Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are...

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Adrenal gland

Transcript of Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are...

Page 1: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

Adrenal gland

Page 2: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

? What is the adrenal glandThe adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange-colored endocrine glands and measure about one-half inch in height and 3 inches in length located on the top of both kidneys at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra.

Page 3: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

LOCATION: one above each kidney.

Consisting of Bone marrow, and the crust.

 

Page 4: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

Function1 -the medulla synthesized adrenaline and

noradrenaline.2 -the cortex produced cortisol,pre-

androgens,and aldosterone.

Page 5: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

StructureEach adrenal gland consists of :1-Adrenal medulla .2-Adrenal cortex .

Page 6: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.
Page 7: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

Adrenal medulla

adrenal medulla is the inner part of the adrenal gland and surrounded by the adrenal cortex and helps a person in coping with physical and emotional stress.

Page 8: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

Adrenal medulla hormones:

1 -Epinephrine : adrenaline and Epinephrine, or adrenaline hormone sometimes fear he is working to increase the heart and strength and also may help the liver to convert glycogen to glucose to feed the cells.

Page 9: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

-2 -Norepinephrine -helps to constrict blood vessels and

control blood pressure.this hormone has little effect on smooth muscle, metabolic processes, and cardiac output, but has strong vasoconstriction effects, thus increasing blood pressure

Page 10: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

The Adrenal Cortex

The adrenal cortex is the outer portion of the adrenal gland consists of three different regions, with each region producing a different group or type of hormones that carry out specific functions throughout your body.

Page 11: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

Adrenal Cortex hormonesThe adrenal cortex produces three

major groups of steroid hormones collectively called ( corticosteroids):

1) Mineralocorticoids (outermost ) 2) Glucocorticoids (middle )3) sex hormones (innermost )

Page 12: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

MINERALOCORTICOIDS Mineralocorticoids are secreted by the outermost region of the adrenal cortex. The principal mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, which is the major hormone controlling the sodium and potassium levels, Aldosterone responsible for the reabsorption of sodium and stimulates the excretion of potassiumand thus fluid balance, within your bloodstream.

Page 13: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Glucocorticoids are secreted by the middle region of the adrenal cortex.which include cortisone and cortisol.Cortisol controls or greatly influences the metabolism of fats, proteins to maintain blood glucose within a narrow optimal range and keep it there even under stressful conditions.

Page 14: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

SEX HORMONESsex hormones are secreted by the innermost region of the adrenal cortex.

Androgens (Male hormones)Estrogens (female hormones)

Page 15: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

Cushing's Syndrome Cushing’s syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the body’s tissues to high levels of the hormone cortisol. Sometimes called hypercortisolism, Cushing’s syndrome is relatively rare and most commonly affects adults aged 20 to 50. People who are obese and have type 2 diabetes, along with poorly controlled blood glucose—also called blood sugar—and high blood pressure, have an increased risk of developing the disorder

Page 16: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

Causes of Cushing's syndrome

The most common cause is taking cortisone-like medicines orally (by mouth) every day for weeks to months. Prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis is the most common medicine that's taken this way.

Cushing's disease is common cause of Cushing

syndrome because excessive production of the hormone ACTH (Adreno - Corticotrophic Hormone) by the pituitary gland. ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.

Page 17: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

symptoms of Cushing's syndrome

•severe fatigue•weak muscles

•high blood pressure•high blood glucose

•increased thirst and urination•irritability, anxiety, or depression

Page 18: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

TreatmentTumor treatments - various treatments aim at treating the underlying tumor causing the disease :Surgery Transsphenoidal adenomectomy - remove pituitary tumor Radiation Pituitary gland irradiation

Page 19: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

DIAGNOSIS1-24 hour urinary free cortisol

level 2- x-rays to locate any tumors

Reference range of cortisol:In morning: 250 - 850 nmol/L At night: 110 - 390 nmol/L

Reference range of ACTH:

7 – 40 m IU/L

Page 20: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

Addison disease Addison disease is adrenocortical insufficiency due to the destruction or dysfunction of the entire adrenal cortex. It affects both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid function. The onset of disease usually occurs when 90% or more of both adrenal cortices are dysfunctional or destroyed.

Page 21: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

Causes of Addison's Disease

Disorder of the adrenal glands.Tuberculosis.Adrenal cancer.surgical removal of the adrenal glandsAutoimmune disorders.

Page 22: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

Symptoms of Addison's Disease

weight loss.loss of appetite.muscle weakness.nausea .vomiting .Diarrhea

Page 23: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

Diagnosis Determine the levels of cortisol.

Reference range of Aldosterone : In blood : 4 – 9 microgram/100mLIn urine : 2 – 18 microgram/24 hours

Page 24: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

How is it treated?

Treatment focuses on replacing the insufficient hormones. Daily replacement medication is taken for the rest of the person's life. Regular checkups to monitor the disease are important .

Aldosterone is also replaced with oral doses of a fludrocortisone

Page 25: Adrenal gland. What is the adrenal gland The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped and orange- colored endocrine.

BY:

ABDULRHMAN MOHAMMED TWHARI