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47558 Halliday (Asian) Wiley FM First Pages 12/29/06 p. i Application Files

Dedication

This book is dedicated to my loving teacher, Prof. P.V. Krishnan (retired professor, IIT Delhi), and his wife,

mother Krishangi Devi, whose teachings gave me life. Whatever I am today, I owe it to them.

47558 Halliday (Asian) Wiley FM First Pages 12/29/06 p. iii Application Files

PrefaceHaving experienced teaching at various levels and with a varied group of stu-dents, I have experienced the shortcomings faced by most of the students. I can also remember my own experiences of failure and dejection when I used to study. Often, I did not find answers to my questions, or I could not find a book that could help me think, nor did I find a collection of problems that stimulate the mind. In this book, finally I have come to fulfill a vision of a book that has an interna-tional collection of problems, the theory to such depth as we cover at Bansal Classes, Kota, and American quality of printing. This book is not a substitute for a teacher. I strictly believe and this has been proven over the years: To learn, you need a teacher. But learning under a qualified teacher will help you understand this book better.

Often students find Physics tough or at least challenging. Perhaps it is both because it tries to encourage you to think and it does not follow any stereotyped pattern. A thinking individual will do well in physics. In the modern learning atmosphere, perhaps we are never even encouraged to think. I have made an attempt to cross this barrier and challenge you to think at numerous places. For this purpose, I have scattered numerous checkpoints throughout the chapters. The problem section begins with a set of assertions and reason problems, and the student is required to find whether those statements are correct or not. And if they are, what are the reasons.

Those of you who are accustomed to the original Halliday, Resnick, and Walker would be in for a surprise because although this is supposed to be an ad-aptation, I have freely made the changes as per the needs of the students who are appearing in competitive examinations like Physics Olympiads, IIT JEE, and so on. So the net result is that you have an altogether new book, my style. Three new chapters have been added and many have been deleted. All over the world, slow-ly objective type examinations are replacing subjective papers. So we have added extensive collection of objective problems on each and every concept covered in chapter. Each chapter has been started with a chapter opener which illustrates real world phenomena based on that chapter. Some of them are fun, and some of them are real phenomena which should set your mind thinking.

The book follows a particular format. I introduce a concept and try to illus-trate it by the means of an example. In the spirit of what we did in Volume I of this book, we have explained each illustration in four sections: Conceptualize, classify, compute, and conclude.

• Conceptualize explains the problem with a clue to the solution.

• Classify contains details of the principles of physics used to solve the problem.

• Compute gives the detailed solution.

• The real punch lies in the conclude section where many a times the student has to think on the lines of great physicists.

In the exercises that follow at the end of each chapter, I am trying to take the stu-dents through the same ideas. The spirit of the book will be marred if the student just focuses on the theory and does not try out the exercises that follow. I have tried to arrange the exercises in increasing order of difficulty. The answers are given at the end of the chapter. If one is not able to solve a particular question, then it will do him good to go back to the illustration and try it out himself.

47558 Halliday (Asian) Wiley FM First Pages 12/29/06 p. iv Application Files

How to Approach the Question BankTo gain the most, I would suggest the following sequence:

• Step 1: First, go through the text of a section thoroughly with the help of a quali-fied teacher. Try solving the illustrations yourself and feel the joy of discovering physics.

• Step 2: Then go through the multiple choice questions and the subjective exer-cises pertaining to that section.

• Step 3: At the end of that, when you are confident of the basic concepts of the entire chapter, there are additional problems given at the end of problems sec-tion.

• Step 4: After doing all these, you should go to the Assertion and Reasons (Rea-soning Type Questions) section and solve them to see if you do understand the principles completely.

These problems take you to the realm of IIT JEE, Physics Olympiad, and even be-yond. Do not feel discouraged if you have not been able to solve the problems at the first go. Remember, even Einstein and Newton had faced failures in their lives. Failure is a stepping stone to success. I wish you all the best in your endeavors.

My team and I have tried our level best to offer you an error-free book, even going through the whole manuscript three or four times. All the questions that have been set in the problem section has been solved twice, once by me personally and then by my colleague. Yet, it may be possible that errors may remain in the book. Comments or suggestions on the content and presentation of the book will be re-ceived with great interest and highly appreciated.

