Chapter 1Review of Tenses

Tenses which have high frequency of use:1. The Simple Present Tense a. Pattern: S + Be (am, is, are) + Adjective/Noun/Adverb S + V-1 /V-1s(es) b. Use : to express something that happens in the present to express habitual activities c. Adverbs : every............, once/ twice/three times a ........., always, sometimes, usually, generally, seldom, never d. Verbs which are only used in simple tenses (not normally used in continuous tenses)

want like belong know suppose remember need love see realize mean forget

prefer hate hear believe understand seem Examples: - My mother is at home now. - My father works as a lawyer - He usually goes to the office by car.

2. The Simple Past Tense a. Pattern : S + Be (was, were) + Adjective/Noun/Adverb S + V-2 b. Use : to express something that happened in the past c. Adverbs : this morning, yesterday, just now, last..............., .................ago

Examples: - The children were frightened to see the horror film last night. - All students in my school passed the exam last year. - Mrs. Andi sent the parcel to Jakarta this morning.

3. The Present Continuous Tense a. Pattern : S + am, is, are + Verb-ing b. Use : to express something that is still in progress at the present time or at the time of speaking c. Adverbs: now, at present, at this time, at this moment, Look!.... Listen! .... Examples: - Look! The children are playing music enthusiastically. - My father is still working in his office now. 4. The Future Tense a. Pattern : S + Be going to + V-1 S + Will + V-1 b. Use : To express something that will happen in the future c. Adverbs : tomorrow, tonight, next............. Examples: - We are going to finish the assignment this afternoon. - They will help us to finish painting the wall tomorrow.

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5. The Past Continuous Tense a. Pattern : S + was,were + V-ing b. Use : to express something that was in progress when another activity happened in the past c. Adverb : when......................,while.......................

Examples: - When I arrived home this afternoon, my mother was watching TV. - While I was studying last night, my brother was talking with his friend.

6. The Present Perfect Tense a. Pattern : has/have + V-3 b. Use : to express the completion or perfection of an action by now to express an action which began in the past and continues up to the present time c. Adverbs : already, yet, just, lately, recently, since..................., for................

Examples: -. He has just graduated from senior high school. - My brother has already got a job. - We have studied English for more than six years.

7. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense a. Pattern: S + has/have + been + V-ing b. Use : to express an activity which began in the past and, is still going on at the present time c. Adverbs: since.......................... and for...............................

Examples: - She has been living in that house since 1990. - They have been arguing for more than half an hour.

8. The Past Perfect Tense a. Pattern : S + had + V-3 b. Use : to express an activity which was completed before another activity in the past c. Adverbs : before................., after................., when................, as soon as...........

Examples: - When I arrived home yesterday, my mother had finished cooking. - He had done his homework before he went to bed last night.

9. The Future Perfect Tense a. Pattern : S + will have + V-3 b. Use : to express an activity which will be completed at a specific time in the future c. Adverbs : by the end of this week, by next December, by............

Examples:- We will have finished our study in this school by the end of this year.- He will have lived in this house for a year by next month.

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Exercise 1:Supply the most suitable tense (Present, Past, or Present Perfect):

1. She (go) away every week-end.2. He (go) abroad last week.3. No, he isn’t here. He just (go) out.4. He (go) downstairs when I (meet) him.5. “Where is Mr. Green?” “He (go) out ten minutes ago.”6. This boy never (see) the sea.7. You (see) my bag? I (lose) it.8. I (see) you yesterday. You (sit) outside a café.9. He already (write) a lot of letters, but his sister (not write) many.10. He is busy now; he (write) a letter.11. I hope he (get) better now, I (hear) he (have) a bad cold all the week.12. I usually (not take) sugar in my tea.13. You (see) a good film lately?14. He (live) in England since 1980.15. When I last (see) him, he (lie) in London.16. He (sit) in the garden when the storm (break).17. You go to the cinema last night? No, I (not be) for three weeks.18. I (hear) the news last night, but I (not hear) it today.19. You (read) that book yet? No, I just (begin) it.20. I (see) that you (buy) a new hat. How much you (pay) for it?

Exercise 2:Supply a suitable tense of the verbs in brackets.

1. By next June he (write) his second novel.2. Before his next visit here he (return) from a world tour.3. Before you go to see them, they (leave) the country.4. He (finish) this before you leave.5. By the end of the summer he (teach) us to speak English.6. By this time next week you (meet) my friend.7. When you come back he already (buy) the house.8. The meeting (finish) by the time we get there.9. By next month he (sell) all his furniture.10. By next Sunday you (stay) with us for five weeks.

Exercise 3:Supply a suitable tense to verbs between brackets into either the Simple Past Tense or the Past Perfect Tense.

1. They (go) home after they (finish) their work.2. She said that she already (see) the Pyramids.3. She just (go) out when I called at her house.4. You ought to have brought her straight home after she (fall) in the river.5. They told him that they (not meet) him before.6. He asked why we (come) so early.7. She (tell) me his name after he (leave).8. He (do) nothing after he saw me.9. My friend enjoyed his food as soon as he (taste) it.10. He (thank) me for what I (do).11. I (be) sorry that I (hurt) him.12. After they (go), I (sit) down and (rest).

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13. Did you (post) the letter after you (type) it?14. After I (hear) the news, I (hurry) to see him.15. When we (arrive), the dinner already (begin).

Exercise 4:Choose the correct answer by crossing either A, B, C, D or E.

1. By the end of this week I...........from Malaysia.a. am back d. may be backb. have been back e. will have been backc. would be back

2. I know that one of my students.........in your company since he graduated.a. work c. to work e. have workedb. working d. has been working

3. He found the door of his house open, although he.......it before.a. be locked c. had been locked e. had to lockb. had locked d. had been locking

4. Hadi looks very tired. He......for hours now.a. drove c. was driving e. has been drivingb. had driven d. had been driving

5. I hope that by the time my father retires, I.......a job.a. get c. have got e. will have gotb. am getting d. got

6. I have written three letters. The sentence means........a. She is still writing now.b. She is not writing anymorec. She has not finished writing yet.d. She hopes to finish writing this morning.e. She has to write now.

7. For the last five months he........of moving out because the area has become highly polluted.a. thinks c. though e. has been thinkingb. is thinking d. had thought

8. Suryo had already been working in that company for two years when I started working there. This means........a. Suryo wasn’t working in that company anymore.b. Suryo would be working for two more years.c. Suryo stopped working in that company.d. Suryo worked in that company only for two years.e. Surya was still working in that company.

9. Tina had just watered the flowers when Ali came. From this sentence we know that.........a. Ali didn’t see Tina watering the flowers.b. Ali came at the time Tina was watering the flowers.c. Ali was watching Tina watering the flowers.d. Ali would come when Tina finished watering the flowers.e. Ali had come before Tina watered the flowers.

10. Iwan, the national tennis player,.........tennis since he was nine.a. played c. plays e. had playedb. has been playing d. is playing

Chapter 2

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Participle

There are two types of Participle:1. Present Participle (Verb-ing)2. Past Participle (Verb-3)

Present Participle and Past Participle can be used as adjectives.Some pairs of Present Participle and Past Participle which are used as adjectives :

Present Participle Meaning Past Participle MeaningBoringInterestingExcitingTiringSurprisingAmazingFrighteningConfusingDisappointingFascinatingEmbarrassingHorrifyingTerrifyingDepressingWorryingAnnoyingExhaustingSatisfying

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BoredInterestedExcitedTiredSurprisedAmazedFrightenedConfusedDisappointedFascinatedEmbarrassedHorrifiedTerrifiedDepressedWorriedAnnoyedExhaustedSatisfied

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Read the following examples:1. John is bored because his job is boring.2. He is always very tired when he gets home.3. He has a very tiring job.4. I was disappointed with the film. I expected it to be much better.5. The film was disappointing.

Verb-ing and Verb-3 are also used in clauses. The ing-form has an active meaning, while the Verb-3 has a passive meaning. See the following examples:

1. Do you know the girl talking to Tom?2. The man injured in the accident was taken to the hospital.3. The policemen investigating the robbery are looking for three men.4. None of the people invited to the party can come.

Exercise 1:Complete the following sentences. Use an adjective ending in –ing or –ed to complete the sentences.Example: The film was not as good as we had expected. (disappoint)

a. The film was disappointing.b. We were disappointed with the film.

1. It’s been raining all day. I hate this weather. (depress-)a. This weather is............................................b. This weather makes me.....................................

2. Astronomy is one of Tom’s main interests. (interest-)

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a. Tom is....................................in astronomy.b. He finds astronomy very...........................

3. I turned off the television in the middle of the programme. (bore)a. The programme was............................................b. I was...............................................................

4. Ann is going to America next month. She has never been there before. (excite)a. She is really.............................................about going.b. It will be an ........................................experience for her.

5. Diana teaches young children. It’s a hard job. (exhaust)a. She often finds her job................................b. At the end of the day’s work she is often...................................

Exercise 2:Choose the right adjectives.

1. I was disappointing/ disappointed with the film.2. We were all horrifying/horrified when we heard about the disaster.3. It’s sometimes embarrassing/embarrassed when you have to ask people for money.4. Are you interesting/interested in football?5. I enjoyed the football match. It was quite exciting/excited.6. It was a really terrifying/terrified experience. Afterwards everybody was very

shocking/shocked.7. I had never expected to be offered the job. I was really amazing/amazed when I was offered

it.8. The kitchen hadn’t been cleaned for ages. It was really disgusting/disgusted.9. Do you easily get embarrassing/embarrassed?

