NATURA MONTENEGRINA, PODGORICA, 6:153-160

ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF MONTENEGRO: Setaria verticilliformis Dumort., Setaria viridis (L.) PB. subsp. pycnocoma (Steud) Tzvel., Impatiens balsamina L. AND Catalpa bignoniodes Walt. Danijela S T E Š E V I Ć 1) Nejc J O G A N 2)

1) Faculty of Science, University of Montenegro, Cetinjski put bb, 81 000 Podgorica, denist@cg.yu 2) Department of Biology BF, University in Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia,

nejc.jogan@bf.uni-lj.si

Setaria verticilliformis Dumort. According to compilation by R o h l e n a 1942 later amended by P u l e v i ć

2005 in the flora of Montenegro genus Setaria PB. is represented with only 3 species: Setaria glauca (= Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.), S. verticillata (L.) PB. and S. viridis (L.) PB.

Recently, two additional taxa of Setaria have been recorded: S. verticilliformis Dum. and S. viridis (L.) PB. subsp. pycnocoma (Steud) Tzvel.

The first mentioned species has been recorded in the city area of Podgorica (city lawns, waste places and roadsides). Using keys in Pignati (1982a) species can be determined as S. ambigua Guss. Checking additional literature sources (H i t c h o c k 1950, C l a y t o n 1980, W i s s k i r c h e n & H a e u p l e r 1998, M a r t i n č i ć 1999, A e s c h i m a n n et al 2004, F i s c h e r et al 2005, http://herbarium.usu.edu/treatments/Setaria.htm), we noticed that opinion about taxonomic status of this taxon differs between authors. According to ITIC (Integrated Taxonomic Information System - http://itis.gov/) its accepted scientific name is S. verticilliformis Dumort. Some more important synonyms are listed below:

= Setaria verticillata (L.) PB. var. ambigua (Guss.) Parl. = Setaria verticillata × viridis = Setaria ambigua (Guss.) Guss., non Schraeder = Setaria decipiens Schimp. ex Nyman = Setaria gussonei Kerg. S. verticilliformis is thermocosmopolitan species (P i g n a t i 1982a), so we

presume that the reason why it was not reported for the flora of Montenegro up to now, might be its confusion with similar S. verticillata or S. viridis.

Photos of panicles of these 3 Setaria species, macrodetails of rachis and bristles, and some distinguishing characters are given below:

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bristles are retroversly scabrous, rachis is retroversly scabrous

bristles are mostly antroversly scabrous, rachis is antroversly scabrous Photos by: Danijela Stešević

bristles are antroversly scabrous, rachis is hispid and villous

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Setaria viridis (L.) PB. subsp. pycnocoma (Steud) Tzvelev

Taxonomy of the group of closely related taxa between wild S. viridis on one side and cultivated S. italica, on the other, is quite blurred. Most probably the reason for that is, that the wild mentioned species is supposed to be a progenitior of the cultivated one, so they are morphologically linked by an array of intermediates. Those, more resembling typical S. viridis are often recognized as S. viridis subsp. pycnocoma and the ones closer to typical S. italica but still retaining some “wild” character states as presence of bristles, disarticulating ripe spikelets etc. are called S. italica subsp. moharia (Alef.) Koern. Main distinguishing characters delimiting mentioned subspecies of S. viridis are (compiled by Jogan in Martinčič et al. 2007):

- Stem more than 80 cm high (less than 50 (80) cm in type subsp.) - Panicle lobed and interrupt towards the base, more than (0.8) 1.2 cm wide (vs.

not lobed and up to 0.6 (0.8) cm wide) - Spikelets (2.2) 2.4-2.6 (2.8) mm long (and only (1.8) 2-2.4 (2.5) mm in subsp.

viridis)

The most important synonyms of S. viridis subsp. pycnocoma are: - Setaria viridis (L.) PB. var. major (Gaudin) Peterm. - Setaria gigantea (Franch. & Sav.) Makino - Setaria pycnocoma (Steud.) Nakai - Panicum comosum Steud.

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As an obligate segetal weed, S. viridis subsp. pycnocoma, is supposed to be of a hybrid origin between cultivated and wild growing relatives mentioned above. Darmency (2005) compiled a “dynamic” model of possible relationship among wild, weedy, crop and feral forms in the Setaria italica/S. viridis group:

Species

Process Resulting Type Conclusion Likelihood

S. viridis Selection by man S. italica Domestication

High

S. italica Seed lost at harvest S. italica Volunteerism Very low

S. italica

Back mutation S. viridis ssp. pycnocoma

Endoferality Hyper rare

S. viridis

Genetic variability S. viridis ssp. pycnocoma

Mimicry Possible

S. italica and S.viridis

Interspecific gene flow

S. viridis ssp. pycnocoma

Exoferality High

In Montenegro, up to now, S. viridis subsp. pycnocoma has been recorded in

Gornji Kokoti (roadside Podgorica – Cetinje), but we can expect its scattered occurrence also in other lowland parts of the country. Its recent discovery in the discussed territory (together with the first discovered S. decipiens) showed a need for taxonomic revision of this genus in the flora of Montenegro.

