ADSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE FROM SURFACTANT · PDF file · 2017-10-04International...

DOI:10.21884/IJMTER.2017.4300.OL5JV 218

ADSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE FROM SURFACTANT INDUSTRIAL

WASTEWATER ON TEAK LEAVES ACTIVATED CARBON- A

KINETIC STUDY

Saravana Velan Rajendiren1, Govindaradjane Soupramaniane

2 and Pradeepkumar Sugumar

3

1PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry-14, India

2Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry-14, India

3Doctoral Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College,

Puducherry-14,India

Abstract— Industrialization is the backbone for the development of any country, but pollution caused

by industries has become a serious concern throughout the world. Of all industrial sectors, the domestic

products such as soaps, detergents, and food sector are the one which consumes the highest quantity of

water and it is also one of the biggest producers of effluent per unit of production. Soaps and detergents

were inevitable in households. Adsorption has been used as a physicochemical process over the last

decades in which molecules of the solute get distributed between two phases, one of which is solid

whereas the other may be liquid or gas. However, commercially available activated carbon which is

widely used as the adsorbent is expensive. Higher production cost and regeneration difficulties make

them unviable and made way to research on the use of non-conventional low-cost adsorbents such as

neem leaves, sawdust, and teak leaves. In this study Activated Teak Leaves are used to treat the soap

industry effluent and their effect on pollutant are studied. The physical and chemical characteristics of

teak leaves adsorbent were analyzed such as particle size, surface area, etc. Further, characteristics of

detergent wastewater were also studied to find out the contaminant level. Herewith, the adsorption study

was conducted on fundamental parameters such as pH, dosage and contact time etc. From the above

study and obtained results, it has been found that the percentage adsorption of phosphate from detergent

wastewater such as 91.41% was achieved for 6gm of activated teak leaves adsorbent within 1hour at pH

2 and COD was removed about 92.2 % using teak leaves as adsorbent which was another important

issue which was addressed. And their results are fitted in Langmuir, Freundlich models were used to

describe kinetic data. Overall, the conducted study confirms the benefits for the sake of the whole

environment.

Keywords- Activated Carbon, Low-Cost Adsorbent, Phosphorous, Teak Leaves. Teak Leaves Activated

Carbon.

I. INTRODUCTION

Industrialization is the backbone for the development of any country, but pollution caused by

industries has become a serious concern throughout the world (Durrani, et al., 2007). The increase in

demand increases the production which in turn produces a huge quantum of effluents which are highly

toxic and deleterious. The pollutants were ubiquitous at present situation and their treatment has to be

given prime importance. Of all industrial sectors, the domestic products such as soaps, detergents, and

food sector are the one which consumes the highest quantity of water and it is also one of the biggest

producers of effluent per unit of production. Soaps and detergents were inevitable in households. The

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)

Volume 04, Issue 9, [September– 2017] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

@IJMTER-2017, All rights Reserved 219

disposal of streams containing hazardous heavy metals into the environment has made the governments

to impose stringent standards for waste management (Jain et al., 2015).

Soap is a cleansing agent created by the chemical reaction of a fatty acid with an alkali metal

hydroxide. Water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids made from fats and oils, or their fatty

acids, by treating them chemically with a strong alkali. It has the general chemical formula RCOOX

Three main components of soap by both cost and volume are oils, caustic and perfumes. The waste

effluent from soap industry was very rich in various parameters such as pH, TDS, COD, BOD, DO,

Colour etc as their ranges were in affluent level. (Durrani et al., 2007; Naveen et al., 2009; Tekade et

al., 2011). They are not within the permissible limits as per IS for inland water disposal, and they impart

huge discomfort to the human and aquatic life.

P is an essential nutrient for the growth of biological organisms (Boob et al.,2012.).But

Phosphorus present in high quantity will lead to the eutrophication of the receiving water bodies(Boob et

al.,2012) and water quality deteriorates(Chang et al.,Chmielewski Eskandarpour et al.,).So, the removal

of phosphorus is a major concern in recent decades(Hamdi et al.,2015,Hena et al., 2015). And it is the

crucial solution for the enrichment of aquatic growth (Nawar, 1989).Various treatment technologies

such as physical, chemical and biological are used in the past (Naveen et al.,2009) (Narkis N et al.,

2015). Those treatments such as electrodialysis, membrane, conventional ASP, reverse osmosis and

chemical precipitation (Nur et al., 2016, Nguyen et al., 2016,Nguyen et al., 2012).