Manish Kumar SinghalEmail: [email protected]

Prefaceiv

47558 Halliday (Asian) Wiley FM First Pages 12/29/06 p. v Application Files

I have dedicated this book to my loving teacher Prof. P.V. Krishnan and his wife, mother Krishangi Devi. Truly, if they did not give me a spiritual vision of life, I would never even have the boldness of taking up teaching as a profession, much less to venture writing this book. He taught me the real meaning of Science and opened my eyes to a Science which is much more profound and vast than what we are studying here. I encourage all my readers to study his books, “Science and Nescience” and “Wake up! Intellectuals.” They gave me an entirely new perspec-tive to life, they will surely change yours.

This book was made possible only by an extensive help rendered by a big group of friends. The leader among them was my friend and colleague Ajit Aggarwal who laboriously went through the entire book and solved each prob-lem personally in detail. My friend Dr. G. Partheepan at IIT Delhi was extremely prompt with his valuable help with the research papers. I am indeed very grateful to Mr. Jearl Walker for allowing me to edit the book the way I wanted. Thanks!

Thanks are also due to Amit Gupta, author of Vol. I, who introduced me to the idea. Prominent among those who helped me with the books are Kishore Rane of Paravyoma classes, Vishakhapatnam; Anurag Mishra, Bansal Classes, Kota; and Ambarish Srivastava, FIITJEE, Delhi. The kind of open heartedness which these three individuals showed in sharing their collection of books with me is a rare example in this age of hypocrisy and cynicism.

I am also deeply indebted to Mr. V.K. Bansal of Bansal classes, Kota, who gave us such an open learning atmosphere at Kota. His dedication to teach-ing excellence is something which is unparalleled and would be hard to beat in years to come. My editor Meenakshi Sehrawat and her entire team deserve a gold medal for keeping up with my vision of giving the students gem of a book. My typist Prashant Gupta deserves a special applause for making figures that match the quality of the original book. Special thanks are due to my students of today and past whose thought-provoking questions helped me to explore Physics deeper and deeper. Last but not the least, I owe a special thanks to Paras Bansal and Vikas Gupta at Wiley India for putting so much faith in me and risking a big investment for bringing out their first ever textbook in India in color. And that too at Indian prices! This project would have never been successful without these people supporting me.

Manish Kumar SinghalApril 2010

Acknowledgments

Note to the StudentThe IIT-JEE is one of the hardest exams to crack for students. For a very

simple reason – concepts cannot be learned by rote, they have to be absorbed, and IIT believes in strong concepts. Each question in the IIT-JEE entrance exam is meant to push the analytical ability of the student to its limit. That is why the questions are called brainteasers!

This is where Halliday, Resnick and Walker’s Fundamentals of Physics comes in. This text has been the definitive text for learning Physics concepts and solving problems conceptually for the last 33 years. Its unparalleled approach to teaching physics has been appreciated globally by students and teachers alike. And that is why it is probably the best resource for an IIT aspirant like you today.

In collaboration with experts from IIT-JEE coaching, the original Halliday, Resnick and Walker edition has been customized to give you the tools that will help you crack the toughest entrance exam in India.

If you take full advantage of the unique features and elements of this text-book, we believe your experience will be fulfilling and enjoyable. Let's walk through some of the special book features that will help you in your efforts to crack IIT-JEE.

The opening teaser and the related image at the beginning

are meant to serve two purposes: First, they are real-life phenom-ena and thus make the concept

something real and not just a bookish detail. And second, they

make the student curious and incite him/her to get deeper into

the chapter and its contents.

opening teaser

At 2:45 A.m. on march 13, 1989, the entire power-grid system for the Canadian province of Quebec failed, leaving millions

of people without power on that cold night. In fact, many power-grid systems in the Northern Hemisphere malfunctioned

that night, creating a nightmare situation for the engineers who maintained the systems. The cause was not a sudden

overtaxing demand for power or a failure of aging equipment. Rather, the cause was an explosion that had occurred on the

Sun’s surface three days earlier.

How can a solar explosion shut down a power-grid system?

The answer is in this chapter.

Courtesy NASA/JSC

a. peDagogY

What is phYsics?