Exercise 3:Complete these sentences with an adjective ending in -ing or –ed.

1. Jane finds her job ..................She wants to do something different.2. I seldom visit art galleries. I’m not very .....................in arts.3. Why do you always look.......................? Is your life really so .....................?4. I went for a very long walk. It was very ........................................5. He’s one of the most .........................people I’ve ever met. He never stops talking and never

says something..........................6. I was ............................when I heard they were getting divorced. They had always seemed

so happy together.7. I’m starting a new job next week. I’m quite..........................about it.

Exercise 4:Rewrite the following sentences. Use the information in brackets to make an-ing clause or an –ed clause.Example: a. That girl is Australian. (she is talking to Tom) That girl talking to Tom is Australian.

b. The man was taken to the hospital. (he was injured in the accident) The man injured in the accidents was taken to the hospital.

1. A plane crashed into the sea yesterday. (it was carrying 28 passengers)2. When I was walking home, there was a man. (he was following me)3. I was woken up by the baby. (she was crying)4. At the end of the street there is a path. (the path leads to the river)5. Some paintings were stolen from the palace. (they belong to the Queen)6. The window has now been repaired. (it was broken in last night’s storm)7. Most of the suggestions were not very practical. (they were made at the meeting)

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8. The paintings haven’t been found yet. (they were stolen from the museum)

Exercise 5:Complete these sentences with the verbs in the box. Use the correct form of the Present Participle or Past Participle.

1. I was woken up by a bell....................2. None of the people..............to the party can come.3. Tom has got a brother ...........................in a bank in London and a sister........... economics at

university in Glasgow.4. Somebody.........................Jack phoned while you were out.5. All letters .....................today should arrive tomorrow.6. When I entered the waiting-room, there was nobody......................except for a young

man......................by the window....................a magazine.7. A few days after the interview, I received a letter........................me a job.8. There was a tree .....................down in the storm last night.9. Sometimes life must be very unpleasant for people..........................near airport.

Exercise 6:Choose the correct answer by crossing either A, B, C, D or E.1............by the sudden noise, the baby woke up and cried. a. Startled c. It is startling e. Startling b. In startling d. To be startled2. On my way home, I saw a dog...................by a boy. a. beating c. it was beaten e. beat b. being beaten d. be beaten3. ................the student prepared a report. a. Finished his survey d. He had finished his survey b. He finished his survey e. He has finished his survey c. Having finished his survey4. The first school day is a frightening experience for many children. The underlined phrase means: an experience ...................many children. a. that frighten c. it is frightening e. which will frighten b. who frightens d. it frightens5. Two of the .................prisoners were caught by the police. a. escape c. having escape e. escaped b. was escaped d. is escaped6. Being an outstanding student in our school, he has been offered a scholarship to study in Australia. The underlined words means “.............of our school”. a. If he is an outstanding student d. As he is an outstanding student b. Although he is an outstanding student e. Before he is an outstanding student c. When he is an outstanding student7. .............near a beautiful beach, the town soon became a popular tourist resort. a. Situated c. Situating e. Situated b. It is situated d. Situates8. The ..........child ran to his mother when he heard the thunder. a. frightened c. frightens e. being frightened

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blow call invite live offer postread ring sit study wait work

b. frighten d. frightening9. Sometimes life must be very pleasant for people ...........near airport. a. live c. be living e. they are living b. be living d. they lived10. What have people recently found in the remote village? a. They hid a treasure d. The treasure was hidden b. Hiding a treasure e. A hidden treasure c. A treasure, hiding

Chapter 3Sentences with “wish”

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Observe the sentences below:SITUATION WISH

My mother is sick.Tom doesn’t live in the city.I go to school on foot.

I wish my mother were not sick.I wish he lived in the city.I wish I didn’t go to school on foot.

I was sick last week.Some students failed the exams.They didn’t attend the meeting.

I wish I had not been sick.I wish they had not failed the exams.I wish they had attended the meeting.

“Wish” in the sentences above is used to express an expectation which was not fulfilled. When the fact is in the present, the “wish” is in the past. When the fact is in the past, the “wish” is in the past perfect. The sentence with “wish” is unreal. It is contrary to the fact.

See the following pattern:

FACT WISHPresent Tense: Am, is are V-1 Does/do not + V1

Past Tense: Were Did not + V1 V-2

Past Tense : Was, were V-2 Did not + V1

Past Perfect Tense : Had been Had not + V3 Had + V3

Exercise 1:Read the following sentences and respond using “wish”.Example: The doctor isn’t in now. I wish the doctor were in now.1. Paul can’t drive a car.2. They don’t sell groceries here.3. John isn’t going with us.4. The students don’t understand the lesson.5. The dentist doesn’t work on Sundays.6. You don’t know the director.7. Joe feels very sad.8. Mrs. Andi will lend you money.9. George has to write a lot of letters.10. The bus leaves at six p.m.

Exercise 2:Based on the following situation, write sentences with “wish” like the example.Example: You’ve eaten so much and now you feel sick. You say : I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.1. You’ve just painted the door red. Now you decide that it doesn’t look very nice.2. You were walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs but you didn’t bring your camera.3. A good friend of yours visited your town but unfortunately you were away when he came. So you didn’t see him.4. You’ve just come back from the holiday. Everything was fine except for the hotel, which wasn’t very good.

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5. You can’t give up smoking, but you’d like to.6. You live in London and you hate London.7. You have to work tomorrow, but you’d like to stay in bed.8. You don’t know anything about cars, and your car has just broken down.

Besides using “wish”, to express unreal condition we may use “would rather”, “if only”, “as if” and “as though”.For example : - I would rather my father worked in a bank.

- He always talks as if he knew everything.- They acted as though they had won the competition.

Exercise 3:Give the correct form of the words in brackets.Example:

They behaved as if they.............(not meet) each other for ages.They behaved as if they had not met each other for years.

1. She sat down as if she......(be) very tired.2. The girl was talking as if she.........(know) a lot about the subject.3. The boys were behaving as if they............(win) the first prize.4. The man looked at us as though we...............(take) the boxes.5. It seemed as if he ................(want) to tell us something.6. It sounded as though something..............(fall).7. The tyre looks as if it ......................(be) punctured.8. Her father is shouting as though he .................(be) angry.9. My sister was smiling as if she...............(find) it amusing.10. The girl behaved as if she.................(go) mad.11. The boy looked as though he .............(want) to run away.12. The child wandered about as if she............(be) lost.13. My friend was panting as though he............(run) a long way.14. She looks as though she................(be) sick.15. He orders people about as if he ................(be) the manager.

Exercise 4:Choose the correct form by crossing either a, b, c, d, or e.1. A : Let’s go swimming. B : I wish I ................. We have a test tomorrow and I still have to study. a. am able c. could e. be able to b. could be d. will be able to2. I wish he...................here now to watch our play. a. is c. has been e. be b. will be d. were

3. He spoke as if he had liked her. The sentence means............ a. He really liked her. d. He used to like her b. He appeared to like her e. He wanted people to think he liked her c. He doesn’t like her4. She went to the blackboard as if she knew how to solve the problem. From the sentence we know that ....... a. She actually can’t solve the problem.

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b. She ought to know how to solve the problem. c. She definitely knew how to solve the problem. d. She should know how to solve the problem. e. She succeeded to solve the problem.5. I’m planning to go to a party tonight, but it’s raining very hard now. I wish...........raining now. a. it stops c. it will stop e. it would stop b. it has stopped d. it had stopped6. If only his son had studied harder. This means.......... a. His son didn’t study harder. d. His son will not study harder. b. His son had studied harder. e. His son never studies harder. c. His son has studied harder.7. I’m sorry I don’t know the answer but I really wish I .......... a. know c. have known e. had known b. knew d. will know8. Mother said to the guest, “I wish you..........leave now.” a. didn’t have to c. won’t have to e. weren’t having to b. haven’t got to d. aren’t having to9. She is always busy with her work. I wish i...............her more often. a. visit c. am visiting e. could visit b. would visit d. have visited10. I wish you..........to stay at home because I’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert very much. a. didn’t have to c. hadn’t e. haven’t had b. hadn’t had d. don’t have

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Chapter 4Conjunctions

Though/although/even though, despite/in spite ofBecause/as/since, because of

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and others

Observe the following sentences:1. a. Though it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves. b. Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves. c. Even though it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves. d. Despite the rain, they enjoyed themselves. e. In spite of the rain, they enjoyed themselves.2. a. Mary wore a raincoat because it was raining. b. Mary wore a raincoat as it was raining. c. Mary wore a raincoat since it was raining. d. Mary wore a raincoat because of the rain.

Notes: “Though”, “Although”, and “Even though” are followed by .........................................“Despite” and “In spite of” are followed by .................................................................“Because”, “as” and “since” are followed by.................................................................“Because of” is followed by ....................................................................................

Exercise 1:Complete the following sentences with although or in spite of.

1. ..................all my careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.2. ...................I had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.3. I love music...........................I can’t play a musical instrument.4. ............................being very tired, we carried on walking.5. ............................the heating was full on, this house was till cold.6. Keith decided to give up his job....................I advised him not to.

Exercise 2:Read these sentences and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use the word(s) in brackets in your sentences.

1. I couldn’t sleep although I was tired. (despite)...........................................................................................................................

2. Although he has an English name, he is in fact German. (despite)...........................................................................................................................