But their economic viability and sludge associated with process such chemical precipitation they

make them Phosphorus, generally in the form of phosphates, has historically been one of the main

ingredients in detergents (which are soaps made from synthetic materials) In the detergents, phosphates

served as a "builder" to improve the detergent's cleaning efficiency.

Builders, such as STPP, are important to the cleaning process, as they help to remove dirt from

the clothes and to minimize soap scum (often seen as a ring on the tub, washing machine, or shirt

collars) (Rama krishnaiah et al., 2015).The need for builders in detergents and soaps is especially

important in areas with "hard" water that contain calcium and magnesium ions, since the builders

prevent these ions from interfering with the cleaning process. (Subha, E et al., 2011). Their strong

cleaning performance, however, has increasingly been overshadowed by their harmful effects on rivers,

lakes, streams, and other fresh waters. Levels of phosphates in these fresh water bodies can be much

higher than normal as the result of contamination from municipal and domestic wastewater that contains

phosphates (Shah Jyoti et al., 2016).

So, they have to be emphasized and proper treatment has to be provided. Disposal of waste water

into rivers, lands, field and other aquatic bodies without or with partial treatment, causes a serious health

and hygiene-related problems. Usually, the removal operation of Surfactants from effluent involve

processes such as chemical and electrochemical oxidation, membrane technology, chemical

precipitation, photo catalytic degradation, adsorption and various biological methods. Each has its own

merits and limitation in application. Surfactant wastewater was treated by biological processes such as

activated sludge which was problematic due to the low kinetics of degradation and foam production.It

was treated by various other processes such as flocculation, coagulation, nano–filtration, ion exchange,

and ozonation (Upadhyay et al., 2012).Sometimes adsorption (adsorbent bed) was used as post-

treatment process which effectively removes non-biodegradable, non-ionic and anionic surfactants

(Narkis 1989).

Adsorption has been used as a physicochemical process over the last decades in which molecules

of the solute get distributed between two phases, one of which is solid whereas the other may be liquid

or gas. In adsorption, molecules diffuse through the bulk of fluid to the surface of the solid adsorbent

and form a distinct adsorbent phase. Physisorption and Chemisorption are two type of adsorption in




which the adsorbate adheres to the surface only through Van der Waals and through the formation of a

chemical bond respectively ( Jain et al., 2015).

The adsorption technique was very effective in treating such kind of effluents. Adsorption using

activated carbon has extensively used for the removal of pollutants in wastewater, adsorption processes

using activated carbon was widely used to remove pollutants from wastewater. However, commercially

available activated carbon which is used as adsorbent was expensive. Higher production cost and

regeneration difficulties make them non-viable and made way to research on the use of non-

conventional low-cost adsorbents such as neem leaves, saw dust, and teak leaves.

The advantage of using agricultural by-products as raw materials for manufacturing activated

carbon is that these raw materials are renewable, potentially less expensive to manufacture and has large

percentage of carbon. Researchers have studied the production of activated carbon from plum kernels,

cassava peel, bagasse, jute fiber, rice husks, olive stones, rice bran, date pits, fruit stones and nutshells

are very effective (Kannan et al.,2010).

Low-cost adsorbents were engaged for the treatment of the waste streams. The abundant

availability and their regeneration trends make them most astute adsorbent. With a view to developing

teak leaf as adsorbent, various factors back it up such as the insoluble wall where adsorption takes place

was made of cellulose, lignin, condensed tannins and structural proteins which support adsorption (Rao

2010).

In previous studies, teak leaves were used for the removal of various pollutant such as heavy

metal (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd. Zn) (King, et al., 2006) and dyes (MB and MG) (Geetha 2013; Gunasekar et al.,

2014; Mishra et al., 2015;Rao 2010; Tripathi 2015)

In this work, an attempt was made to elucidate the potential of teak (Tectona grandis) leaf

powder for the adsorption of surfactants has been carried out through batch and full-scale studies. The

effect of various parameters such as pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial concentration on the

adsorption of dye has been studied and compared with industrial surfactant effluent.