One goal of physics is to identify basic forces in our world, such as the electric force we discussed in Chapter 22. A related goal is to determine whether a force is conservative—that is, whether a potential energy can be associated with it. The motivation for associating a potential energy with a force is that we can then apply the principle of the conservation of mechanical energy to closed systems involving the force. This extremely powerful principle allows us to calculate the results of experiments for which force calculations alone would be very difficult. Experimentally, physicists and engineers discovered that the electrostatic force is conservative and thus has an associated electric potential energy. In this chapter

we first define this type of potential energy and then put it to use.

24-2 | electric potential energy

Any charge in an electric field experiences the action of a force. Consequently, a certain work is done when a charge moves in the field. This work depends on the field strength at different points and on the charge displacement. However, if a charge describes a closed curve, that is, returns to the original position, the work done by the field is equal to zero irrespective of the field configuration and the shape of the path along which the charge has moved.

The concept explanation follows. This will lead you to the answer of the teaser in the beginning. The inimitable style of Halliday, Resnick and Walker is obvious in the simple language and real-life examples.

concept explanation

Throughout the book, important tips will be given in a box marked with a pointed finger. This tech-nique highlights the tips and also aids retention.

important pointsElectric potential is a scalar property associated with an electric field, regardless of whether a charged object has been placed in that field; it is measured in joules per cou-lomb, or volts.

These are important points after each section in the chapter that help check your understanding of what has been covered till then.

checkpointsc h e c k p o i n t 4 The figure here shows three arrangements of two protons.

Rank the arrangements according to the net electric potential produced at point P

by the protons, greatest first.

P

dD

P

DdD

d

P(a) (b) (c)

These contain helpful instructions to guide the beginning physics

student as to how to solve problems and avoid common errors.

problem-solving tactics

problem-solving tactics

Tactic 1: The Symbol V and Potential Difference In previous chapters, the symbol V represents an electric potential at a point or along an equipotential surface. How ever, in matters concerning electrical devices, V often represents a potential difference between two points or two equipotential surfaces. Equation 26-1 is an example of this second use of the symbol. In Section 26-3, you will see a mixture of the two meanings of V. There and in later chap-ters, you need to be alert as to the intent of this symbol.

You will also be seeing, in this book and elsewhere, a variety of phrases regarding potential difference. A potential difference or a “potential” or a “voltage” may be applied to a device, or it may be across a device. A capacitor can be charged to a potential difference, as in “a capacitor is charged to 12 V.” Also, a battery can be characterized by the poten-tial difference across it, as in “a 12 V battery.” Always keep in mind what is meant by such phrases: There is a potential difference between two points, such as two points in a circuit or at the terminals of a device such as a battery.

24-1

It is normal to be nervous about solving tough IIT-JEE problems. But not if

you know how to solve them using the 4Cs. The 4Cs is a unique and logical tech-

nique of solving problems conceptually. It is a step-based approach intended to

simplify the process of applying formulas and concepts in the computation of the

solution. See the Halliday way of 4Cs for solving the problem with explanations

provided for each step. The purpose of each C is explained below.conceptualize

First, the concept used in the problem is identified and a brief explanation of the

problem is given. classifY

Based on what value needs to be obtained and what values are given in the question, the

formulae used are listed.

computeThe actual solution comes next, including the applica-

tion of formulae and the resultant equations.

concluDe The problem ends with the explanation of the values

derived as the answer.

What is the relationship between A and n, so that no rays come out of second face (Fig. 35-58)?

Sample Problem

r2 > qc r2r1i

fig. 35-58 The prism has such a refractive index and an angle of prism combination that all the incident rays undergo total internal reflection.

Compute: Applying Snell’s law at the first surface:

1 90

1

1

1

11

21

× ° =

=

= −

−

−

sin sin

sin

sin .

n r

rn

r An

But for total internal reflection at the second surface:

r

rn

An n

c

c

2

2

1 1

11

1 1

>

>

−

>

− −

θ

θsin sin

sin sin .

Thus, the condition becomes

n A>

cosec2

.

Conclude: Many optical instruments, such as binoculars, periscopes, and telescopes, use glass prisms and total internal reflection to turn a beam of light through 90° or 180°.

