ADMIS: Aritificial Intelligence in Business by Sumaiya Khan

8/2/2019 ADMIS: Aritificial Intelligence in Business by Sumaiya Khan

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By

Sumaiya Khan

(M.E. Sem II)


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What Is Artificial Intelligence?

Major Application Areas of AI

Cognitive Science Application

Natural Interface Application

Summary



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What is AI?

AI is a field of science and

technology based on disciplines

such as computer science,

biology, psychology, linguistics,

mathematics, & engineering.

Goal is to developcomputers that can think,see, hear, walk, talk, andfeel.

AI emphasizes on thedevelopment ofcomputer functionnormally associatedwith human intelligence reasoning, learning,problem solving.

AI attempts toduplicate capabilities incomputer-basedsystem.


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Summary



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Cognitive science

Robotics

Natural interfaces


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Focuses on researching how thehuman brain works & howhumans think and learn.

Applications

Expert systems Adaptive learning

systems Fuzzy logic systems Neural networks

Intelligent agents

Cognitive science


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Produces robot machines withcomputer intelligence andcomputer controlled,humanlike physical capabilities.

Application:

Visual Perception

Locomotion

Navigation Dexterity

Tactility

Robotics


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Natural language and speechrecognition.

Talking to a computer andhaving it understand.

Application:

Virtual Reality

Natural Languages

Speech Recognition

Natural interfaces


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Computing systems modeled afterthe brains mesh-like network ofinterconnected processingelements, called neurons.

NN can be implemented onmicrocomputers and on othertraditional computer systems byusing software packages thatsimulate the activity of neuralnetwork.

The neural network learns from datait processes.

Neural Network

Focuses on researching how the humanbrain works & how humans think and

learn.


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Neural Nets at Go.com It has a targeted marketing service that more closely targets

advertising on its Internet search engine to users interests bykeeping track of every search that a user makes.

The service uses neural network technology from AptexSoftware to observe all the searches users run every time they usethe Go.com search engine.

The neural net software then calculates a numerical value, orvector, that describe users interests.

Go.com uses that information to match users to the online ads it sellsto advertisers on its Web search pages.


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A method of reasoning thatresembles human reasoning.

Allows for approximate values andinferences (fuzzy logic)

Allows for incomplete or ambiguousdata(fuzzy data) instead of relyingon crisp data such as yes/no choice.

Allows fuzzy systems to processincomplete data and provide

approximate, but acceptable,solutions to problems.

Fuzzy Logic Systems

Focuses on researching how the humanbrain works & how humans think and

learn.


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Fuzzy Logic in Business Japan has implemented many fuzzy logic

implementation.

Special purpose fuzzy logic microprocessor chips,calledFuzzy process Controllers.

E.g. subway trains, elevators are guided andsupported by Fuzzy process Controllers made by

Hitachi and Toshiba. Tokyo Stock Exchange , Share Tradingusingstock trading program based on fuzzy logicmicroprocessor.


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Uses Darwinian(survival of thefittest), randomizing, & othermathematical functions to simulatean evolutionary process that canyield increasingly better solutions.

Especially useful for situations inwhich thousands of solutions arepossible & must be evaluated toproduce an optimal solution.

Genetic Algorithm

Focuses on researching how the human

brain works & how humans think and

learn.


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GEs Engeneous General Electric's design of a more efficient jet engine for

the Boeing 777 is a classic example of a genetic algorithm inbusiness.

Major engineering challenge: to develop more efficient fanblades for the engine.

GEs engineer estimated that it would take billions of years,even with a supercomputer, to mathematically evaluatethe astronomical number of performance and cost factorsand combination involved.

Instead, GE used a hybrid genetic algorithm/ expert system,called Engeneous, that produced an optimal solution in lessthan a week.


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An Intelligent Agent is a softwaresurrogate for an end users or aprocess that fulfills a stated need oractivity.

It uses built-in and learnedknowledge base about a person orprocess to make decisions andaccomplish tasks in a way that fulfillsthe intentions of a user.

Intelligent Agents



learn.


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Can be mainly categorizedin twotypes:

User Interface Agents

Information

Management Agents

Intelligent Agents



learn.


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Interface Tutors:

Observe user computer

operations, correct user mistakes, provide

hints and advise on efficient software use.

Presentation Agents:

Show information in a variety ofreporting and presentation forms and media

based on user preference.

Network Navigation Agents:

Discover paths to information and

provide ways to view information that are

preferred by user.