The experimental data are fitted to different isotherm models viz. Langmuir, Freundlich models

to describe kinetics of the process.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Preparation of Adsorbent

The preparation process was carried out in three stages namely

Collection of teak leaves,

Washing and grinding and sieving of teak leaf

Activation of teak leaves powder.

2.1.1. Collection of teak leaves

Teak leaves were collected from PEC campus and they were thoroughly washed using distilled

water to remove dust particles and they were sun-dried to attain deep brown colour which was brittle

and crisp. A Huge quantity of leaves were collected as it yields very low quantity of end

product( Goswami et al., 2013).

2.1.2 Grinding and sieving of teak leaf

Teak leaves were crushed using domestic mixer into a fine powder, and they were sieved using

355µ sieve and particles pass through was again sieved in 150µ sieve. Finally, it was sieved using 75µ

sieve (Rao 2010). The particles which pass through 75µ sieve collected and its quantity was about 1 -

5 % of the initial quantity of collected teak leaves.




2.1.3. Activation of teak leaves powder

Sieved Teak leaf powder was repeated washed to remove dust and impregnated with 0.1N of

nitric acid to remove impurities and it was washed with distilled water. It was kept in the hot air oven at

101°C for 1 hour, and it was taken out from the oven and kept in the muffle furnace till it reaches

410°C. Then it was taken back from the oven. The contemplation of the dark black colored powder from

brown color indicates that it was carbonized. It was washed and filtered to remove the acid (Akhila et

al.,2011; Gunasekar et al., 2014).

Figure 1 Powdered Teak Leaves

Figure 2 Teak leave activated carbon

2.1.4 Collection Of Raw Effluent

Various industries were approached for the purpose of sample and it was collected from

Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL), Puducherry. HUL manufactures over 35 brands spanning 20

distinct categories such as soaps, detergents, shampoos, skin care, toothpaste, deodorants, cosmetics, tea,

coffee, packaged foods, ice cream, and water purifiers, the Company is a part of the everyday life of

millions of consumers across India. Its portfolio includes leading household brands such as Lux,

Lifebuoy, Surf Excel, Rin, Wheel, Fair & Lovely, Pond‘s, Vaseline, Lakmé, Dove, Clinic Plus, Sunsilk,

Pepsodent, Closeup, Axe, Brooke Bond, Bru, Knorr, Kissan, Kwality Wall‘s and Pureit, wherein

Puducherry soap and detergent manufacturing was going on.

2.1.5. Testing For Adsorbent and Raw Effluent

Teak Leaves Activated Carbon (TLAC) was used because it has a wide pore size distribution

giving a wide distribution of surface area which increases the binding forces at the surface. Hence it was

used instead widely used Teak Leaf Powder (TLP). Teak Leaves Activated Carbon (TLAC) was found

to be not so random but rough in such a way to adhere the solute species on to the surface of the

adsorbent. Therefore the adsorptive characteristics of teak leaves are expected to be highly effective

(Jafar et al., 2010)

2.1.6. Treatment of surfactant Waste Water

The surfactant waste water sample of 100 ml was measured and taken in a 500ml Erlenmeyer‘s

flask and the stir bar was inserted into it and the setup was placed on the magnetic stirrer. Then, the




TLAC adsorbent of required dosage was added to it and the magnetic stirrer was switched on , for a

thorough mixing of the sample with the adsorbent. After the stipulated time, (say ½,1,2, 3 hours of

treatment) the magnetic stirrer was switched off. Then, the treated samples were filtered using the

Whatman filter paper, thus removing the adsorbent particles from the treated sample. Then the treated

sample is analyzed for the parameters such as pH, EC, TDS and COD, phosphates.

The treatment of the wastewater using the adsorbent was carried out and the effectiveness

studied by varying the dosage of the adsorbent and the detention times. In this study, SIX levels of

dosages, namely 0.5g, 1.0g, 1.5g, 2.0g, 2.5g and 3.0g, 4.0g, 5.0g, 6.0g and six durations of detention

levels, namely 30 min- 180 min were selects. Altogether, 36 combinations were considered in this study.

The results from the above combinations were analyzed to understand the effectiveness of the treatment

process and to amine at the optimum / desirable dosage and detention time.