Conceptualize: Here, we want to choose the refractive index of the prism such that a ray will always undergo total internal reflection. Note that this total internal reflection can occur only when the light ray goes from denser to rarer medium. In other words, this will occur only when the ray is incident on the second surface.

The situation implies that for the smallest angle r2 also, the total internal reflection should occur.

Classify: r1 + r2 = A. So when r2 is minimum, r1 is maximum. The angle of incidence i is also maximum by Snell’s law. But the maximum angle of incidence can be 90°. This problem implies that if a total internal reflection occurs when angle of incidence is 90°, then total internal reflection will occur at all the angles.

35-26

b. the 4cs concept

Mere theory is not enough. It is also important to test what has been taught. For the test to be effective, the assessment technique should be comprehensive. In the context of this book, the assessment also needs to be in resonance with the IIT-JEE paper pattern because unless the student practices the IIT-JEE way, he/she will not be sufficiently equipped to crack the exam. Keeping this in mind, the assessment has been divided into three main parts – Reasoning Type Questions, Multiple Choice Questions, and Problems – plus a section of Additional Problems for students interested in testing their understanding of the whole chapter. Each part contributes to the preparation of IIT-JEE because each part is modeled on the actual IIT-JEE paper.

In the following set of questions, a statement 1 is given and a corresponding statement 2 is given just below it. Mark the correct answer as:

(a) If both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true and Statement 2 is the correct explanation of Statement 1.

(b) If both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true but Statement 2 is not the correct explanation of Statement 1.

(c) If Statement 1 is true but Statement 2 is false.(d) If Statement 1 is false but Statement 2 is true.

1. Statement 1: It is less dangerous to touch a faulty electrical appliance at 200 V than a Van de Graff generator at 20 000 V.

Statement 2: If we have two similar bodies at the differ-ent potential, the body with a higher potential will have more charge on it.

Statement 2: x component of electric field is given by

ExV

x = −

∂∂

,

and on equipotential surface potential V is constant.

4. Statement 1: If the distance between two point charges increases, their potential energy decreases.

Statement 2: The potential energy of two point charges is inversely proportional to the distance between the two charges.

5. Statement 1: If the electric potential at all the points in space is zero, the electric field at all the points in space must be zero.

Statement 2: If the electric field at all the points in space is zero, the electric potential at all the points in space must be zero.

reasoning tYpe QuestionsThe first section of the assessment is reasoning-type questions, similar to the ones asked in the IIT-JEE paper. Practicing these would mean effective preparation for the exam.

reasoning tYpe

This form of Assess-ment forms the basis

of the IIT-JEE paper. If a student becomes adept at attempting these types of ques-

tions, he/she has a good chance of doing

well in the exam.

multiple choice

Questions

multiple choice Questionssec. 24-2 electric potential energy1. A point charge Q is moved along a circular path around another fixed point charge. The work done by the electric field for one complete circle is zero

(a) If fixed charge is at the center of the circular path(b) If the two charges have the same magnitude(c) If the two charges have the same magnitude and oppo-

site signs(d) All above cases

2. Three charged particles are initially in a position 1. They are free to move and they come to another position 2 after some time. Let U1 and U2 be the electrostatic potential ener-gies in position 1 and 2. Then

(a) U1 > U2

(b) U2 > U1

(c) U1 = U2

3. When a negative charge moves in a direction opposite to the direction of an electric field,

(a) The field does work on the charge(b) The charge does work on the field(c) The charge gains potential energy(d) The charge loses potential energy

4. A point charge q moves from point P to point S along the path P, Q, R, and S in a uniform electric field pointing parallel to the positive direction of the x axis. The coordinates of the points P, Q, R, and S are (a, b, 0), (2a, 0, 0), (a, −b, 0), and (0, 0, 0), respectively (Fig. 24-37). The work done by the field in the above proc-

R(a, − b, 0 )

Q(2a, 0, 0)

P(a, b, 0 )

E

(0, 0, 0)S

fig. 24-37 Multiple choice question 4.

c. assessment – as per iit-jee pattern

A number of numerical problems testing differ-

ent concepts covered within the chapter are

given here. All problems are of different levels of

difficulty and meant to help students apply the concepts. Sections are

mentioned for students to know which section to refer to in case of doubt.

problems

undergoes a change in electric potential of 12 V, how much energy is involved?