3. In spite of her injured foot, she managed to walk to the village. (although)...........................................................................................................................

4. I decided to accept the job although the salary was low. (in spite of)...........................................................................................................................

5. We lost the match although we were the better team. (despite)............................................................................................................................

6. In spite of not having eaten for 24 hours, I didn’t feel hungry. (even though)............................................................................................................................

Exercise 3:Read the following sentences and change them using “in spite of”

1. Betty went although her mother didn’t want him to.2. We didn’t wear coats although the weather was cool.3. We went in George’s car although the engine was in bad condition.4. We decided to go to Fish Lake although the distance was great.5. We wanted to go there although the road was not good.6. We got there in an hour although George’s car was very old.

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7. We swam in the lake although the water was cold.8. We sat on the ground although the grass was wet.9. We enjoyed our lunch although the coffee was cold.10. We started home although Betty wanted to stay longer.

Exercise 4:Rewrite the following sentences using “because of”.

1. Mary stayed home yesterday because she had a headache.2. Mr. Miller is going to move to California because he likes the weather there.3. George couldn’t answer the letter immediately because he had a lot of homework to do.4. Alice is going to Florida because she wants to visit her sister.5. John can’t go to the movie because he has an exam tomorrow.6. Mr. Jones moved to Arizona because the state has a dry climate.7. John got home late because the traffic was heavy.8. The classes were cancelled because it was a holiday.9. I came here because I wanted to take the English course.10. I stayed home because it was raining.

Other conjunctions:1. however, nevertheless, yet, all the same means “namun (demikian)”2. accordingly, therefore, hence means “oleh karena itu”3. on the other hand, on the contrary means “sebaliknya”4. as a result, consequently means “akibatnya”5. in order that, so that means “agar supaya”6. otherwise means “jika tidak”7. unless means “jika............tidak (kecuali)”8. till/until means “sampai”9. as long as means “selama/asalkan”10. as soon as means “segera setelah”

Exercise 5:Choose the correct answer by crossing either A, B, C, D or E.1. A : You look happy with your new job. B : That’s right. My family and I are happier...........my salary is smaller than

before. a. in spite of c. since e. when b. although d. because2. Our football team didn’t win the match ...............we got a new coach. a. despite c. however e. if b. in spite of d. even though

3. I got to the library at one o’clock, and it started raining immediately. a. It started raining as soon as I got to the library. b. It had started raining before I got to the library. c. It started raining when I was walking to the library. d. When I got to the library, it was already raining. e. the rain started sometime before I went to the library.4. ............she likes him very much, she pretends to ignore him. a. Since c. Whereas e. However b. Although d. Because5. John failed his exam in the national examination ..........he was very lazy to study. a. because c. because of e. although

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b. however d. when6. My uncle doesn’t earn much, ..................he can send his children to college. a. however c. therefore e. hence b. and d. so7. I could not afford to buy the car until the price went down. The sentence means........ a. When the price went down, I bought the car. b. I did not buy the car because the price never went down. c. I had already bought the car before the price went down. d. The price of the car went down, however, I could not buy it. e. After I bough the car, the price went down.8. The river is highly polluted, nevertheless, many people......... a. are still washing their clothes there b. complain about the danger threatening them c. do not allow the children to play there d. have become the victim of it e. are greatly concerned about it9. ...........the earthquake had made the region unsafe for living, the villagers were willing to transmigrate. a. In order that c. Until e. Since b. Whereas d. So that10. I have to save money every month, otherwise I won’t be able to send my children to college. The sentence means.......... a. I certainly be able d. therefore I will be able b. if I don’t I won’t be able e. but I will not be able c. besides I will be able

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Chapter 5Conditional Sentences

There are three types of Conditional Sentences:1. Future Conditional Sentence2. Present Conditional Sentence

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3. Past Conditional Sentence

Observe the following:TYPE MAIN CLAUSE IF-CLAUSE USE1 Will/can + Verb-1

Examples:He will go to the doctorWe will pass the examThey will fail the exam

Simple Present Tensea. With “be”= am, is, areb. With Verb= V-1/V-1s(es)c. With Auxiliary Verb=

do/does not + V-1

if he is sick.if we study hard.if they do not study hard.

To express something that may or may not happen in the future

2 Would /could+ Verb-1

Examples:I could fly highHe would go by carHe would be happier

Simple Past Tensea. With “be”= wereb. With verb= V-2c. With Auxiliary Verb= did

not + V-1

if I were a bird.if he had one.if his wife didn’t work outside.

To express something that is contrary to the fact of the present

3 Would/could have + Verb-3

Examples:He would have stayed at homeThey would have won the match

Past Perfect Tensea. With “be”= had beenb. With verb= had+V-3

if he had been sick yesterday.

if they had practised a lot.

To express something that is contrary to the fact of the past

The meanings of conditional sentences types 2 and 3:2. a. I cannot fly because I am not a bird. b. He does not go by car because he doesn’t have one. c. He is not very happy because his wife works outside.3. a. He didn’t stay at home because he was not sick yesterday. b. They didn’t win the match because they didn’t practice a lot.

Exercise 1Supply a suitable tense of the verbs in brackets.

1. You will be ill if you (eat) so much.2. I (go) if I had known.3. If my car (not break) down, I should have caught the train.4. If she were older, she (have) more sense.5. If you (read) that book carefully, you would understand it.6. If the children (be) good, they can stay up late.7. I (buy) that hat if it were not so dear.8. You (kill) yourself if you always work as hard as that.9. If they had waited, they (find) me.10. I’m sure she will do well if she (go) to the university.11. If it (be) fine tomorrow, I will play tennis.12. I would not have thought it possible if I (not see) it myself.

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13. The soldiers will fight bravely if they (understand) their orders.14. If you hit the dog, it (bite) you.15. We (be) pleased if our school won the match.

Exercise 2Read the following sentences and change them into the other forms of conditional sentences.Example: - He’ll come if you wait.Answers: - He would come if you waited.

- He would have come if you had waited.

1. If you ring the bell, somebody will come. 2. You’ll catch the train if you take a taxi. 3. If he wrote to me I’ll write to him. 4. You would have found the book if you had opened the bag. 5. If he saw he would speak to you. 6. The streets would be wet if it rained. 7. You’ll be ill if you drink that water. 8. What will you do if you meet Mr. Robinson? 9. What would happen if the bridge broke? 10. If he had fallen into the river, he would have been drowned. 11. If you buy that big house, you will need several servants. 12. If he had been thirsty, he would have drunk some water. 13. If a beggar asks you for money, will you give him any? 14. I will come and see you if I have time. 15. If you leave the letter on that table, my sister will post if for you.

Exercise 3Read the following situation and write sentences with “if”.Example: We don’t visit you very often because you live so far away. If you didn’t live so far away, we would visit you more often.

1. People don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak clearly.2. I’m not going to buy that book because it’s too expensive.3. She doesn’t go out very often because she can’t walk without help.4. He’s fat because he doesn’t take any exercise.5. We can’t have lunch in the garden because it’s raining.6. I can’t meet you tomorrow evening because I have to work.7. The accident happened because the driver stopped so suddenly.8. I didn’t wake George because I didn’t know he wanted to get up early.9. I was able to buy the car because Jim lent me the money.10. She wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat-belt.

Exercise 4Finish the following sentences with your own words.

1. If your message had not come.................2. If you had worked harder............3. Why didn’t you do it if....................4. He will not come unless.......................5. I would not have lost my money if...................6. If you don’t visit me soon................7. If I met your friend Mirna in the street,.................8. You would be very angry with us if...................9. If I were you.......................10. If I had known he was here......................

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11. If he wants to see me....................12. I will be very disappointed if...................13. If I had plenty of money................14. Flowers will not grow well unless.....................15. I would have won the prize if....................

Exercise 5:Choose the correct answer by crossing either a, b, c, d, or e.1. If there were traffic lights at this intersection, there wouldn’t be so many accidents. We can conclude that..........

a. the only accidents occur at this intersectionb. this is a dangerous intersectionc. the traffic light often doesn’t workd. despite the traffic lights accidents happene. drivers were always very careful at this intersection

2. We would not have lost our bag if we........it in the hotel. a. left c. would leave e. would have left b. have left d. had left

3. She could have attended the meeting if she had taken the first train. It means that................... a. the first train was late d. the meeting was cancelled b. she didn’t like the meeting e. she stayed at home that day c. she was too late for the first train

4. If the car were in a better condition, we would make a long trip now. It may be concluded that we........ a. have to stay at home d. prefer staying at home b. are enjoying the trip e. stayed at home c. enjoyed the trip5. Had they invited fewer people, the party could have been held at their house. We conclude that.........

a. it was only a small familyb. their house was crowded with peoplec. the party was not held at their housed. the guests enjoyed the party at their housee. not many of the invited people came

6. Had the company not raised Andy’s salary, he would have looked for another job. We may conclude that Andy ............... a. doesn’t like his job d. found a better-paying job b. didn’t leave his present job e. couldn’t find a good job c. is still looking for another job

7. They climbed higher, so they got a better view. We can also say.........

a. If they had not climbed higher, they would not have got a better view.b. If they climb higher, they wouldn’t get a better view.c. If they didn’t climb higher, they didn’t get a better view.d. If they don’t climb higher, they won’t get a better view.e. If they won’t climb higher, they don’t get a better view.

