: Design a participatory design workshopDecide on: participants, setting, schedule, activitiesRatio of team members to users?Preparation:Materials? Pre-workshop activities?Workshop activities:Which activities from class are appropriate?Can you think of any others?Follow-up activities:What do participants get as a result of participating(Need not be money or gifts … but they should benefit)

Advanced Design of Interactive Systems · Advanced Design of Interactive Systems February 2020 ©...

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