7. A positron (charge +e, mass equal to the electron mass) is moving at 1.0 × 107 m/s in the posi-tive direction of an x axis when, at x = 0, it encounters an electric field directed along the x axis. The electric potential V associated with the field is given in Fig. 24-49. The scale of the vertical axis is set by Vs = 500.0 V. (a) Does the positron emerge from the field at x = 0 (which means its motion is reversed) or at x = 0.50 m (which means its motion is not reversed)? (b) What is its speed when it emerges?

sec. 24-5 calculating the potential from the field8. When an electron moves from A to B along an electric field line in Fig. 24-50, the electric field does 3.84 × 10–19 J of

sec. 24-2 electric potential energy1. Electrostatic work w is done on a charged particle, going from point A to point B, without any other external force act-ing on it. You next apply a force to move the particle back to point A, increasing its kinetic energy by an amount equal to 2w. How much work did you do?

2. How much work is required to set up the arrangement of Fig. 24-48 if q = 2.0 mC, a = 9.0 cm, and the par-ticles are initially infinitely far apart and at rest?

3. A particle of charge +7.5 mC is released from rest at the point x = 60 cm on an x axis. The particle be-gins to move due to the presence of a charge Q that remains fixed at the origin. What is the kinetic energy of the particle at the instant it has moved 40 cm if Q = +20 mC?

4. Two charged objects are held a distance r apart. The first object has a mass m and a charge +2q, while the second object has a mass 2m and a charge +q. The objects are released from rest. Assume that the only force acting on either charge is the electrostatic force from the other charge. (a) When the objects are in motion what is the ratio of the first object’s kinetic energy to that of the second object? What is the speed of (b) the first object and (c) the second object when they are at a large disctance from each other?

5. Two electrons are fixed 2.0 cm apart. Another electron is shot from infinity and stops midway between the two. What is its initial speed?

problems

Electricfieldline

Equipotentials

B

A

C

fig. 24-50 Problem 8.

–q +q

a+q –q

a

a

+

+

a

Vs

V (V)

200 50x(cm)



Some bonus extra prob-lems are given as part of Assessment at the end of each chapter. These problems are not ordered or sorted in any way so that a studentmust determine which parts of the chapter apply to any given problem.

aDDitionalproblems

45. The smiling face of Fig. 24-66 con-sists of three items:

(a) a thin rod of charge –3.0 mC that forms a full circle of radius 6.0 cm;

(b) a second thin rod of charge 2.0 mC that forms a circular arc of radius 4.0 cm, subtending an angle of 90° about the center of the full circle;

(c) an electric dipole with a dipole mo-ment that is perpendicular to a radial line and has magnitude 1.28 × 10–21 C ⋅ m.

What is the net electric potential at the center?

46. In Fig. 24-67, we move a particle of charge +2e from infinity to the x axis. How much work do we do? Distance D is 4.00 m.

47. A particle of positive charge Q is fixed at point P. A second particle of mass m and negative charge –q moves at constant speed in a circle of radius r1, centered at P. Derive an expression for the work W that must be done by an external agent on the second particle to increase the radius of the circle of motion to r2.

aDDitional problems

41. A nonconducting sphere has radius R = 2.31 cm and uniformly distributed charge q = +3.50 fC. Take the electric potential at the sphere’s center to be V

00= . What is V at

radial distance (a) r = 1.45 cm and (b) r = R.

42. Two charged particles are shown in Fig. 24-64a. Particle 1, with charge q1, is fixed in place at distance d. Particle 2, with charge q2, can be moved along the x axis. Figure 24-64b gives the net electric potential V at the origin due to the two parti-cles as a function of the x coordinate of particle 2. The scale of the x axis is set by xs = 16.0 cm. The plot has an asymptote of

x (cm)xs

4

0

–10

V (

10–7

V)

1

y

xd

(a) (b)

2


V = 5.76 × 10−7 V as x →∞. What is q2 in terms of e?

43. A nonuniform linear charge distribution given by λ = bx, where b is a constant, is located along an x axis from x = 0 to x = 0.20 m. If b = 20 nC/m2 and V = 0 at infinity, what is the electric potential at (a) the origin and (b) the point y = 0.15 m on the y axis?