Impatiens balsamina L. (fam. Balsaminaceae) In the flora of Montenegro, genus Impatiens L. was present with only one

species - Impatiens noli tangere (R o h l e n a 1942, P u l e v i ć 2005), which is according to M o o r e (1968) the only Impatiens species native to Europe. All others are neophytes from Asia and North America (M o o r e 1968, S l a v n i k 1995).

During our field survey undertaken on June 22, 2007, at waste place on Tološko polje, we have found a few indviduals of unfamiliar Imaptiens, later identified as Impatiens balsamina (M o o r e 1968, P i g n a t i 1982b). It is annual, up to 1m tall, with alternate, eliptical to lanceolate-obovate leaves, with serrate margins and 15-20 teeth on each side. Flowers are solitary or in groups up to 3 in leaf axils, pinkish to purplish to white. Capsula pubescent.

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Impatiens noli tangere Impatiens balsamina

Photos by: Danijela Stešević

Impatiens balsamina originates from South East Asia and just after its

introduction to Europe (1542) it stared to spread spontaneously (http://www.bbg.org/ gar2/topics/plants/handbooks/flowers/5b.html).

According to available sources I. balsamina is reported in several European countries as ephemeral escape from the gardens (Italy, UK, Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary; P i g n a t i 1982b, C l e m e n t s & F o s t e r 1994, P y š e k et al. 2002, E s s l & R a b i t s c h 2002, B o t o n d & Z o l t a n 2004), occasionally naturalized (Austria, France, Italy, Czech Republic, (?)Yugoslavia; M o o r e 1968, G r e t u e r et al. 1984) or maybe even an invasive alien species in E Europe (http://www.sevin.ru/

invasive/dbases/plants/species.html). In some other regions of the world, such as in Austral-Pacific region (http://www.

gisp.org/downloadpubs/AP_NATIO.PDF), Pacific islands (http://www.hear.org/pier/reports/

kiribati_appendix1.htm), Micronesia (http://www.hear.org/pier/pdf/kosrae_report.pdf),

Peru (http://i3n.iabin.net/documents/progress_peru_cbd_informe.doc), etc... I. balsa-mina has status of invasive species.

Considering the appearance of I. balsamina at Tološko polje, we presume its seeds were brought here with the waste from nearby gardens, in which it is grown as an ornamental plant, so in Montenegro it can be only an ephemeral garden escape.

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Catalpa bignonioides Walt. (fam. Bignoniaceae)

Catalpa bignonioides (photo by Danijela Stešević)

Catalpa bignonioides originates from South East part of North America. It is very

decorative deciduous tree, up to 15m high, with rounded to broad crown. Leaves are opposite, with simple, broadly egg- shaped leaflet up to 30cm long, sometimes with one or two lateral lobes. Petiole is up to 16cm long. Flowers are big (3-4 cm), white and two lipped, with two yellow strips in inner part as well as purple spots. Inflorescence is a panicle. It is flowering in July. It reproduces by seeds and vegetatively (Š i l i ć 1990).

Common catalpa is deliberately introduced in Europe as an ornamental plant and as growing wild it is reported for several countries but mostly only as an ephemeral escape (e.g. Italy, UK, Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary; P i g n a t i 1982b, G r e u t e r et al. 1984, C l e m e n t s & F o s t e r 1994, E s s l & R a b i t s c h 2002, P y š e k et al. 2002, B o t o n d & Z o l t a n 2004). It may be more problematic only in Spain (D a n a et al. 2005 reports its weedy occurrence in Andalucia) and possibly also an invader in some parts of E Europe (http://www.sevin.ru/invasive/dbases /plants/species.html), but the definition of “invader” in the sense of that source is not clear-cut.

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During the field survey undertaken on June 7, 2007 over the city area of Podgorica, at the left bank of the River Morača - near Botun, we have found a single individual of common Catalpa. Due to the fact that this species reproduces by seeds, we presume that the seed is brought by birds or wind from the nearby gardens where it is planted as ornamental.

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Received: 14.11.2007