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8. If the company’s personnel department had mailed the letter earlier, I would not have been too late for the interview. From the sentence we may conclude that.............

a. I didn’t want to be interviewedb. the company didn’t send the letterc. I went through the interviewd. the letter came too earlye. I missed the interview

9. If he had taken the swimming lesson seriously, he could have become a good swimmer. The sentence means........

a. he liked swimming very muchb. he was afraid of swimmingc. he succeeded to become a good swimmerd. he was not interested in becoming a good swimmere. he didn’t have the potential of a good swimmer

10. If I had not quarrelled with John, I could have gone to the party. It can be concluded that ..............to the party.

a. perhaps I’ll go with Johnb. John promised to go with mec. I didn’t go with Johnd. John would like to go with me.e. I went with John.

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Chapter 6Elliptical Constructions

A. Ellipsis with “and........too” or “and so.......”Observe the following sentences:1. My mother is a housewife. His mother is a housewife. a. My mother is a housewife, and his mother is too.

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b. My mother is a housewife, and so is his mother.2. My father loves durian. My mother loves durian. a. My father loves durian, and my mother does, too. b. My father loves durian, and so does my mother.3. Andi passed the examination. Fina passed the examination. a. Andi passed the examination, and Fina did, too. b. Andi passed the examination, and so did Fina.

Exercise 1:Join the following pairs of sentences using “and........too” and “and so...........”.1. The front door is locked. The back door is locked.2. We’ll attend the meeting. They’ll attend the meeting.3. The money was stolen. The jewellery was stolen.4. Mia has read the book. Her friends have read the book.5. His parents work hard to support the family. My parents work hard to support the family.6. My brother could lift the box. My father could lift the box.7. They knew the answer quite well. I knew the answer quite well.8. I tried to persuade her to come. Her friends tried to persuade her to come.9. The mangoes she bought were spoilt. The apples she bought were spoilt.10. The umbrella belongs to her. The purse belongs to her.

B. Ellipsis with “and........either” or “and neither.......”Observe the following sentences:1. My father is not a civil servant. My mother is not a civil servant. a. My father is not a civil servant, and my mother is not either. b. My father is not a civil servant, and neither is my mother.2. My sister cannot sing well. My cousin cannot sing well. a. My sister cannot sing well, and my cousin cannot either. b. My sister cannot sing well, and neither can my cousin.3. I haven’t finished my homework. She hasn’t finished her homework. a. I haven’t finished my homework, and she hasn’t either. b. I haven’t finished my homework, and neither has she.

Exercise 2:Combine the following sentences using “either” and “neither”.1. I have never met her before. My sister has never met her before.2. My father is not at home. My mother is not at home.3. She will not be moving out after all. He will not be moving out after all.4. I do not trust him anymore. My sister does not trust him anymore.5. He did not break the vase. I did not break the vase.6. Cindi has not graduated. Dewi has not graduated.7. My father does not have enough money to buy a new car. His father does not have enough money to buy a new car.8. My friends were not interested to watch the movie. I was not interested to watch the movie.9. I did not enjoy the party. The others did not enjoy the party.10. You have not paid the rent. Your friend has not paid the rent.

C. Ellipsis with others, such asBoth.....................and.......

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Not only........................but also..........Either.......................or............Neither.................nor..........................but.........

Examples: 1. I study English. I study Japanese. I study both English and Japanese.2. The maid sweeps the floor. She washes the clothes. The maid not only sweeps the floor but also washes the clothes.3. You must help your father or your brother must help your father. Either you or your brother must help your father.4. Nina did not pass the exam. Anton did not pass the exam. Neither Nina nor Anton passed the exam.5. I didn’t have breakfast this morning. My sister had breakfast this morning. I didn’t have breakfast this morning but my sister did.

Exercise 3:Choose the correct answer by crossing either A, B, C, D or E.1. My uncle doesn’t smoke,............ a. and father doesn’t too d. but father does b. neither doesn’t mother e. and so does father c. and mother does too

2. No bookstores are open today. a. The grocery stores aren’t either d. Nor do the grocery stores b. The grocery stores are too e. The grocery stores don’t either c. Neither do the grocery stores

3. He doesn’t speak Chinese, and .............. a. neither am I c. I do either e. either do I b . neither do I d. I do neither

4. Everybody laughed at his jokes, .......... a. but the teacher not d. and neither did the teacher b. and also the teacher e. but the teacher did not c. and so the teacher did

5. Because of the rain, the teacher couldn’t come on time and ............. a. I neither couldn’t d. also I could not b. neither did I e. so did I c. I couldn’t either

6. Andy agreed that everybody had to pay Rp 500,000,- for the study tour to Bali. a. neither was I d. while I didn’t b. but I am not e. I didn’t either c. so am I

7. A : “I don’t think your cousin knows anything about computers.” B : “But he ............. He took a computer course last year.”

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a. knows b. does c. know d. do e. is

8. I don’t like bright colours. ................... a. So don’t I c. Neither don’t I e. I don’t also b. I don’t so d. I don’t either

9. X : My brother has just bought a new motorcycle. Y : What a coincidence! ....... a. My brother has too. d. My brother does too. b. Also my brother e. My brother also did c. So does my brother

10. I think that my mother will be interested in reading this novel, but.............. a. so will my father c. my father is b. my father won’t d. so does my father c. my father will be

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Chapter 7Degrees of Comparison

Observe the following table:POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

One or two-syllable adjectives

TallhighClever

Taller thanHigher thanCleverer than

The tallestThe highestThe cleverest

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Three-syllable adjectives

BeautifulInterestingImportant

More beautiful thanMore interesting thanMore important than

The most beautifulThe most interestingThe most important

Irregular Good/wellBad/badlyFar

LittleMany/much

Better thanWorse thanFurther (than)Farther thanLess thanMore than

The bestThe worstThe furthestThe farthestThe leastThe most

Exercise 1:Complete these sentences. Each time use the comparative form of one of the following adjectives or adverbs.

crowded early easily expensive interestednear often quiet thin large

1. This jacket is too small. I need a .....larger..........size.2. You look............................. Have you lost weight?3. He’s not so keen on his studies. He’s .............in having a good time.4. You’ll find your way around the town.............if you have a map.5. You’re making too much noise. Can you be a bit ............................?6. There were a lot of people on the bus. It was..................than usual.7. You’re late. I expected you to be here...................8. You hardly ever write to me. Why don’t you write a bit........................?9. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be much.....................10. It’s a pity you live so far away. I wish you lived..........................

Exercise 2:Match the clauses in Part A with the suitable clauses in Part B.

PART A PART BThe earlier we leaveThe longer we waitedThe more I got to know himThe more you practice your EnglishThe longer the telephone callThe more goods you sell

the faster you’ll learnthe more you have to paythe sooner we’ll arrivethe more profit you’ll makethe more impatient he becamethe more I liked him

Answers:

1. The earlier we leave, ..........................................................................................

2. ...........................................................................................................................

3. ............................................................................................................................

4. ............................................................................................................................

5. ............................................................................................................................

6. ............................................................................................................................

Exercise 3:Rewrite these sentences so that they have the same meaning. Begin as shown.Example: Jack is younger than he looks. Jack isn’t as old as he looks.

1. It is warmer today than yesterday. It isn’t......................2. The station was nearer than I thought. The station wasn’t..................

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3. I go out less than I used to. I don’t .............................4. The hotel is cheaper than I expected. The hotel isn’t..................5. There were fewer people at this meeting than at the last one. There weren’t............6. The examination was easier than we expected. The examination wasn’t....................

Exercise 4: Read these sentences and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use a superlative each time and begin each sentence as shown.Example: I’ve never seen such a boring film. It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.

1. I’ve never heard such a funny story. That’s the most............................heard.2. He’s never made such a bad mistake. That’s...................................................3. I haven’t tasted such a good coffee for a long time.

That’s ............................................................................................................4. I’ve never slept in such an uncomfortable bed.

This is.............................................................................................................5. I’ve never had such a big meal. It is..............................................................6. I’ve never met such a generous person as Ann.

Ann is..............................................................................................................7. I’ve never had such a good friend as you. You...............................................8. I haven’t had to make such a difficult decision for years.

This is ............................................................................................................

Exercise 5:Think of your own family and compare all of them. How do they differ from each other on their height, weight, personality or the others. Make more than five sentences.For example:In my family I’m taller than my brother, Tito, but my father is the tallest of all.

Chapter 8Relative Pronouns

Observe the following sentences:1. The man who is coming here is the principal.2. The man whom you talked about is my neighbour.3. The man whose car was damaged in the accident was hospitalized.4. The umbrella which is in front of the room is mine.5. The umbrella which you borrow is my sister’s.

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6. The umbrella whose colour is red is Mrs. Wahyu’s.

For the sentences above you may also say:1. The man that is coming here is the principal.2. The man that you talked about is my neighbour. The man you talked about is my neighbour.4. The umbrella that is in front of the room is mine.5. The umbrella that you borrow is my sister’s. The umbrella you borrow is my sister’s.

The use of Defining Relative PronounsSubject Object Possessive

Person .....who............that......

......whom.......

...... that.........

........----........

.......whose......

Thing .....which............. that........

......which......

...... that.........

.......----.........

......whose......

....... of which......