44. Proton in a well. Figure 24-65 shows electric potential V along an x axis. The scale of the vertical axis is set by Vs = 10.0 V. A proton is to be released at x = 3.5 cm with initial kinetic

+2e

+2e

xD D

∞

+e

fig. 24-66 problem 45.

fig. 24-67

Problem 46.

The Answer key at the end of each chapter contains answers to all questions including checkpoints, reasoning questions, multiple choice questions, problems and additional problems.

ansWers

Checkpoints

1. a

2. (a) 11h/6 from fish itself; (b) 17 h/6

3. The straw is not a ray! Note that the straw has a lateral shift as well as a bend. Actually, the rays from the straw reach our eyes after refraction from the water and the apparent depth of different parts of the straw is different from its actual val-ue. So the straw appears to be bent.

4. ddna =

coscos

3

3

θφ

5. (a) e; (b) virtual, same

7. Virtual, same as object, diverging

ansWers

Reasoning Type Questions

1. (a)

2. (a)

3. (d)

4. (d)

5. (a)

6. (a)

7. (b)

8. (c)

9. (b)

10. (b)

Multiple Choice Questions

1. (d)

2. (b)

3. (c)

4. (a)

5. (c)

6. (b)

7. (c), (d)

8. (a)

9. (b)

10. (a)

11. (b)

12. (c)

13. (c)

14. (d)

15. (d)

16. (b)

17. (c)

18. (b)

19. (c)

20. (a)

21. (b)

22. (d)

The topics covered in the first volume are:

• General Physics

• Mechanics

• Thermal Physics

It has been adapted by an expert IIT-JEE teacher – Mr. Amit Gupta.

relateD WileY titles in phYsics

• Modern Physics, 2 ed. Kenneth Krane ISBN: 9788126508266

• Solutions to Irodov’s Problems in General Physics, Vol. I, Third ed. Abhay Kumar Singh ISBN: 9788126520763

• Solutions to Irodov’s Problems in General Physics, Vol. II, Third ed. Abhay Kumar Singh ISBN: 9788126520770

We welcome your feedback about this book. email us at: [email protected]

about volume i

• The Flying Circus of Physics with Answers Jearl Walker ISBN: 9788126517824

• Understanding Physics Cummings et al. ISBN: 9788126508822

• Physics, 5 ed. Cutnell & Johnson ISBN: 9788126514519

26

Contents

What causes the pollen to jump, first to the bee and then away from it?

25-1 What Is Physics? 108

25-2 Conductors and Insulators 108

25-3 Electric Field Inside a Conductor 109

25-4 A Charged Isolated Conductor 111

25-5 The Net Electric Field Near the Surface of a

Conductor 112

25-6 Electrostatic Shielding 115

25-7 Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor 117

25-8 Earthing 121

25-9 Electrostatic Self-Energy 124

Reasoning Type Questions 126

Multiple Choice Questions 127

Problems 129

Additional Problems 131

Answers 132

25 Conductors 107

What is this additional danger of a lightning storm?


23-2 Flux 46

23-3 Electric Flux 47

23-4 Statement of Gauss’ Law 51

23-5 Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law 53

23-6 Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry 58

23-7 Applying Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 61

23-8 Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry 63



Problems 66


Answers 70

23 Gauss’ Law 45

What determines whether sparking will cause an explosion of airborne dust?


26-2 Capacitance 136

26-3 Calculating the Capacitance 138

26-4 Combination of Capacitors 141

Capacitors and Capacitance 135

Can you find the bacterial source?

22-1 What is Physics? 2

22-2 Electric Charge 2

22-3 Coulomb’s Law 6

22-4 Charge Is Quantized 12

22-5 Charge Is Conserved 13

22-6 The Electric Field 14

22-7 Electric Field Lines 15

22-8 The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge 16

22-9 The Electric Field Due to Continuous Charge

Distribution 20

22-10 The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk 25

22-11 A Point Charge in an Electric Field 27

22-12 A Dipole in an Electric Field 30



Problems 37


Answers 42

22 Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field 1 24-3 Electric Potential 77

24-4 Equipotential Surfaces 79

24-5 Calculating the Potential from the Field 80

24-6 Potential Due to a Point Charge 82

24-7 Potential Due to a Group of Point Charges 84

24-8 Potential Due to a Continuous Charge

Distribution 86

24-9 Calculating the Field from the Potential 90

24-10 Potential Due to an Electric Dipole 93



Problems 101


Answers 105

What is the danger in these situations?