Figure 3 Batch Setup

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Adsorbent

All tests of adsorbents were carried out as per IS 877:1989 Indian Standards for the sampling and testing

for powdered and granular activated carbon, 1990. TABLE 1 Test Results of Adsorbent Characteristics

S.No PARAMETERS TLAC

1 pH 6.7

2 EC 140.8µs

3 TDS 92.6 mg/l

4 Moisture Content ,% 0.93

5 Ash Content,% 2.16

6 Matter soluble in water,% 1.81

7 Matter soluble in acid,% 4.60

8 Surface Area(BET) 117.63 m2/g

9 Temperature 29°C




TABLE 2 Test Result of Raw Industrial Effluent

3.2 Raw Effluent

The sample was collected from HUL was characterized , tabulated and compared with

permissible standards to evaluate the level of pollutant more predominantly phosphorous(P) by

using IS procedure (IS 5305:1969).

3.3 Effect of pH

pH is considered as one of the major parameters which controls the adsorption in bio sorption

studies. These pH values distort the surface charge, the degree of ionization and speciation of adsorbate

during adsorption in most system the adsorption of anions such as phosphate is elucidated using ligand

exchange mechanism and it has got hydroxyl groups as the functional groups. This study was conducted

between pH of range 2 to 12. It is well known that the increase in pH would give rise to (OH-) ions. It

occupies more active sites on the surface of TLAC and intensifies the strength with P.

The increasing amount of OH- will increase the electrostatic repulsion and a new charged counter

ion layer, which repel the adsorption of phosphorus. And the pH range of beyond 9, the surface charge

became negative and adsorption reduced. The study tracks the same trend as the pH increases the

adsorption of phosphate decreases. Maximum efficiency of 91.4% was achieved at pH range 2 and the

decreasing trend was followed with increase in pH and minimum efficiency was reached at pH 12

which was depicted in fig 4.1. These results were in conformance with previous reported studies of

phosphate using various other adsorbents (Nawar et. Al., 2015).

TABLE 3 Effect of pH

S.No Parameter Result

Permissible

Limit

(as per CPCB)

1 pH 5.56 5.5 to 9.0

2 TDS 1680 mg/l 2100 mg/l

3 EC 1.67ms@ 20 C -

4 Temperature 32° C 45° C

5 COD 3126 mg/l 250 mg/l

6 Phosphates 57.6 mg/l. 5 mg/l

S.No pH

Phosphate Present in

Effluent before

treatment

( mg/l)

Phosphate Present

in Effluent post

treatment (mg/l)

Removal

Efficiency

(%)

1

initial Level

(5.5)

(Without

Treatment) 57.6 57.6

0

2 5.5 57.6 34.8

39.5

3 2 57.6 4.64

91.4

4 4 57.6 21.45

62.7

7 57.6 35.6




Figure 4. Efficiency of pH

3.4. Effect of Contact Time

The influence of contact time on adsorption of P was studied by varying ranges from 30-180 min

which was depicted in fig 4.6. It reveals that the removal of P was very faster for first 30 - 60 min and

maximum removal efficiency was achieved.

After that period of time the decreasing trend was followed and almost negligible at 90 min and

the system reaches the breakthrough time. It is detected the initial period of time observed high

adsorption rate due to the rapid filling of active sites of the adsorbent (boundary layer diffusion). After

that period the decrease occurs due to intra particle diffusion processes (Nawar et.al., 2015) . TABLE 4 Effect of Contact Time

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Rem

ov

al

Eff

icie

ncy

(%

)

pH

Removal Efficiency (%)


5 38.1

6 10 57.6 37.2

35.4

7 12 57.6 39.45

31.5

S.

No

Contact

time(min)

Phosphate Present in

Effluent before treatment

( mg/l)

Phosphate Present

in Effluent after

treatment

(mg/l)

Removal

Efficiency

(%)

1 0 57.6 57.6 0




Figure 5. Efficiency of Contact Time

3.5. Effect of Dosage

The study was conducted by varying dosage from 0.5g – 6.0 g for 100 ml to reach the

permissible limit of P. As expected, the graph fig 4.8 shows that the dosage increases with increase in

removal of Phosphorus which was due to increase in binding sites of adsorbent and total available

surface area. The system became stable after the optimum time period because the system became bulky

and this reduces flux of mixing. The maximum efficiency was achieved with dosage of 6g with contact

time of 60 min at pH 2 with 150 rpm of agitation speed. At this condition the adsorption was easy and

fast.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

Rem

ov

al

Eff

icie

ncy

(%

)

