Administrative StatesAdministrative States

Roads to BureaucracyRoads to Bureaucracy

Political Organization: A ReviewPolitical Organization: A Review

Power vs AuthorityPower vs Authority Power: compliance by coercion or forcePower: compliance by coercion or force Authority: compliance by persuasionAuthority: compliance by persuasion Legitimacy:Legitimacy: Beliefs rationalizing rule Beliefs rationalizing rule Examples: Divine Right, Peoples Consent Examples: Divine Right, Peoples Consent SanctionsSanctions: reinforcements of behavior: reinforcements of behavior Positive: rewards, recognitionPositive: rewards, recognition Negative: punishment Negative: punishment

Power versus AuthorityPower versus Authority

Extreme examplesExtreme examples Power: concentration camps: Power: concentration camps:

Auschwitz (above); Guantanamo Auschwitz (above); Guantanamo (below)(below)

Authority: !Kung, Inuit, Authority: !Kung, Inuit, YanomamoYanomamo

Neither is absoluteNeither is absolute Dictatorships need to persuade: Dictatorships need to persuade:

Nuremberg rallies, Mayday Nuremberg rallies, Mayday paradesparades

Power is evenly distributed in Power is evenly distributed in nonstate culturesnonstate cultures

Legitimacy as Justification for Legitimacy as Justification for Political OrderPolitical Order

Justification necessary even in Justification necessary even in authoritarian statesauthoritarian states

Monarchies: the divine right to ruleMonarchies: the divine right to rule Soviet Union: Socialist transition to Soviet Union: Socialist transition to

communist economycommunist economy Nazi Germany: Racial purification; Nazi Germany: Racial purification;

delivery of full-employment delivery of full-employment (Nuremberg rallies, above)(Nuremberg rallies, above)

Democratic forms: consent by the Democratic forms: consent by the governed (below, State of the Union)governed (below, State of the Union)

Defining StatesDefining States

States occur in the context of stratified States occur in the context of stratified societiessocieties

They involve extremes in wealth and povertyThey involve extremes in wealth and poverty These differences are institutionalized by These differences are institutionalized by

several featuresseveral features Access to strategic resources that sustain Access to strategic resources that sustain

lifelife Access to power, or the ability to coerceAccess to power, or the ability to coerce Control over the laws that are retributiveControl over the laws that are retributive We look at each of these in turnWe look at each of these in turn

Stratified SocietiesStratified Societies

Access to strategic resources is unequalAccess to strategic resources is unequal ExamplesExamples Water in irrigation societiesWater in irrigation societies Land in patrimonial (feudal) societiesLand in patrimonial (feudal) societies Claims to capital assets (stocks, bonds) in Claims to capital assets (stocks, bonds) in

capitalist societycapitalist society Capital: goods/services used for Capital: goods/services used for

productionproduction Money, stocks, bonds are also capitalMoney, stocks, bonds are also capital

Stratified Societies: India’s Stratified Societies: India’s Castes as extreme caseCastes as extreme case

CastesCastes: Closed Descent : Closed Descent groups that groups that

Lack mobility: once a Lack mobility: once a peasant, always onepeasant, always one

Are Endogamous: Are Endogamous: intermarriage forbiddenintermarriage forbidden

Maintain differential Maintain differential access to resourcesaccess to resources

Main (Varna) Castes in IndiaMain (Varna) Castes in India

Brahmins: priestsBrahmins: priests Kshatryas: warriorsKshatryas: warriors Vaishyas (merchants, Vaishyas (merchants,

craftpersons)craftpersons) Sudras (peasant, menial Sudras (peasant, menial

workers)workers) Untouchables (Hariian, Untouchables (Hariian,

Dalit) “Impure castes”Dalit) “Impure castes”

Stratified Societies: India’s other Stratified Societies: India’s other castescastes

Impure castes: “Untouchables” (harijan)Impure castes: “Untouchables” (harijan) Those who perform “impure” tasks such as Those who perform “impure” tasks such as

leatherworkingleatherworking Some come out only at night--”unseeables”Some come out only at night--”unseeables” If harijan’s shadow falls on Brahmin. . .If harijan’s shadow falls on Brahmin. . . Jatis: occupational subcastesJatis: occupational subcastes Likewise endogamous and closedLikewise endogamous and closed Often, members of different castes and Often, members of different castes and

subcastes may not speak with each othersubcastes may not speak with each other

States: Force as Prime Mover States: Force as Prime Mover

Defining CharacteristicsDefining Characteristics A centralized political systemA centralized political system With power to coerceWith power to coerce The operating factor:The operating factor: Monopoly over the use ofMonopoly over the use of Legitimate physical forceLegitimate physical force Supports the apparatus of the stateSupports the apparatus of the state Bureaucracy --Army and policeBureaucracy --Army and police Law and legal codesLaw and legal codes

States: Derivative FeaturesStates: Derivative Features

Administrative structureAdministrative structure Public services --Tax collectionPublic services --Tax collection Resource allocation --Foreign affairsResource allocation --Foreign affairs Delegation of forceDelegation of force Police, all levels --Armed forcePolice, all levels --Armed force LawLaw Civil (dispute resolution)Civil (dispute resolution) Regulatory (trade, economy)Regulatory (trade, economy) Criminal (crime and punishment)Criminal (crime and punishment)

Law: Cross-Cultural Law: Cross-Cultural ComparisonComparison

Codified law: Formally defines wrong Codified law: Formally defines wrong and specifies remediesand specifies remedies

Customary law: Informal sanctions or Customary law: Informal sanctions or dispute resolutiondispute resolution

Restitution or Restorative law: Restitution or Restorative law: emphasizes dispute resolution, emphasizes dispute resolution, damage restitutiondamage restitution