Exercise 1:Add a relative pronoun to the following sentences. Use more than one relative pronoun if possible.1. His wife is a woman .........loves jokes.2. I’m looking for somebody............I can trust.3. I want to find a man ................will lend me the money.4. The man.................you want has just left.5. The lady..................was here yesterday has gone to London.6. The magazine.....................you lent me is very interesting.7. The chair..........................was broken is now mended.8. The old man ................lives next door has just died.9. Women .................in hospitals are to be admired.10. The cigarette ..............you are smoking is “Jarum”.11. The girl....................lives opposite my house is very pretty.12. The fish...............I ate yesterday was not so good.13. The street ................lead to school is very wide.14. The flowers..........................I cut this morning is still very fresh.15. The dress ....................you are wearing is lovely.16. The person......................is sitting next to me is very good-looking.17. There’s the lady....................purse has been stolen.18. That’s the man.....................whose wife was badly wounded in the accident.19. The girl...........................mother I was talking to has left the room.20. I will never forget the man................had helped me fight the pickpocket.

The use of Non-Defining Relative Pronouns:Subject Object Possessive

Person ......, who........, ........,whom..........., ......., whose.........,Thing ......,which......, ........,which..........., ......., of which.....,

......., whose.........,

Example:1. Megawati, who was the first woman to be president of our country, is Sukarno’s daughter.2. English, which is an international language, has been taught to students in

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Indonesia since they are in the elementary school.3. Gajah Mada University, which many students from all over Indonesia attend, is situated in Yogyakarta.

Exercise 2:Add the necessary relative pronoun to the following.1. Flies,....................come mostly in the summer, carry diseases.2. Love, .................is a wonderful feeling, comes to everyone at some time in his life.3. Oxford University, ............is one of the oldest in the world, has many different colleges.4. Swimming, ..............is a good sport, makes people strong.5. Julius Caesar,................was a great general, was also a writer.6. George Washington,.............became the President of the United States, never told a lie.7. Shakespeare,............is the world’s greatest dramatist, was born in a little cottage.8. One should try to stop smoking,.................is a bad habit.9. Grammar,..............some students dislike, is very good for them.10.Air,.................we breathe, is made up of many gases.

Exercise 3:Combine the following pairs of sentences by using a suitable relative pronoun.1. Julius Caesar came to Britain in 55 BC. He was a powerful Roman General.2. These cactus plants should not have too much water. They will grow well in pots indoors.3. Is that the new station? You pointed out to me last week.4. This is the man I gave the money to him this morning.5. An old soldier sits begging on the pavement. His legs were shot away in the war.6. I left the cigarettes on the table. The table stands by the window.7. Mozart spent the last ten years of his life in Vienna. His birth place was Salzburg.8. What is the name of the girl? She came here last night.9. The matter has been settled. You were arguing about it last night.10. His step mother was not very kind to him. He was living with her.

Exercise 4:Choose the best answer by crossing either a, b, c, d or e.1. This is the book...................yesterday. a. the teacher was talking about b. about the teacher was talking c. the teacher was talking about it d. that the teacher was talking about it e. whom the teacher was talking about2. The businessman............we met at the party yesterday is the General Manager of a big company. a. whom b. who c. which d. with whom e. whoever3. The student succeeded in getting a scholarship. The teachers like him. The above sentence can be joined as follows: The student................succeeded in getting a scholarship a. whom the teachers like b. he is liked by the teachers c. the teachers like him d. which the teachers like him e. is liked by the teachers

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4. His supervisor,..............is a very generous person. a. he borrowed a car from him b. where he borrowed a car c. from whom he borrowed a car d. his car he borrowed e. the person he borrowed a car5. Tom’s father,.........health hasn’t been good lately, is in hospital now. a. who is b. whose c. his d. of whom e. of which6. The book..........................is only available in the library. a. from which these two chapters are taken b. these two chapters are taken c. where these two chapters are taken from d. it was from them the two chapter are e. the two chapters are taken7. This is the place.................the Dutch imprisoned Pangeran Diponegoro. a. on which c. where e. which b. where d. that8. This is Mr. Flash............. a. which I told you d. that I told you b. whom I told you about e. about which I told you c. I told you9. The lady...............this letter is addressed had moved to another city. a. who b. to which c. to whom d. whom e. which10. A : Who called you last night? B : The student................ a. which I bought the typewriter from b. from him I bought the typewriter c. I bought the typewriter from him d. from whom I bought the typewriter e. his typewriter I bought

Chapter 9Passive Voice

Observe the following :

1. Simple Present TenseACTIVE PASSIVE

Verb 1/ Verb 1s(es) Am, is, are + Verb 3Example:Someone cleans the house every day. The house is cleaned every day.

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2. Simple Past TenseACTIVE PASIVE

Verb 2 Was, were + Verb 3Example:Someone cleaned the house yesterday. The house was cleaned yesterday.

3. Present / Past Continuous TenseACTIVE PASSIVE

Am, is, are + Verb-ing Am, is, are + BEING + Verb 3Was, were + Verb-ing Was, were + BEING + Verb 3Example:Someone is cleaning the house now.The servant was washing the plates when I arrived home.

The house is being cleaned now.The plates were being washed when I arrived home.

4. Present Perfect Tense / Past Perfect TenseACTIVE PASSIVE

Has, have + Verb 3 Has, have + BEEN + Verb 3Had + Verb 3 Had + BEEN + Verb 3Example:He has finished his homework.She had returned the books to the library before she went home.

His homework has been finished.The books had been returned to the library before she went home.

5. Sentences with Modal AuxiliaryACTIVE PASSIVE

Can, could, will etc. + Verb 1 Can, could, will etc. + BE + Verb 3Example : I will send the letter tomorrow.The police must punish the criminals.

The letter will be sent tomorrow.The criminals must be punished.

Exercise 1:Complete the following passive voice sentences in the tense suggested.1. This picture (always admire). Present2. His leg (hurt) in an accident. Past3. This exercise (do) very carefully. Present Continuous4. The box (not open) for the last hundred years. Present Perfect5. The Tower of London (formerly use) as a prison. Past6. Two of my dinner plates (break). Present Perfect7. The bridge (build) last year. Past8. The answer must (write) on one side of the paper. Auxiliary9. Milk (use) for making butter and cheese. Present10.The stolen car (find) in another town. Present perfect

Exercise 2:Change the following sentences into passive.1. The bill includes service.2. People don’t use this road very often.3. They cancelled all flights because of fog.4. Somebody accused of stealing the money.

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5. They are building a new ring-road round the city.6. I didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation.7. They have changed the date of the meeting.8. People should send their complaints to the head office.9. They had to postpone the meeting because of his illness.10. Somebody had robbed and attacked him in the street.11. Somebody might have stolen your car if you had left the keys in it.12. An electric fault could have caused the fire.13. They are going to hold the congress in San Francisco.14. They shouldn’t have played the football match in such bad weather.15. Mr. Kelly can’t use his room at this moment.

Exercise 3:Choose the best answer by crossing either a, b, c, d, or e.1. As he was badly hurt in the accident, he.............to the nearest hospital. a. being taken d. be taken b. took e. was taking c. was taken2. We need to remodel our school building. We can also say “Our school building...............” a. needs to be remodelled d. needing to be remodelled b. is needed to remodel e. is needing remodelled c. needed to remodel3. A :Which painting will be exhibited tomorrow? B : I don’t know yet; they ..................by a team. a. are still being selected d. still selected b. are still selecting e. still selecting c. still be selected

4. X : Last night someone broke into our house. Y : Oh, Dear ! .........? a. Did anything take d. Anything to take b. Was anything taken e. Was anything being taken c. Anything took

5. X : I want the red dress displayed in the window? Y : I’m sorry, madam. It............ a. has been selling d. has sold b. has to be sold e. has been sold c. has to sell

6. Anin is looking forward to her birthday because she...........a new watch. a. promised d. has been promised b. has been promising e. has promised c. being promised

7. A : What happened to her skirt? B : It..........when she jumped over a fence. a. was torn d. is tearing b. tore e. has torn c. was to tear

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8. I’m sorry but you can’t swim today. The pool.............. a. be cleaned d. is being cleaned b. cleans e. is cleaning c. cleaned

9. This is a very popular TV program. Every week it............by millions of people. a. watches d. is being watched b. is watched e. has watched c. watched

10. X : When did the accident happen? Y : When the goods..........from the truck. a. were unloading d. they were unloading b. were being unloaded e. unloaded c. being unloaded

11. A : How old is the mosque? B : Well, it.........in 1980. a. build d. built b. was build e. was built c. has been building

12. I became quite nervous when I knew that my speech.............. a. was to record d. to be recording b. is recording e. was being recorded c. being recorded

13. My father was offered between two posts. We can also say “......... the choice between two posts.”. a. My father offered someone d. They would offer someone b. My father had offered e. Somebody was offered my father c. Someone offered my father

Chapter 10Causative ‘Get’ and ‘Have”

Observe the following sentences:1. My mother always gets the servant to wash the clothes.2. My mother always has the servant wash the clothes.3. My mother always gets the clothes washed by the servant.4. My mother always has the clothes washed by the servant.

Answer the questions:1. What are the meanings of the verbs ‘get’ and ‘has’ in the sentences above?

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2. What is the difference between sentences numbers 1 and 2 and sentences numbers 3 and 4? 3. Complete the following patterns: ACTIVE : a. S + GET + O + ...................+ O. b. S + HAVE + O + ..................+ O.

PASSIVE : a. S + GET + O + ...................... b. S + HAVE + O + ...................