Role-Playing Agents:

Play what-if games and other roles

to help users understand information and

make better decisions.

Intelligent Agents



learn.

User Interface Agents


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Search Agents:

Help users find files and databases,

search for desired information, and

suggest and find new types of

information products, media, and

resources.

Information Brokers:

Provide commercial services to

discover and develop information

resources that fit the business or

personal needs of a user.

Information Filters:Receive, find, filter, discard, save,

forward, and notify users about product

received or desired, including e-mail,

voice mail, and all other information

media.

Intelligent Agents



learn.

Information ManagementAgents


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Expert System can provide decisionsupport to end users in theform of advice from an expertconsultant in a specific problemarea. Expert System



learn.


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A knowledge-based information system (KBIS) thatuses its knowledge about a specific, complex

application area to act as an expert consultant.

Provides answers to questions in a very specific

problem area.Must be able to explain reasoning process andconclusions to the user.


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Components of an Expert System:1. Knowledge base2. Software resources


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Expert System

There are 4 methods in which knowledge canbe represented in ES:

Case based:

Includes examples of past performance,

occurrences and experience.

Frame

based:Includes knowledge represented in the

form of a hierarchy or network frames.

i.e. complex package of data values

describing its attributes.

Object based:

Includes knowledge represented as

network objects.

Rule based:

Includes knowledge in the form of if-then

rules.

Components of an Expert

System

Knowledge base

Contains facts about a specific subjectarea.


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Expert System

Inference engine processes theknowledge, and makes associationsand inferences.

User interface programs, including

an explanation program, allowscommunication with user.

Components of an Expert

System

Software resources

Contains an inference engine and otherprograms for refining knowledge and

communicating.


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Application Of Expert System

Decision Management

Diagnostic /Troubleshooting

Design / Configuration

Selection/classification

Process Monitoring/

control


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Decision Management




Process Monitoring/

control

Systems that appraisesituations, consideralternatives, makerecommendations based oncriteria supplied.

Example:Financial Decision Making

Advisory programs havebeen created to assist

bankers in determiningwhether to make loans tobusinesses and individuals.


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Decision Management




Process Monitoring/

control

Systems that infer causesfrom symptom andhistory.

Example Software debugging Medical diagnosis


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Decision Management




Process Monitoring/

control

System that help configureequipment componentsgiven existing constraints.

IDEA/C (intelligent systemdesignautomation/configuration)to assist system engineerswith computer system

configuration.The knowledge base of thisProlog-based system containsexpert knowledge concerningcomputer system configurationdesign, as well as hardwarespecifications of various piecesof equipment and theirinterconnectabilityrelationships.Using the knowledge base,

the system assists systemengineers with design work.


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Decision Management




Process Monitoring/

control

Systems that help userschoose products orprocesses often fromcomplex set ofalternatives.

Material selection Information classification Suspect identification


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Decision Management




Process Monitoring/

control

Systems that monitor andcontrol procedures orprocesses.

Inventory control

Production monitoring Chemical testing


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Summary



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Virtual RealityComputer-simulatedrealityRelies on multisensoryinput/output devicesAllows interaction with

computer-simulatedobjects, entities, andenvironments in threedimensions.It is also called astelepresence.


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Flight simulation for training pilots and astronauts.

Product demonstration.

Entertainments

3D video arcade games.

CAD (Computer Aided Design) is most widely usedindustrial VR application.

It enables architects and other designers to design and testelectronic 3-D models of products and structures by entering the

models themselves and examining, touching, and manipulatingsections and parts from all angles.


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SummarySummary


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Summary

Goal of AI is thedevelopment of computerfunctions normally associatedwith human physical and mentalcapabilities.Eg: Robots

See, hear , talk, feel, andmove.

Eg: Software capable ofreasoning, learning, andproblem solving. Three application areas of AI:

Cognitive ScienceRoboticsNatural Interface

Neural nets are hardware orsoftware systems based on

simple models of the brains

neuron structure that can learnto recognize pattern in data. Fuzzy Logic systems use

rules of approximate reasoningto solve problem where data isincomplete / ambiguous. GA uses variousmathematical functions tosimulate an evolutionary

process that can yield increasingbetter solutions to problems. VR systems are multisensorysystems that enable users toexperience computer-simulatedenvironment as if they actually

existed.


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Commercial Application of AI

RoboticsVirtual Reality

Information Retrieval Decision Support


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ADMIS: Aritificial Intelligence in Business by Sumaiya Khan

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