Adipose Tissue III EDDIE SMITHLEAH WAGNER LEAH SANDERSJONATHAN GRIMWOOD FWS.
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Transcript of Adipose Tissue III EDDIE SMITHLEAH WAGNER LEAH SANDERSJONATHAN GRIMWOOD FWS.
Adipose Tissue IIIEDDIE SMITH LEAH WAGNER
LEAH SANDERS JONATHAN GRIMWOOD
FWS
Importance of Adipose Tissue
Mechanical cushioning Provides insulation Source for energy Vitamin carrier and hunger suppressor
Importance of Adipose Tissue
Mechanical Cushioning: Surrounds and protects internal organs from
damage Up to 4% of body’s fat is used to protect from
damage
http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html#distrib
Importance of Adipose Tissue
Heat Insulation: Subcutaneous fat is an important heat insulator Only conducts 1/3 of heat that other tissues would
conduct Degree of insulation is based on thickness of layers Too much body fat interferes with temperature
regulation Slows release of heat from body during heat stress
http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html#distrib
Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance 7th ed. 2010
Importance of Adipose Tissue
Source for energy Provides 80-90% of energy requirements of nourished person at rest
Provides buffer when energy intake is greater than output
Excess calories are stored as fat
Efficient due to hydrophobic property of fat, store less water
9/kcal per gram
Used as a fuel source instead of protein
Provides energy for high intensity and endurance athletes
Primary fuel source for low intensity long duration exercises
For high intensity athletes, fat must be present to fully release energy from carbohydrates
http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html#distrib
Importance of Adipose Tissue
Stores the fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) Linolenic and Linoleic Acids (Essential fatty acids)
Used for brain development, controlling inflammation, and blood clotting
Keeps hair and skin healthy
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000104.htm
Importance of Adipose Tissue
Cholesterol: Plays important part in cell membrane
Helps prevent unwanted molecules out
Hydrophobic property helps keep intracellular and extracellular water in place
Needed to transport fat in blood stream (In all lipoproteins)
Used to form Vitamin D
Precursor for bile acids Bile acids aid in digestion of fat
Used to make steroid hormones Sex hormones and cortisol regulates metabolism
http://www.med.upenn.edu/biocbiop/faculty/vanderkooi/chap7-9.pdf
Importance of Adipose Tissue
Suppresses hunger: Leptin Made by fat cells Thin people have less Leptin circulating than
heavier people Obese people have likely built up a resistance to
the hormone
http://www.webmd.com/diet/your-hunger-hormones
Impact of Aging and Maturation on Adipose Tissue
Distribution changes with age Adipose tissue mass increases through middle-age
and declines with older age Increasing age is associated with intra-abdominal
adipose deposition in men and women Subcutaneous fat is redistributed from beneath the
skin to visceral deposits within the abdomen Older men and women have a smaller percentage
of fat consumed stored in subcutaneous fat than younger men and women
Fat tissue, aging, and cellular senescence. 2010
Impact of Aging and Maturation on Adipose Tissue
Menopause can increase abdominal storage Ratio of Subcutaneous fat to intra-abdominal fat
higher in women than men Abdominal circumference in middle age women
increases by 2.36cm every year Onset of menopause accelerates fat accumulation Body weight increase in women with age more
likely to be stored in intra-abdominal area instead of gluteo-femoral area
http://www.myhealthywaist.org/the-concept-of-cmr/intra-abdominal-adipose-tissue-the-culprit/causes-and-correlates-of-intra-abdominal-obesity/influence-of-age/page/2/index.html#EbookPage
http://www.myhealthywaist.org/documentation-centre/index.html?no_cache=1&tx_stdoccenter_pi1%5Buid%5D=32&tx_stdoccenter_pi1%5Bmod_type%5D=5
Seven year changes in BMI, waist circumference, and intra-abdominal adipose tissue in pre-menopausal women
http://www.myhealthywaist.org/the-concept-of-cmr/intra-abdominal-adipose-tissue-the-culprit/causes-and-correlates-of-intra-abdominal-obesity/influence-of-age/page/4/index.html#EbookPage
Impact of Aging and Maturation on Adipose Tissue
Humans are born relatively fat
Adiposity rebound (AR): Fat declines around 8-12 months, increases again into adulthood
Children with early AR are more likely to become obese during adulthood
4 and under, BMI 20+ more likely to develop a metabolic syndrome
AR at 6+ more likely to be leaner
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/101/3/e5.full
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/133/1/e114.full.pdf+html
https://www.scienceopen.com/document/vid/5e7df7f5-7f21-46f3-85a4-b1d0215b9974
Adiposity Rebound Chart
Impact of Aging and Maturation on Adipose Tissue
2 main phases of hyperplastic growth of adipocytes Adipocytes fill up with lipids
Precursor cells stimulated to differentiate creating more adipocytes
Third trimester of pregnancy and during adolescence
Can also occur during adulthood Once created, adipocytes do not go away
They can shrink as amount of lipids decrease, but adipocytes do not
http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html
Increasing and Decreasing Adipose Tissue
Increasing:
When caloric intake in more than output, excess calories stored as fat
Overweight/obese people shown to eat more foods with higher fat content than lean people
Can occur with excess carbs or protein being stored as fat
Avoiding exercise will decrease caloric output
Genes have also been shown to influence body size and fat distribution
Environmental factors play much larger role than geneticshttp://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-causes/genes-and-obesity/http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html#distrib
Increasing and Decreasing Adipose Tissue
Decreasing:
Creating caloric deficit via caloric restriction
Exercise helps reduce intra-abdominal fat while maintaining skeletal muscle
Losing 5-10% of initial body weight can reduce intra-abdominal fat by 10-30%
Caloric restriction and exercise is more effective than just reducing calories
Healthy diet and regular exercise can help counter gene-related obesity risk
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-causes/genes-and-obesity/
http://www.myhealthywaist.org/managing-cmr/effects-of-weight-loss-on-adipose-tissue-distribution/