Exercise 1:Fill in the blanks with causative ‘get’ or ‘have’. Mind the form of the tense.Example: I cannot go to receive the prize myself, but I will............somebody represent me at the ceremony and ...........him to take the prize.Answer: I cannot go to receive the prize myself, but I will HAVE somebody represent me at the ceremony and GET him to take the prize.1. She........her brother to repair the toy for her yesterday.2. They ....some workmen come to paint their house while they were away on holiday.3. The girl will.......her father to buy her the piano.4. I will ...............the maid serve you some drinks while I am on the telephone.5. We must................Fita clean up the mess before she goes out.6. That girl is too quiet. I must.........her to say something.7. He was too busy to go out for lunch, so he..........his friends to bring back some food for him.8. I bought her a watch, and I ................the goldsmith carve her name on it.9. The burglars................the frightened woman to tell them where she kept all her valuables.10. We lost our way at first; but later we.........................a passer-by give us the correct direction.

Exercise 2:Change the following sentences into the other forms of causative active and passive.Example : He had the man tow away the car.Answers: a. He had the car towed away by the man.

b. He got the man to tow away the car. c. He got the car towed away by the man.

1. I will get the children to pick the mangoes.2. We had the mechanic repair the television set.3. She will have the maid iron the suit as soon as possible.4. The man always gets his wife to wake him up.5. My father had the fence repaired.6. Fitria got me to carry her books.7. My mother will get my brother to help us.8. That old man had his grandson take him around the town.9. The boys usually get other people to replace them.10. The owner had the house renovated.

Exercise 3:Replace the active causative in these sentences into passive and vice versa.1. He gets his hair trimmed once a month.

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2. We had our car repaired at the garage.3. She got her fortune told by that man.4. My mother had all her dresses sewn by a seamstress.5. The plank was too long, so we had it sawn into two.6. The police got the man reveal the secret plans of his gang.7. She will have this dress altered to fit her.8. We had the plumber fix the leaking tap.9. The soldier had his wound examined by the doctor.10.The students have their clothes washed and ironed at the laundry.

Exercise 4:Choose the best answer by crossing either am, b, c, d, or e.1. The pipe is leaking. You must have it mended. The sentence means....... a. You have mended the pipe. b. A plumber has mended the pipe. c. Someone has mended the pipe. d. You have to find someone to mend the pipe. e. You don’t need someone to mend the pipe.2. Because she is ill, she wants ............into her room. a. to have her meals brought d. she has brought her meals b. to have brought her meals e. having her meals brought c. she brings her meals3. The teacher had the students.......................to the passage twice before they answered the questions. a. listen c. listening e. have listened b. listened d. to listen 4. My mother was not strong enough to clear the old tree trunks from the shed, so she.......... a. had the gardener do the job b. had to do the job of the gardener c. had the gardener doing the job d. had been doing the gardener’s job e. had done the job by the gardener

5. “My father had the oil of his car changed.” means................ a. He changed the oil of his car. b. He had to change the oil of his car. c. He had changed the oil of his car. d. Someone changed the oil of his car. e. Someone asked my father to change the oil of his car.6. Sugeng is a very lazy boy. He always wants...............for him. a. everything has done d. everything having been done b. having done everything e. to have everything done c. to have done everything7. X : What a lovely evening gown you’re wearing! Did you make it yourself? Y : No, I ............... a. have to make it d. had to make it b. had it made e. have made it c. had made it8. Now that she has grown up, my niece has her old dresses lengthened.

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The sentence means......... a. My niece has lengthened her old dresses. b. My niece asked someone to lengthen her old dresses. c. My niece has to lengthen her old dresses herself. d. My niece has been told to lengthen her old dresses. e. My niece has been asked by someone to lengthen her old dresses.9. The curtains are dirty; we...............at the dry-cleaner’s. a. must have washed them d. are washing them b. have washed them e. must have them washed c. must be washing them10. I don’t know how to arrange the flowers so I’d rather.............. a. do it myself d. it has been done b. have to do it e. have done it c. have it done

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Chapter 11Modal Auxiliaries

Notice the forms and meanings of the modal auxiliaries.

Will future time ................................(be going to)

Can ability ........................................(be able to)

May permission ................................(be permitted to, have permission to, be allowed to)

Might possibility .................................(It is possible that....,perhaps)

Should obligation, .................................(ought to)

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desirability

Must inference, ..................................(I conclude that.............conclusion,probability It is very probable that...)necessity ....................................(have to)

Modals with Perfect:Observe the following:1. Should have + V3 (seharusnya telah) : digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan yang seharusnya dilakukan tetapi tidak dilakukan. Should = ought to - She should have helped her mother (but she didn’t)2. Might have + V3 (mungkin telah) : digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau. - He came late. He might have missed the bus.3. Must have + V3 (pasti telah) : digunakan untuk menyatakan kesimpulan dari peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau. - Look at the ground! It’s wet. It must have rained last night.4. Could have + V3 (sebenarnya bisa) : digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sebenarnya bisa dilakukan pada waktu lampau tetapi karena sesuatu alasan kegiatan itu tidak dilakukan. - Mrs. Tono went to a mall last Sunday. She had enough money with her but she didn’t buy anything. She could have bought something at the mall. Exercise 1:Form sentences using the modals. Look at the examples.Examples: Paul is going to write PAUL WILL WRITE A LETTER a letter tomorrow. TOMORROW. George is able to speak GEORGE CAN SPEAK FRENCH French very well. VERY WELL. The students have permission THE STUDENTS MAY DO THE to do the exercise in the library. EXERCISE IN THE LIBRARY

1. Paul and George are going to play tennis tomorrow.2. It is possible that George is a very good tennis player.3. John is able to swim very well.4. We have to get up at six tomorrow.5. You have permission to come and see the doctor.6. My brother is in your class. I conclude that you know him.7. Mr. Brown has to get a new passport soon.8. The students have to join an English course.9. You ought to send messages to your parents regularly.10.Mary is able to play the violin well.

Exercise 2:Make sentences with ‘must’, ‘might’, ‘should’ or ‘could’ according to the situation.Examples:1. X : Does she live in an apartment now? Y : I suppose she does. That’s the only reasonable conclusion. Answer : SHE MUST LIVE IN AN APARTMENT NOW.2. X : Did she live in the dorm last year?

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Y : I conclude that she did. Answer : SHE MUST HAVE LIVED IN THE DORM LAST YEAR.

1. Did she decide to get a job? I think that’s possible.2. Did she save her money? It was desirable, she didn’t.3. Did she stay with her sister? She had that opportunity but she didn’t.4. Did Mr. Ridwan sell his car? I conclude that he did.5. Does Mrs. Fitri own a new house? I conclude that she does.6. Did you aunt shop by phone? She had the opportunity but she didn’t.7. Did she invite her uncle on her birthday? It was desirable but she didn’t.8. Did your brother forget to mail the letter? I think it’s possible.9. Is the new student a very good dancer? I conclude she is.10. Did she ride with us in the car? She had that opportunity but she didn’t. Exercise 3:Use ‘must have’ in your response to the sentences.Example : Your sister laughed after she talked with Budi. Answer : He must have told her something funny.

1. He spoke Italian very well when he came back from Europe.2. He had to write the check with a pencil.3. He was very sleepy this morning.4. He came back from the city with lots of money and no car.5. This morning he left suddenly and went to the dentist’ office.6. His music teacher told him that he played the piano like an expert.7. Tom was coughing and sneezing yesterday.8. He knew what was going to happen every minute during the whole movie.9. He had souvenirs and photographs of many different cities all over the world.10. His glasses were broken and his nose was bleeding.

Execise 4: Choose the best answer by crossing either a, b, c, d or e.1. Rini is very thin and pale. She...............ill. a. shall be d. ought to be b. will be e. would have been c. must be2. The teacher said to Iwan : “You can go now.” The sentence means.......... a. Iwan was supposed to go. d. Iwan was requested to go. b. Iwan was advised to go. E. Iwan was allowed to go c. Iwan was ordered to go.3. Her house is very dirty. She..........it for a long time. a. does not clean d. should not have cleaned it b. could not be cleaning e. must not have cleaned it c. did not clean4. My brother did not keep his promise to send us a message soon. He might have been very busy. The sentence means.......... a. My brother will be very busy. d. My brother would be very busy. b. My brother was certainly busy. e. My brother was perhaps very busy. c. My brother is expected to be very busy.5. X : Hello! Is your Mom home? This is from her office.

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Y : No. She left home an hour ago. X : Then, she.........................at the office by now. a. will have arrived d. could have arrived b. would have arrived e. ought to have arrived c. must have arrived6. When we got home, we found the front door open. Somebody......entered the house while we were away. a. could have d. ought to have b. would have e. must have c. should have7. They lost all their possession in the fire; they............a hard time now. a. may have had d. used to have b. must be having e. are to have c. ought to have8. His English is very good. He..............quite a lot. a. ought to practice d. must have been practising b. should practice e. has to be practising c. will have practice9. Last year the couple could save much money, otherwise, they.....to make a tour around the world this year. a. can’t afford d. will afford b. could afford e. wouldn’t afford c. could not have afforded10. It is possible that there will be a rise in the price of petrol soon. We can also say............” There..............a rise in the price of petrol soon.” a. must be d. may be b. should be e. had better be c. has to be

Chapter 12Agreement/Concord

A. Agreement of subject and verb: When the subject is singular, the verb must be singular; when the subject is plural, the verb must be plural, too. Examples: 1. His knowledge about mathematics and natural science has made him successful. 2. My mother, accompanied by my father, is going to visit my grandmother in Jakarta. 3. Either of these buses goes to the university. 4. Twenty dollars is the price of the watch.