24-2 Electric Potential Energy 72

24 Finding the Electric Potential 71

Preface vii

Note to the Student xi

TOC.indd 19 5/11/2010 1:09:05 PM

Contentsxx

47558 Halliday (Asian) Wiley FM First Pages 12/29/06 p. xx Application Files

29

27 Ohm’s Law 167How can you reduce your risk from ground current?


27-2 Electric Current 168

27-3 Current Density 170

27-4 Resistance and Resistivity 173

27-5 Ohm’s Law 178

27-6 A Microscopic View of Ohm’s Law 179

27-7 Power in Electric Circuits 182

27-8 Superconductors 183



Problems 186


Answers 189

30 Current-Produced Magnetic Fields 267So, how can brain activation produce amagnetic field?


30-2 Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a

Current 268

30-3 Magnetic Field of Moving Charged Particles 278

30-4 Force Between Two Parallel Currents 280

30-5 Ampere’s Law 282

30-6 Solenoids and Toroids 287



Problems 296


Answers 29928 Circuit Theory 191What precaution must be taken to prevent such a fire?


28-2 Work, Energy, and Emf 192

28-3 Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit 194

28-4 Multiloop Circuits 203

28-5 Electricity-Related Instruments 209

28-6 RC Circuits 214



Problems 221


Answers 225

Magnetic Force 227What produces this huge display, and what makes it so thin?


29-2 What Produces a Magnetic Field? 228

29-3 The Definition of B 232

29-4 A Circulating Charged Particle 235

29-5 Cyclotrons 239

29-6 Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron 242

29-7 The Hall Effect and the Force on

a Current–Carrying Wire 246

29-8 Torque on a Current Loop 250

29-9 The Magnetic Dipole Moment 252



Problems 261


Answers 264

31 Electromagnetic Induction 301How then does the metal become hot enough to melt?


31-2 Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields 302

31-3 Two Experiments 303

31-4 Faraday’s Law of Induction 304

31-5 Lenz’s Law 307

31-6 Motional EMF 310

31-7 Induction and Energy Transfers 312

31-8 Induced Electric Fields 317

31-9 Inductors and Inductance 321

31-10 Self-Induction 322

31-11 RL Circuits 324

31-12 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 328

31-13 Mutual Induction 332



26-5 Energy Stored in an Electric Field 146

26-6 Capacitor with a Dielectric 150

26-7 Dielectrics: An Atomic View 153

26-8 Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law 154



Problems 161


Answers 165

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Contens xxi

47558 Halliday (Asian) Wiley FM First Pages 12/29/06 p. xxi Application Files

33 Nature of Electromagnetic Waves 385What produces sun dogs?


33-2 Maxwell’s Rainbow 386

33-3 The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave,

Qualitatively 387

33-4 The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave,

Quantitatively 390

33-5 Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector 393

33-6 Radiation Pressure 396

33-7 Polarization 396

33-8 Reflection and Refraction 400

33-9 Polarization by Reflection 404



Problems 409


Answers 411

36 Optical Interference 493How do color-shifting inks shift colors?


36-2 Light as a Wave 494

36-3 Diffraction 498

36-4 Young’s Interference Experiment 498

36-5 Coherence 506

36-6 Intensity in Double-Slit Interference 507

36-7 Modifications of Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 513

36-8 Interference from Thin Films 516

36-9 Diffraction and the Wave Theory of Light 522

36-10 Diffraction by a Single Slit: Locating the Minima 523

36-11 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction, Quantitatively 526

36-12 Diffraction by a Circular Aperture 527

36-13 Diffraction by a Double Slit 530



Problems 537


Answers 544

35 Geometrical Optics: Refraction 441How can its eyes function in both air and water?


35-2 Snell’s Laws of Refraction 442

35-3 Apparent Depth and Normal Shift 444

35-4 Total Internal Reflection 450

35-5 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces 456

35-6 Thin Spherical Lens 461

35-7 Lens Mirror Combination 471

35-8 Prism 473

35-9 Chromatic Dispersion 477



Problems 487


Answers 491

Can you find those subtle distortions of reality?


