Adult Attachment Patterns Typically measured using an extensive interview Main et al. AAI...

Adult Attachment PatternsAdult Attachment Patterns

Typically measured using an extensive Typically measured using an extensive interviewinterview

Main et al. AAIMain et al. AAI

Bartholomew’s 4 category modelBartholomew’s 4 category model– Model of selfModel of self– Model of otherModel of other

Adult Attachment PatternsAdult Attachment Patterns

SecureSecure

DismissingDismissing

Preoccupied Preoccupied

FearfulFearful

EmotionsEmotions

Rapid appraisal of personal significance Rapid appraisal of personal significance of situationsof situations

Energize behavior; Energize behavior; prepare for actionprepare for action

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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

Functions of EmotionsFunctions of Emotions

Effects on:Cognition

• Lead to learning essential for survival• Can impair learning

Social• Affect behavior of others• Regulate own behavior

Health• Influence well-being, growth, • Stress related to diseases


Parental Depression and Child Parental Depression and Child Development Development

Infants of depressed mothers sleep poorly, are Infants of depressed mothers sleep poorly, are less attentive to their surroundings, and have less attentive to their surroundings, and have elevated levels of cortisol.elevated levels of cortisol.

Paternal depression is a strong predictor of Paternal depression is a strong predictor of behavior problems. behavior problems.

Children who are subjected to parental negativity Children who are subjected to parental negativity develop a pessimistic world-view.develop a pessimistic world-view.

Early treatment and quality of parenting are very Early treatment and quality of parenting are very important. More likely to be insecurely attached.important. More likely to be insecurely attached.


Emotional expressionsEmotional expressions

First Appearance of Basic EmotionsFirst Appearance of Basic Emotions

Happiness

Smile – from birth Social smile – 6 to 10 weeks Laugh – 3–4 months

Anger

General distress – from birth Anger – 4–6 months

Sadness

Less common than anger Often a response to a disruption in caregiver-infant communication

Fear

First fears – 6–12 months Stranger Anxiety – 8–12 months


Can infants discriminate facial Can infants discriminate facial expressions?expressions?

Labarbara et al. Preference for facial Labarbara et al. Preference for facial expressionsexpressions– Subjects: 4 & 6 mo. Old infantsSubjects: 4 & 6 mo. Old infants– Shown slides:Shown slides:– 3 neutral expressions3 neutral expressions– 3 happy expressions3 happy expressions– 3 angry expressions3 angry expressions

Average looking times for these Average looking times for these expressions:expressions:– Joy: 9.30 secondsJoy: 9.30 seconds– Anger – 7.31 sec.Anger – 7.31 sec.– Neutral – 6.36 secondsNeutral – 6.36 seconds

Limitation of preferential looking Limitation of preferential looking paradigm?paradigm?

Habituation paradigmHabituation paradigm

Habituation: Infant is presented with a stimulus Habituation: Infant is presented with a stimulus repeatedly until he/she loses interest. i.e., infant repeatedly until he/she loses interest. i.e., infant has habituated to the stimulus.has habituated to the stimulus.

Then the stimulus is changed in some way and Then the stimulus is changed in some way and see whether the infant notices the change.see whether the infant notices the change.

If the infant shows renewed interest in the If the infant shows renewed interest in the stimulus they have recognized the change. stimulus they have recognized the change. Dishabituation.Dishabituation.

Young-Brown, Rosenfeld, & Horowitz Young-Brown, Rosenfeld, & Horowitz (1977).(1977).– 3-month-olds – used sad, happy, and 3-month-olds – used sad, happy, and

surprised facial expressions modeled by a surprised facial expressions modeled by a male model.male model.

– Test of discrimination ability: Does the Test of discrimination ability: Does the infant’s looking time recover (dishabituate) infant’s looking time recover (dishabituate) when picture changes to a new expression?when picture changes to a new expression?

Caron, Caron, & Myers (1985).Caron, Caron, & Myers (1985).– 4, 5.5, & 7 month-olds4, 5.5, & 7 month-olds– ““toothiness” hypothesistoothiness” hypothesis

Development of Development of Emotional Self-RegulationEmotional Self-Regulation

Infancy

• Develops over 1st year, with brain development• Caregivers important

Early Childhood

• Learn strategies for self-regulation• Personality affects ability• Fears common

Middle Childhood/

Adolescence

• Rapid gains• Fears shaped by culture• Coping skills lead to emotional self-efficacy


Common Common Early Childhood FearsEarly Childhood Fears

MonstersMonsters

GhostsGhosts

DarknessDarkness

Preschool/child carePreschool/child care

AnimalsAnimalsFreephotos.com


Adult Attachment Patterns Typically measured using an extensive interview Main et al. AAI...

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