Notes: Along with, with and accompanied by do not cause singular subjects to be plural.

The following indefinite pronouns are singular:anyone neither

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anything no oneeach nothingeither whateveryone, whatevereverything whoever

The following collective subjects agree with singular verbs:audience group 2,3,4..................dollarsclass public 2,3,4...................milescommittee stafffaculty teamfamily

B. Agreement of noun and pronoun

Singular male person : he, him, hisSingular female person : she, her, hersSingular thing/animal : it, itsPlural people/animals/ things : they, their, them

Examples: 1. It is easier to talk about the problem than it is to resolve it. 2. In spite of their small size, these cameras take very good pictures. 3. If one knew about a fact, he will not be so quick to criticize.

Exercise 1:Fill in the correct form of the bracketed words (plural or singular).1. The traffic on the road today..............(be) very heavy.2. The news .....................(be) brought to us yesterday by a friend.3. The pyjamas he is wearing now..................(belong) to my brother.4. She had to hire a porter to carry the luggage, which..........(be) very heavy.5. The cattle.................(have) all been driven to the market this morning for sale.6. The police.............(have) now finished questioning the suspect.7. A series of tests.................(have) been made on the animals; we are now awaiting for the results.8. That pair of trousers...........(be) tight for him; why does he not give the trousers away?9. My family ............(be) a united one.10. The machinery....................(work) only when the electric current is on.

Exercise 2 :Choose the best answer by crossing either a, b, c, d, or e.1. Economics.........................a difficult subject for many people. a. is c. are e. are being b. have been d. were2. Neither the students nor the professor...................happy about the result of the experiments. a. have been c. were e. to be b. are d. was3. Although the boys have enough money, neither of them...........going on vacation. a. were c. have been e. are b. is d. was4. The name of a river passing through some big towns .................the title of a very

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popular Indonesian song. a. it has become d. to have become b. has become e. having become c. have become5. Producing fine paintings.................skills and creativity. a. require d. requires b. they require e. is requires c. is require6. The school has a lot of classroom; each of them.. ...........equipped with an overhead projector. a. are c. is e. have b. they are d. was 7. Neither of the schools ................for our pilot projects. a. meets the requirements d. meeting the requirements b. it meets the requirements e. meets the requirements c. they meet the requirements8. An increase in the number of students....................expected next year. a. are c. were e. will b. is d. was9. The bridge designed by the young engineers ................now. a. is repairing d. are repairing b. are being repaired e. is being repaired c. have been repaired10. These shoes look good; I’ll try ....................on. a. it c. its e. them b. they d. their

Chapter 13Word Order

A. Adverbs of FrequencyAlways rarelySometimes seldomUsually scarcelyOften hardly everGenerally neverOccasionally

Adverbs of frequency usually come after the subject or to be. Examples: She always studies hard.

He is often late to school. A negative adverb of frequency is often placed at the beginning of a sentence to emphasize the negative meaning. An inversion form is used. Examples: Never has she met us. Rarely did we eat rice when we were in England.

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B. Order of Adverbs of MANNER, PLACE AND TIME 1. When adverbs of Manner, Place and Time come together in one sentence, the normal order is at the end of a sentence, in the order Manner, Place and Time. Examples: She danced gracefully at the concert last night. Manner Place Time

He is studying hard in the room now. Manner Place Time 2. With verbs of movement, the adverbial place acts as a kind of object notionally, comes immediately after the verb. Example : He went to the station by taxi.

Place Manner She walked to school slowly. Place Manner 3. The adverbial of time is often placed at the very beginning of a sentence; this is particularly useful when there are many adverbials in the sentences and also to emphasize the time. Example : Last night my sister performed very beautifully at the concert. Time Manner Place 4. The more particular expressions of time come before the more general. Example : He was born at seven o’clock on Christmas morning in 1993.

C. Order of Adjectives

DETERMINER SIZE AGE SHAPE COLOR ORIGINHEADWORD

ARTICLEA/anTheMyYourher hisourthis that

FirstSecondThirdOnlysome

Two threeAnotherSeveralA lot of

InterestingBoringBeautifulPrettyuglyHandsomeCleverEtc

BigSmallLittleShortTallWideNarrowEtc.

OldYoungNewColdHotWarm modern

Round squareetc

RedYellowGreenBlueBrownetc

IronStonePaperBrickWoodGold etc

CarBookHouseDressRingEtc

Task 1:

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Put the adverbials at the correct place.1. He was born (in the year 1995, at 10 a.m., On June 14th).2. She drinks coffee (at hone, every morning).3. Our teacher spoke to us (in class, very rudely, this morning).4. I saw my friend off (at 7 o’clock, at the station, this morning).5. Mrs. Bani was working (at her office, very hard, all day yesterday).6. They stayed (quietly, all day, there).7. He played (at the Town Hall, last night, beautifully, in the concert).8. I will meet you (outside your office, tomorrow, at 2 o’clock).9. We are going (for a week, to Switzerland, on Saturday)10. The train arrived (this morning, very late, in Tawang Station).

Task 2:Put the adverb of frequency in the following sentences into the correct place.1. She is a good student. (always)2. We try to work well. (always)3. We are very busy. (generally)4. My mother goes for a walk on Sundays. (often)5. The buses are full in this town. (usually)6. They have heard of it. (never)7. Mary can swim now. (nearly)8. She knows what to say about it. (scarcely)9. The porter was able to carry my luggage. (hardly)10.The children quarrel with each other. (often)11. Her death has upset me. (quite)12. He gets up before half past nine. (never)

Task 3:Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct position.Example: a beautiful table (wooden round) a beautiful round wooden table

1. an unusual ring (gold) ..................................................2. an old lady (nice) ..................................................3. a good – looking man (young) ..................................................4. a modern house (attractive) ..................................................5. black gloves (leather) ..................................................6. an American film (old) ..................................................7. a large nose (red) ..................................................8. a sunny day (lovely) ..................................................9. a hot bath (nice) ..................................................10. an ugly dress (orange) ..................................................11. a red car (old/little) ..................................................12. a metal box (black/small) ..................................................13. a long face (thin) ..................................................14. a wide avenue (long) ..................................................

Task 4:Choose the correct answer by crossing either a, b, c, d, or e.1. Choose the correct sentence. a. In the library Andi clearly told me everything last night. b. Andi in the library clearly last night told me everything. c. Everything Andi told me clearly last night in the library.

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d. Clearly last night Andi told me everything in the library. e. Last night Andi told me everything clearly in the library.

2. “You shouldn’t write such a criticized articles.” a. Seldom they are published. b. Seldom published the are. c. They seldom are published. d. They published are seldom. e. They are seldom published.

3. Choose the correct sentence! a. Has ever your brother been injured in a football match? b. Has your brother ever been injured in a football match? c. Has your brother been ever injured in a football match? d. Has your brother been injured ever in a football match? e. Has your brother been injured in a football match ever?

4. Which one is true? a. Does he sometimes read English good books? b. Does he read sometimes good English books? c. Does sometimes he read good English books? d. Does sometimes he read English good books? e. Does he sometimes read good English books?

5. Which of the following statements is true? a. I think he is not enough strong to lift that box alone. b. I think he is not strong enough to lift that box alone. c. I think he is not strong enough alone to lift that box. d. I think he is alone not strong enough to lift that box. e. I think he alone is not strong enough to lift that box.

6. Which of the following sentences is true? a. Early the farmers left home in the morning. b. The farmer left home in the morning early. c. The farmer left home early in the morning. d. The farmer in the morning left home early. e. In the morning the farmer left early home.

7. Tifa came home late last night. Where did her boy friend take her to? a. She took him to the movies last night. b. He took her last night to the movies. c. Last night she took him to the movies. d. He took her to the movies last night. e. To the movies he took her last night.

8. What is so special about Rini’s house? It is a.......... a. wooden Japanese style house b. Japanese style wooden house c. wooden house Japanese style

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d. Japanese wooden house style e. wooden style Japanese house

9. Which of the statements is right? a. To send me a birthday card, Tia never forgets. b. Tia forgets never to send me a birthday card. c. Never forgets Tia to send me birthday card. d. To send me a birthday card Tia forgets never. e. Tia never forgets to send me a birthday card.

10. Which of the following statements is true? a. Ati usually writes me on my birthday a long letters. b. Usually Ati on my birthday writes me a long letter. c. Ati usually writes me a long letter on my birthday. d. A long letter usually Ati writes me on my birthday. e. Usually a long letter Ati writes me on my birthday.

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Chapter 14Direct and Indirect Speech

A. Commands or ImperativeSee the following examples:1. “Pay attention”, the teacher said. The teacher told us to pay attention.2. “Wash your face, please”, she told the sleepy student. She told the sleepy student to wash his face.3. “Don’t sit on this chair,” I told her. I told her not to sit on that chair.4. “Don’t be afraid,” I asked her. I asked her not to be afraid.

Changes that happen from direct command to indirect command : V1 to V1

Don’t V1 not to V1

B. StatementsIn reported statements there are two types of introducing verbs:

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1. in the present such as: tell, will tell, has told, says, has said etc2. in the past such as : told, had told, said etc.

When the reporting verb is in the present, there is no change of tenses from direct into indirect sentence. However, when the reporting verb is in the past, there is always a change of tense from direct into indirect sentence, except for eternal truth and natural laws.Examples:

a. “I’m a good dancer”, she often says. She often says that she is a good dancer.b. “I’m a good dancer”, she said. She said that she was a good dancer.c. The teacher explains, “The sun rises in the east”.