Retributive law: emphasizes Retributive law: emphasizes punishment for crimes committedpunishment for crimes committed

Case Studies: RetributionCase Studies: Retribution

Criminal LawCriminal Law Murder, Robbery, Murder, Robbery,

OthersOthers Civil LawCivil Law Consumer Law Consumer Law

and Small Courtsand Small Courts Final Say: Judge or Final Say: Judge or

ArbitratorArbitrator Limitation: Sheer Limitation: Sheer

Numbers of CasesNumbers of Cases

How Are States Formed?How Are States Formed? Circumscription Theory: Robert Circumscription Theory: Robert

CarneiroCarneiro States are likely to form under the States are likely to form under the

following condition:following condition: High population densityHigh population density Barriers to migration: Desert (as in Barriers to migration: Desert (as in

Egypt), dense forest (as among the Egypt), dense forest (as among the Inca), seas or oceans (as in Japan)Inca), seas or oceans (as in Japan)

The barriers leave little opportunity to The barriers leave little opportunity to escape or do so at extreme effortescape or do so at extreme effort

Conditions Against Reverse Conditions Against Reverse Dominance HierarchiesDominance Hierarchies

Christopher Boehm offers a more complex Christopher Boehm offers a more complex hypothesishypothesis

Face-to-face relations keep power-hungry Face-to-face relations keep power-hungry individuals in lineindividuals in line

These break down when the following occur:These break down when the following occur: Food surplusFood surplus Population increasePopulation increase One can manipulate alliances with impunityOne can manipulate alliances with impunity

Ending Reverse Dominance Ending Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: Food SurplusHierarchy: Food Surplus

Bases of Food SurplusBases of Food Surplus Complex Foraging: Northwest Coast Complex Foraging: Northwest Coast

IndiansIndians Advanced Pastoralists: Mongol NomadsAdvanced Pastoralists: Mongol Nomads Neolithic RevolutionNeolithic Revolution Intensive CultivationIntensive Cultivation Nonfarm Specialization inNonfarm Specialization in Crafts and ManufacturesCrafts and Manufactures Administration and EnforcementAdministration and Enforcement Rise of an EliteRise of an Elite

Ending Reverse Dominance Ending Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: Population DensityHierarchy: Population Density

Populations increasePopulations increase Beyond scope of kin-based Beyond scope of kin-based

control (Ur, Sumeria, left)control (Ur, Sumeria, left) New control mechanism New control mechanism

come into placecome into place Extra-Familial groups take Extra-Familial groups take

controlcontrol Anti-hierarchical mechanisms Anti-hierarchical mechanisms

lose effectivenesslose effectiveness Circumscription (Carneiro’s Circumscription (Carneiro’s

model) ensures control.model) ensures control.

Emergence of StratificationEmergence of Stratification Manipulative Individuals/ Manipulative Individuals/

FamiliesFamilies Form alliances (chimpanzee-like)Form alliances (chimpanzee-like) Play one faction against anotherPlay one faction against another Form dynasties (bonobo-like)Form dynasties (bonobo-like) Control over Life-Sustaining Control over Life-Sustaining

ResourcesResources Water systems in semi-arid Water systems in semi-arid

regionsregions Agricultural landsAgricultural lands Mechanisms of TaxationMechanisms of Taxation LaborLabor TributeTribute

The Functions of AdministrationThe Functions of Administration

High populations require coordinationHigh populations require coordination This function can best be exercised by This function can best be exercised by

individuals who are unhampered by individuals who are unhampered by democratic constraintsdemocratic constraints

Democracy allows maximum Democracy allows maximum participationparticipation

It also hinders decisions and action It also hinders decisions and action where such is required immediatelywhere such is required immediately

Administration is the best deviceAdministration is the best device

Administration: Structure and Administration: Structure and FunctionFunction

Policies are determined by the top echelon Policies are determined by the top echelon and the eliteand the elite

Lower officers are given or delegated a Lower officers are given or delegated a certain range of taskscertain range of tasks

They may not perform functions not They may not perform functions not delegated to themdelegated to them

This enables an elite to address a large This enables an elite to address a large range of tasksrange of tasks

But to enable the functions in predictable But to enable the functions in predictable ways.ways.

Examples of Administrative States: Examples of Administrative States: Socialist SocietiesSocialist Societies

Ancient examples: the Inca of the AndesAncient examples: the Inca of the Andes Modern examples: Socialist or communist Modern examples: Socialist or communist

societies: The Soviet Union, China, societies: The Soviet Union, China, Vietnam, CubaVietnam, Cuba

Modern examples: the corporatist state Modern examples: the corporatist state such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, or such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, or Imperial Japan Imperial Japan

The first two are command economies; The first two are command economies; The third involves functional equivalents of The third involves functional equivalents of

command economies. command economies.

Property: Command EconomiesProperty: Command Economies State in command State in command

economieseconomies Communist countries Communist countries

owned most productive owned most productive assetsassets

Upper Left: Chinese Upper Left: Chinese communecommune

Only remaining countries: Only remaining countries: Cuba, N. KoreaCuba, N. Korea

Inca: a administrative Inca: a administrative economyeconomy

Land mostly belonged to Land mostly belonged to empireempire

Labor tax was motor of the Labor tax was motor of the Inca economy (lower left)Inca economy (lower left)

Case Studies: The Inca and JapanCase Studies: The Inca and Japan

The Inca (Inka) of the Andes centered The Inca (Inka) of the Andes centered in Cuzcoin Cuzco

The economy was entirely The economy was entirely administered from the top downadministered from the top down

JapanJapan Starting as a feudal society, a Starting as a feudal society, a

centralized government developed centralized government developed over timeover time

Today, it is a democracy dominated by Today, it is a democracy dominated by a corporate elite. a corporate elite.