34-2 Principle of Rectilinear Propagation of Light 414

34 Geometrical Optics: Reflection 413

32 Alternating Fields and Current 351How can a solar explosion shut down a power-grid system?


32-2 LC Oscillations, Qualitatively 352

32-3 The Electrical–Mechanical Analogy 355

32-4 LC Oscillations, Quantitatively 356

32-5 Alternating Current 359

32-6 Forced Oscillations 360

32-7 Three Simple Circuits 360

32-8 The Series RLC Circuit 367

32-9 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits 371

32-10 Transformers 375



Problems 381


Answers 383

Problems 341


Answers 349

34-3 Laws of Reflection 416

34-4 Formation of Image by a Mirror 419

34-5 Formation of Image by a Spherical Mirror 425



Problems 438


Answers 439

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Contentsxxii

47558 Halliday (Asian) Wiley FM First Pages 12/29/06 p. xxii Application Files

39 Hydrogen Atom 617Why does the pickle glow only yellow in color?


39-2 String Waves and Matter Waves 618

39-3 Energies of a Trapped Electron 619

39-4 Wave Functions of a Trapped Electron 623

39-5 The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 626

39-6 Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom 631

40 The Nucleus 651What, then, is so different about the light from a laser?


40-2 Some Properties of Atoms 652

40-3 Electron Spin 654

40-4 Angular Momenta and Magnetic Dipole

Moments 655

40-5 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 657

40-6 Building the Periodic Table 658

40-7 X Rays and the Ordering of the Elements 659

40-8 Lasers and Laser Light 665

40-9 How Lasers Work 666



Problems 672


Answers 675

41 Coulomb’s Law 677What is the physics behind this image that has so horrified the world?


41-2 Discovering the Nucleus 678

41-3 Some Nuclear Properties 679

41-4 Radioactive Decay 686

41-5 Probability of Decay 688

41-6 Alpha Decay 690

41-7 Beta Decay 692

41-8 Gamma Decay 695

41-9 Radioactive Dating 696

41-10 Nuclear Models (Optional) 697

41-11 Nuclear Fission: The Basic Process 700

41-12 Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 702

41-13 Thermonuclear Fusion in the Sun

and Other Stars 703



Problems 710


Answers 713

37 Special Relativity 547How can we tell what monster lies at the center of M87?


37-2 The Postulates 548

37-3 Measuring an Event 549

37-4 The Relativity of Simultaneity 551

37-5 The Relativity of Time 554

37-6 The Relativity of Length 558

37-7 The Lorentz Transformation 561

37-8 Some Consequences of the Lorentz Equations 563

37-9 Electricity and Magnetism 565

37-10 The Relativity of Velocities 567

37-11 Doppler Effect for Light 568

37-12 A New Look at Momentum 572

37-13 A New Look at Energy 572



Problems 579


Answers 584

38 Light Quanta, Matter Waves 587Can a particle be a wave?


38-2 The Photon, the Quantum of Light 588

38-3 The Photoelectric Effect 591

38-4 Photons Have Momentum 596

38-5 Light as a Probability Wave 599

38-6 Electrons and Matter Waves 601

38-7 Schrödinger’s Equation 604

38-8 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 607

38-9 Barrier Tunneling 608



Problems 613


Answers 615

39-7 Quantum Numbers for the Hydrogen Atom

(Optional) 638



Problems 647


Answers 649

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Contens xxiii

47558 Halliday (Asian) Wiley FM First Pages 12/29/06 p. xxiii Application Files

Appendices

A The International System of Unit (SI) 717

B Some Fundamental Constants of Physics 719

C Some Astronomical Data 720

D Conversion Factors 721

E Mathematical Formulas 725

F Properties of the Elements 728

G Periodic Table of the Elements 731

IIT-JEE Physics Paper 2010 733

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47558 Halliday (Asian) Wiley FM First Pages 12/29/06 p. xxiv Application Files

TOC.indd 24 5/11/2010 1:09:05 PM

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