The teacher explains that the sun rises in the east.d. The teacher explained. “The sun rises in the east”. The teacher explained that the sun rises in the est.

Changes that happen from direct into indirect speech when the reporting verb is in the past.1. Changes of Tenses

a. Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense V1 V2

Do/does + V1 did + V1b. Simple Past Past perfect Tense

V2 had + V3Did + V1 had + V3

c. Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tenseam, is, are + V-ing was, were + V-ing

d. Past Continuous Tense Past perfect Continuous Tensewas, were + V-ing Had been +V-ing

e. Present Perfect tense Past Perfect Tensehas/have + V3 had + V3

2. Changes of Adverbs of Timea. today that dayb. now then

c. tomorrow the following daythe next daythe day after

d. yesterday the previous day the day before

e. next............... the following.........the ...................after

f. last................ the previous................. ................ago the ...............before

3. Changes of Modals

a. will wouldb. can couldc. may mightc. must had to

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4. Other changesa. here thereb. this thatc. these those

C. Yes/No Questions Observe the following:

1. “Is your mother a housewife?”, I asked her.I asked her if/whether her mother was a housewife.

2. “Will you attend the party?, She asked me. She asked me if/whether I would attend the party. 3. “Do you go to school on foot?”, they wanted to know. They wanted to know if/whether I went to school on foot.

The changes from direct to indirect in YES/NO questions:

Direct Yes/No Question Indirect Yes/No Questions

TO BE/AUX + S+ V/N/ADJ IF/WHETHER S + TO BE/AUX+V/N/ADJ

D. WH-Questions Observe the following sentences:

1. The boy asked me, “Where is your brother?”The boy asked me where my brother was.

2. The policeman said, “How did the accident happen?”The policeman wanted to know how the accident had happened.

3. The teacher asked Intan, “Why were you absent yesterday?”The teacher asked Intan why she had been absent the day before.

The changes from direct to indirect speech in WH-QUESTIONS: Direct WH-Question Indirect WH-Question

WH + TO BE/AUX + S + V/N/ADJ WH + S + TO BE/AUX + V/N/ADJ

Task 1:Rewrite the following sentences into indirect commands.

1. “Clean it yourself,” mother told my brother.2. “Wrap it in a piece of paper,” I told the shop assistant.3. Father told the gardener, “Cut the grass in the garden”.4. The pilot told the passengers, “Fasten your safety belt”.5. “Don’t sit on my bed,” my sister asked me.6. “Wait there till I come,’ he asked her 7. “Don’t speak until you are asked”, she asked me.8. I told my brother,” Leave it on the piano”.

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9. “Don’t try to be funny”, the teacher told the naughty students.10. “Don’t spill the ink on the carpet”, they said to me.

Task 2:Change the following sentences into reported statements.

1. “I am going to town with my sister,” Fahmi said.2. “We have finished our work,” they said.3. “I want to speak to you,” I told the teacher.4. “He is ready to come with us,” Intan said.5. “They do not know you,” I said to her.6. “She has done her homework well,” the teacher said.7. “You can do it if you try,” I advised him.8. “You may see the photograph if you like,” I said to her.9. “They went away yesterday,” he said.10. “I lost my temper yesterday morning,” he confessed.

Task 3:Put the following sentences into the reported speech.

1. “Did you meet the minister when you were in Jakarta?” she asked me.2. “Does she always wear Moslem clothes?” I asked him.3. “Have you ever seen my new bag?” she asked me.4. “Must the door be kept shut?” the shop assistant asked me.5. “May I use your telephone?” my friend asked me.6. “Was the train very full last Sunday?” the man asked the officer.7. “Have the children put away their toys?” mother wanted to know.8. “Do you sleep in the afternoon?” I asked her.9. “Did the greengrocer have any fresh vegetables?” mother asked me.10. “Will the taxi be here at eight o’clock?” father asked the waiter.

Task 4:Change the following sentences into the reported questions.

1. My brother asked, “Where will we spend our holiday next week?”2. My grandmother asked me, “How do you usually go to the office?”3. The teacher asked Sinta, “When were you born?”4. I asked Ida, “How often do your family visit your grandmother?”5. Andi asked me, “Which book is yours?”6. I asked Andika, “How long have you been waiting here?”7. We asked the boy, “How could you be so unkind to that poor man?”8. Ira asked Dino, “Why didn’t she come to your party?”9. My friend asked me, “How is the condition of your car now?”10. I asked the lazy students, “What will you do if you do not pass the exam?”

Task 5:Choose the best answer by crossing either a, b, c, d, or e.1. Mother said, “Don’t waste your money on cigarettes.” a. My mother advised me not to waste my money on cigarettes. b. My mother told me that she didn’t waste my money on cigarettes. c. My mother asked me if I had wasted my money on cigarettes. d. My mother allowed me to waste my money on cigarettes. e. My mother said that she didn’t waste my money on cigarettes.

2. Farhan said to me, “Why do they go abroad so often?”

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Farhan asked me.......... a. if they went abroad so often d. why do they go abroad so often b. why they went abroad so often e. did they go abroad so often c. why did they go abroad so often

3. “I’ve been writing letters,” Sita answered. a. Sita answered that she had been writing letters. b. Sita answered that she has been writing letters. c. Sita answered that she wrote letters. d. Sita answered that she was writing letters. e. Sita answered that I’ve been writing letters.

4. “Did she leave a message for me?” “ Yes, she said.......................tonight”. a. she called you d. she would call you b. she would call her e. I would call you c. you called her

5. The captain told the sailors not to leave the ship. The direst sentence is a. The captain said, “Not leave the ship”. b. The captain said, “Don’t leave the ship”. c. The captain said, “You do not leave the ship” d. The captain said, “You didn’t leave the ship”. e. The captain said, “Didn’t leave the ship”.

6. A : “What did she ask you just now?” B : “.................” a. whether I was absent yesterday b. whether my mother was at home yesterday c. whether all the students passed the exam last year d. if the principal had announced the result of the exam e. if all students are present today

7. “Is John coming to the party tonight?’ “Yes, he asked me...........” a. if he could go with us d. whether he goes with us b. if he is coming tonight e. whether he is going with us c. if he went with us

8. I saw someone smoking at the petrol station, so I said,.......... a. “You need not smoke here”. c. “You cannot smoke here”. b. “You may not smoke here”. d. “You will not smoke here”. c. “You must not smoke here”.

9. Mother warned us .....................the new painted wall. a. not to touch d. not touching b. not touch e. not to touched c. not to touching

10. He asked me..........

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a. whether I grew my own vegetables d. I grew my own vegetables b. you grow your own vegetables e. if I did grow my own vegetables c. did I grow my own b\vegetables

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Chapter 15Question-Tags

Observe the following sentences:1. You have been living here for years, haven’t you?2. The children could do the test, couldn’t they?3. The show will end soon, won’t it?4. Girls should not go out at night alone, should they?5. The students haven’t done their homework, have they?

Rules of Question Tag:1. When the statement is positive, the tag is negative. When the statement is negative, the tag is positive.2. To be (am, is, are, was, were) or auxiliary verb (will, can, have, has etc.) in the statement is repeated in the tag.3. When there is no be or auxiliary verb, the tag must be added with the auxiliary verb do, does or did.

V 1 doV1 s/es doesV2 did

4. The subject in the tag is always the same as the subject in the statement but in the

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form of personal pronoun (I, we, you, they, she, he, it)5. Negative tag is always in the contracted form ( isn’t, doesn’t, won’t etc.)6. When there are two auxiliary verbs used in the sentence, the tag uses the fist auxiliary verb. For example : The students should have studied, shouldn’t they?7. In commands, the tag is either “will you ?” (rising intonation)

Or “won’t you?” (falling intonation) Example : Study hard for your test, will you? Study hard for your test, won’t you?8. “Have, has and had” are auxiliaries when followed by V3. When they are not, they are considered as verbs, so we have to add the auxiliaries of do, does and did. Example : You have finished your work, haven’t you? You have to finish your work, don’t you?

You have a happy family, don’t you?9. Special Question-Tags:

No. Statement Taga.b.c.d.e.f.g.h.i.

I amLet’sHe’d betterHe’d ratherHe’d goHe’d goneHe’s takingHe’s takenHe ought to....

aren,t I?shall we?hadn’t he?wouldn’t he?wouldn’t hehadn’t heisn’t hehasn’t heshouldn’t

Exercise 1:Add suitable question-tags to the following statements.1. You broke the window.2. They didn’t see you3. They arrived yesterday.4. You have heard about that.5. You’d rather I didn’t say anything.6. He didn’t have to speak to me.7. I have to buy some matches.8. Your sister won’t fall down.9. Your grandmother wouldn’t like the window open.10. He used to go with his wife.11. I am very late.12. I am not a good worker.13. He has an English-English dictionary.14. He always has breakfast at nine.15. He has lived in his present home for years.16. Come and see me tomorrow.17. Let me read the letter for you.18. Let’s have something to eat in the restaurant.19. You shouldn’t have been such a fool.20. The roof was leaking.21. He won’t fall down.22. People think that he won’t fall down.

Tyas SMA N 4 Smg47

23. Anton has your book.24. Let’s pretend we’re not here.25. Our teachers speak English better than yours.26. You never come to class on time.27. This winter hasn’t been cold.28. You ought to go there yourself.29. You will have finished your study by the end of this school year.30. Those children should not have gone without the teachers.

Tyas SMA N 4 Smg48