From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriactic, an Iron Curtain has descended across the continent.

- Winston Churchill

Adriatic

Baltic

Cold War ActionsEastern Europe

Soviets Occupy Eastern Europe And Create A Buffer Zone

US Demands Free Elections; Soviet’s Refuse

The Iron Curtain

The New Europe

US and USSR GoalsUSSR Goals

Shield Itself From Another Invasion From West

Encourage Communism

Keep Germany Divided To Prevent It From Making War

US Goals• Encourage

Democracy• Prevent Spread

of Communism• Rebuild Europe• Reunite

Germany

Germany Divided Into Zones Of Occupation After WWII

Berlin Was In Soviet Zone It Was Further Divided

Germany Divided

Berlin Blockade & Airlift1948 Britain, France and

US Combine Their Sections Of Germany To Form W. Germany

Soviet’s Hold West Berlin Hostage, Angry Over Idea Of A Strong, Unified Germany

Gail Halvorsen aka “Uncle Wiggly Wings”, “Candy Bomber”

Leader of Soviet Union at start of Cold War

Joseph Stalin

Leader of U.S. at start of Cold War (1946)

(Harry Truman)

Soviet Union

The Marshall Plan Marshall Plan = Plan To

Rebuild Western Europe By Giving Needy Countries Aid

Example of ContainmentProvided Food, Machinery,

and Other Materials

12.5 Billion In Aid To Western Europe

The Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine =

Plans of Support For Countries That Rejected CommunismExample of Containment

Containment

To help you understand Containment better, please pay attn to the class demonstration

US policy during the Cold War

What does it mean to contain something?

NATONATO - North Atlantic Treaty

Organization1949 10 Western European Nations,

US, and Canada Form DEFENSIVE Military Alliance

An Attack On One Is An Attack On All!

Warsaw Pact

Warsaw Pact1955 Soviet Response To NATO

Soviet Union, E. Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania

The United Nations

Goals 1. Protect Members Against Aggression 2. Keep The Peace, and

3. Prevent Human Rights Violations

Headquarters = New York City

Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the

technological edge!

Effects on the United States

•Americans fear a Soviet attack with missile

technology• Americans resolved to regain technological

superiority over the Soviet Union• In July 1958, President Eisenhower created NASA

or National Aeronautics and Space Admin

1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I

Atomic Anxieties:• “Duck-and-Cover Generation” Atomic Testing:• Between July 16, 1945 and Sept. 23,

1992, the United States conducted 1,054 official nuclear tests, most of them at the Nevada Test Site.

Americans began building

underground bomb shelters and cities had underground fallout shelters.

Effects of Sputnik on United States

Dwight Eisenhower:If One Country In Southeast Asia Falls To

Communism, Others Will Surely Follow And Communism Will Spread Like A Cancer

The

Theory

http://www.cc.gatech.edu/fac/Thomas.Pilsch/KoreanWarPhases.gif

Crises over Cuba

The Cuban Dilemma• Revolutionary leader Fidel Castro declares

himself communist- seizes U.S. properties; Eisenhower cuts off diplomatic relations

• 10% of Cuban population goes into exile; mostly to U.S.

KENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY

The Bay of Pigs• Cuban exiles, CIA plan invasion to topple Castro• Plans go wrong; exile forces killed, taken prisoner• JFK pays ransom in food, medicine; mission is

public embarrassment

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)Col. Francis Gary

Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

The Berlin Wall1961 East Berlin (Germany)

Constructs The Berlin Wall Around West Berlin

• CIA operative to overthrow Fidel Castro’s dictatorship• U.S. feared Castro was becoming an ally with the

Soviet Union.• Failed invasion of Cuba in

April of 1961.• Embarrassment for

President Kennedy because the U.S. tried to cover up

their involvement.

• This U-2 reconnaissance photo showed concrete evidence of missile assembly in Cuba. Shown here are missile transporters and missile-ready tents where fueling and maintenance took place.Courtesy of

CIA

cuban missile2

• Low altitude view of missile preparation area. The pilot taking this shot flew at an altitude of about 250 feet, and at the speed of

sound.

cuban missile2

• U.S. and Soviets prepared for war…..U.S. placed a blockade around Cuba and warned Soviets not to

break through the blockade. The Soviets sent their Naval fleet to protect Cuba.

cuban missile2Cuban Missile Crisis

• Kennedy and Khruschev both

realized how close they came to nuclear war.

• The “monster” of nuclear war must never be

released.• Both leaders vowed to better communicate

with one another.

• US and Soviet Union would sign their first nuclear arms

limitation treaty in 1963.

Southeast Asian Conflict

After America pulled out the lastof its troops South Vietnam fell to –____________________(making all of Vietnam) - ___________________

U.S. Troop Deployments in Vietnam

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

1961 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968

U.S. Troops

US “Fails” In ‘NamAfter The US Pulls Out, The South

Falls To The Communist North

Neighboring Cambodia Fell To Communist Forces Called Khmer Rouge, Led By Pol Pot Genocide Followed (1/4 Of Cambodians Killed, Accused of Being “Tainted” In Western Ways!!!)

You Decide…You Are A Developing Nation In The

“Third World”

You See Two SuperPowers Who Want Your Support….

You Decide Who Do You Support? Why?

Buying Friends… US and USSR Often Competed For

Support Among These Nonaligned NationsBacked Wars of Revolution,

Liberation, Counter-revolutionSpying and Assassination AttemptsGave Military AidBuilt SchoolsCreated Programs To Fight PovertySent Volunteers

The 1970s and 1980sAn Arms Race Had Unfolded Each

Superpower Wanted “Bigger And Badder” Weapons. They Tried To Outspend The Other Side.

Which Economic System Had The Advantage? Why?

Soviets Invade Afghanistan1979 Soviets Invade Afghanistan

WHY? To Keep Communist Gov’t ThereThe West (US) Convinced Soviets STILL

AGGRESSIVERelations Worsened Again Between

PowersInvasion VERY UNPOPULAR In Soviet

Union

Here Comes Gorby…1985 Mikhail

Gorbachev Comes To Power In USSR

Goals End Cold War Tensions Pull Troops Out Of

AfghanistanReform Economy & Gov’t

Here Comes Gorby…Perestroika Economic

Reforms

Goal Stimulate Economic Growth and Improve Industry

Introduced Free-Market Reforms

Here Comes Gorby…Glasnost =

OpennessEnded CensorshipEncouraged People

To Openly Discuss Problems In USSR

Nationalism Breaks USSR Apart

USSR

Estonia Latvia

LithuaniaAll Remaining Republics

The Former Soviet UnionIndependent countries

1  Armenia 2  Azerbaijan 3  Belarus 4  Estonia 5  Georgia 6  Kazakhstan 7  Kyrgyzstan 8  Latvia 9  Lithuania 10  Moldova 11  Russia 12  Tajikistan 13  Turkmenistan 14  Ukraine 15  Uzbekistan

What Happened To Russia?Russia Struggled To Make

Transition From Communism To DemocracyFood ShortagesUnemploymentLack of Consumer Goods

Top YeltsinBottom Putin

Eastern Europe After USSR