Contact Time (min)

2 30 57.6 31.8

40.12

3 45 57.6 21.6 62.5

4 55 57.6 13.56 76.3

5 60 57.6 4.64 91.4

6 90 57.6 11.74 79.8

7 120 57.6 16.12

72.01

8 150 57.6 17.16

70.2

9 180 57.6 18.32

68.1




TABLE 5.Effect of Dosage

Figure 6. Efficiency of Dosage

TABLE 6 Effect on COD

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rem

ov

al

Eff

icie

ncy

(%

)

Dosage (g)


Removal…

Dosage(g)

COD Present

in Effluent

before

treatment

(mg/l)

COD Present

in Effluent

after

treatment

(mg/l)

Removal

Efficiency

(%)

0 3126 3126 0

0.5 3126 2146 31.3

1 3126 1271 59.3

2 3126 791 74.6

3 3126 640 79.5

4 3126 536 82.8

5 3126 391 87.4

6 3126 243 92.2

S.No

Dosage

(g)

Phosphate

Present in

Effluent

before

treatment

( mg/l)

Phosphate

Present in

Effluent

After

treatment

( mg/l)

Removal

Efficiency

%

1 0 57.6 57.6

0

2 0.5 57.6 34.8

39.5

3 1 57.6 23.43

59.3

4 2 57.6 19.62

64.2

3 57.6 15.54




3.6. Effect on COD

Figure 7. Efficiency on COD

3.7. Adsorption Isotherm Models:

Adsorption isotherms are important to describe the adsorption mechanism of a solute on

adsorbent surface thus aid in optimizing the design of a specific adsorption process. In the present study,

the equilibrium data obtained for phosphate removal using TLAC was tested with two isotherm models

available in the literature to reveal the best fitting isotherm. Adopted isotherm models were Langmuir

and Freundlich. Isotherm coefficients and correlation coefficients (R2) were computed from linearized

equations of these isotherms in Microsoft Excel.

3.7.1. Langmuir Isotherm:

Langmuir isotherm has been extensively used for the adsorption of heavy metals, dyes, organic

pollutants, etc. It is applicable for monomolecular layer adsorption. This isotherm is described as a

homogeneous one assuming that all the adsorption sites have equal adsorbate affinity and that the

adsorption at one site does not affect the adsorption at an adjacent site (Langmuir, 1918). The Langmuir

isotherm is used to obtain a maximum adsorption capacity produced from the complete monolayer

coverage of adsorbent surface.

The linear isotherm equation is represented as

Ce/qe = 1/bqmax + (1/qmax) Ce

Thus, a plot of Ce /qe versus Ce should yield a straight line if Langmuir isotherm is obeyed by

the adsorption equilibrium. qmax and b values will be calculated from the slope and intercept of the

graphed line, respectively where b is the adsorption equilibrium constant in L/mg related to the apparent

energy of adsorption, qmax is the maximum quantity of adsorbate required to form a single monolayer

on unit mass of adsorbent in mg/g, A further analysis of the Langmuir equation can be made using a

dimensionless equilibrium parameter, the separation factor RL as given by

RL = 1/1 + b Co

0

50

100

0 5 10

Re

mo

val e

ffic

ien

cy (

%)

Dosage (g)


RemovalEfficiency (%)

5 71.28

6 4 57.6 11.96

79.2

7 5 57.6 7.83

86.4

8 6 57.6 4.64

91.4




For a favorable adsorption, the value of RL should lie between 0 and 1; RL > 1 represents an

unfavourable adsorption, RL = 1 represents linear adsorption, whereas RL = 0 translates into irreversible

adsorption (Gupta, S.,B.V. Babu, 2009).

3.7.2. Freundlich Isotherm:

Freundlich expression is an exponential equation and therefore assumes that, the concentration of

adsorbate on the adsorbent surface increases with the adsorbate concentration. Theoretically, using this

expression, an infinite amount of adsorption can occur (Freundlich, H.M.F., 1906). The equation is

widely applied in heterogeneous surfaces with sites that have different energies of adsorption and are not

equally available. The Freundlich isotherm is more widely used but provides no information on the

monolayer adsorption capacity in contrast to the Langmuir model and can be written in linearized form

as:

log (qe) = log Kf+ 1/n log (Ce)

Where: Kf = experimental constant (Freundlich constant indicative of the adsorption capacity of

the adsorbent (l/mg) and n = experimental constant indicative of the adsorption intensity of the

adsorbent. By plotting log qe versus log Ce, values of Kf and n can be determined from the slope and

intercept of the plot. The magnitude of the exponent 1/n gives an indication of the favourability of

adsorption. Values of n, where n > 1represent favourable adsorption condition. In general, as the Kf

value increases, the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, for the given adsorbate, increases. And their

results shows that Langmuir model is most fit as its value is nearer to unity.

Figure 8. Langmuir Model

Figure 9. Freundlich Model

y = 2.0362x + 0.0555 R² = 0.9626

1/q

e

1/Ce

Langmuir Model

1/qe

Linear (1/qe)

y = 0.7649x - 0.2262 R² = 0.9596

log

qe

log Ce

Freundlich Model

log qe

Linear (log qe)




TABLE 8 Isotherm Parameters for Phosphate Adsorption onto TLAC

3.8. FTIR Studies

Figure 8. FTIR Studies

Absorptions in infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Absorptions due to stretching

and bending of covalent bonds in molecules. The stretching at 650 cm-1

is attributed with the presence

of C-H groups of alkenes out of plane bend. And the stretching above 450 is due to the presence C-X

bond with iodide and bromine which helps adsorption

IV. CONCLUSION

Teak leaves activated carbon (TLAC) found to be efficient through a deliberate literature survey.

And they are equipped to treat the Detergent industry wastewater. The experimental procedure disclosed

that

The optimum level for treatment was found to be 6 g of adsorbent dosage for treatment of 1 hour

at pH 2.This treatment process help to achieve maximum efficiency with minimum energy

requirement and expenses.

This was the first time the phosphorus was emphasized and removed using teak leaves as

adsorbent and about 91.4% was achieved.

The COD which is another important parameter was also treated and about 92.2% removal

efficiency was achieved using 6g of adsorbent.

The results are fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich models and from the modelling value it is

elucidated that Langmuir was most fit model than Freundlich model as its R2

value was very

close to unity.

Most importantly, Habitants and the surrounding environment will be benefited from the

decrease or elimination of the potential toxicity due to the Phosphorus.Soap and detergent wastewater

tend to clog quickly and break through time was quick in this process due to treatment at lower pH. To

avoid that, coagulant will be used to remove clog from the surface of adsorbent. It will help to increase

the removal. Most effective available coagulants and hydroxides such as Bentonite Clay, Polyaluminum

Chloride (PAC), Polyaluminum Hydroxychloride, Aluminum Chloride, Aluminum Chlorohydrate,

Aluminium Sulfate, Ferric Chloride, Ferrous Sulfate Monohydrate will be used and screened using

screening unit.

Langmuir

parameters

qm

(mg/g) KL((l/mg) R

2

0.491 0.0272 0.9626

Freundlich

parameters

1/n Kf (l/mg) R2

0.8124 0.485 0.9596




TABLE 9 Total Cost For Preparing 1 Kg Of Adsorbent From Naturally Available Teak Leaves

S.No Material Unit Cost Amount Net rate

1 Nitric acid 720 per litre 100 ml 72. 00

2

Electricity used

for

various process

5 per kWh 2 kWh 10. 00

3 Other cost (10%)

8. 20

Total cost 90. 20

Table 10 Cost Of Prepared Adsorbent (TLAC) And Commercial Activated Carbon

This study reveals that TLAC is cost wise economical when compared to commercial (i.e5.5

times lower than activated carbon and effective in treating the surfactant industry treatment in laboratory

scale. So, in the future it has to be used to treat the huge MLD of wastewater streams from various

industries.

V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I express my hearty gratitude to my project guide S.Govindaradjane, Professor, Department of

Civil Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, for giving valuable guidance. And, I wish to

express my gratitude to the officials and other staff members of Environmental Engineering laboratory

who rendered their help during the period of project work. Last but not least, I wish to avail my selves of

this opportunity, express a sense of, gratitude and love to my friends and my beloved parents for their

manual support strength.

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