addiction_avoider

8/14/2019 addiction_avoider

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/addictionavoider 1/11

ADDICTION AVOIDER

DETECTION OF ADDICTION ON AN INDIVIDUAL AND

AVOIDING ADDICTION USING

(EMBEDDED SYSTEMS)



CONTENTS :

ABSTRACTION.

INTRODUCTION.

THE BRAIN.

BRAIN WAVES.

ADDICTION.

RECOVERY THERAPY FROM ADDITION.

THE ADDICTION AVOIDER.

PRINCIPLE.

WORKING.

SENSORS.

AMPLIFIER.

OSCILLATORS.

STEREO HEADPHONE.

FUTURE PROSPECTS.

MERITS.

DEMERITS.

CONCLUSION.

REFERENCES.



ABSTRACT:

About half the people around the world are addicted to one

or more addictive substances. Addiction is one of the chronic disorders that

are characterized by the repeated use of substances or behaviors despite clear

evidence of morbidity secondary to such use. It is a combination of genetic,

biological/pharmacological and social factors. Example: Overeating, Having

sex, Gambling, Alcohol drinking, Taking Narcotic Drugs and Certain

Mannerisms. In this paper we are going to see about a design of device that

can entirely avoid addiction. The device Addiction Avoider is based upon

the principle of controlling “Brain waves”.

INTRODUCTION:

Before going on to details we are supposed to know the basic terms that this paper is

based upon. These are the terms „The Brain‟, „Brainwaves‟ and „Addiction‟.

1. The Brain:

It is well known that brain is an electrochemical organ. The Brainwaves are produced

by the temporal lobe of the brain. It processes auditory information from the ears and

relates it to Wernicke's area of the parietal lobe and the motor cortex of the frontal lobe.

The amygdala is located within the temporal lobe and controls social and sexual behavior

and other emotions. The limbic system is important in emotional behavior and controlling

movements.

Fig.1. Side and top view of the human brain with parts



Researchers have speculated that a fully functional brain can generate as

much as 10 watts of electrical power. Even though this electrical power is very limited, it

does occur in a very specific ways that are characteristic of the human brain.

2.Brainwaves:

Electrical activity emanating from the brain is displayed in the form

of brainwaves. There are four categories of these brainwaves, ranging from most activity

to least activity. These are delta waves, theta waves, alpha waves and beta waves. Delta

waves are waves with high amplitude. It has a frequency of 0.5 – 4 Hertz. They never go

down to zero because that would mean that you were brain dead. But, deep dreamless

sleep would take you down to the lowest frequency. Typically,2 to 3 Hertz. Theta waves

are waves with amplitude lesser than that of delta waves and have a greater frequency of

5 – 8 Hertz. A person who has taken time off from a task and begins to daydream is often

in a theta brainwave state. Alpha waves are waves with amplitude lesser than that of theta

waves and have a greater frequency of 9-14 Hertz. A person who takes time out to reflect

or meditate is usually in a alpha state. Beta waves are the waves that have he lowest

amplitude and have the highest frequency of 15 – 40 Hertz. These waves are again

classified into low beta waves and high beta waves according to their range of

frequencies. The low beta waves have a frequency of 15 – 32 Hertz. A person making an

active conversation would be in the low beta state. The high beta waves have a frequency

of 33 – 40 Hertz. A person in a stress, pain or addiction would be in the high beta state.

TABLE 1:DIFFERENT BRAINWAVES AND ITS FREQUENCIES

S. No. Brainwaves Frequency range

(Hertz)

1) Delta 0.5 - 4

2) Theta 5 - 8

3) Alpha 9 – 14

4) Low Beta 15 – 32

5) High Beta 32 - 40



Fig. 2.

Different brainwaves with their names and the situations when it occurs.

3.Addiction:

There are two types of addiction: Physical dependency and Psychological dependency.

A) Physical dependency :

Physical dependence on a substance is defined by appearance of

characteristic withdrawal symptoms when the drug is suddenly discontinued. Some drugs

such as cortisone, beta blockers etc are better known as „Antidepressants‟ rather thanaddictive substances. Some drugs induce physical dependence or physiological tolerance

- but not addiction - for example many laxatives, which are not psychoactive; nasal

decongestants, which can cause rebound congestion if used for more than a few days in a

row; and some antidepressants, most notably Effexor, Paxil and Zoloft, as they have quite

short half-lives, so stopping them abruptly causes a more rapid change in the

neurotransmitter balance in the brain than many other antidepressants. Many non-

addictive prescription drugs should not be suddenly stopped, so a doctor should be

consulted before abruptly discontinuing them.

B) Psychological dependency:

Psychological addictions are a dependency of the mind, and lead to

psychological withdrawal symptoms.



Therapists often classify patients with chemical dependencies as either

interested or not interested in changing. Treatments usually involve planning for specific

ways to avoid the addictive stimulus, and therapeutic interventions intended to help a

client learn healthier ways to find satisfaction. Clinical leaders in recent years have

attempted to tailor intervention approaches to specific influences that effect addictive

behavior, using therapeutic interviews in an effort to discover factors that led a person to

embrace unhealthy, addictive sources of pleasure or relief from pain.

THE ADDICTION AVOIDER:

PRINCIPLE:

The principle behind this device is „Binaural Beats‟. Binaural beats or

binaural tones are auditory processing artifacts, which are apparent sounds, the

perception of which arises in the brain independent of physical stimuli. The brain

produces a similar phenomenon internally, resulting in low frequency pulsations in the

loudness of a perceived sound when two tones at slightly different frequencies are

presented separately, one to each of a subject's ears, using stereo headphones. A beating

tone will be perceived, as if the two tones mixed naturally, out of the brain. The

frequency of the tones must be below about 1,000 to 1,500 hertz. The difference between

the two frequencies must be small (below about 30 Hz) for the effect to occur; otherwise

the two tones will be distinguishable and no beat will be perceived.

Block Diagram:

Fig.4. Block diagram of the device Addiction Avoider

Sensor

1

Sensor

2

Sensor

3

Amplifier

1

Amplifier

2

Amplifier

3

Atmel8515

Oscillator1

(1000Hz)

Oscillator2(1010Hz

RightSideStereo

LeftSideStereo

Head bands



WORKING:

The block diagram consists of the following parts whose operation is as below

SENSORS:

These sensors consist of a 0.7 inch diameter hard plastic outer disc

housing with a pre-jelled Silver chloride snap style post pellet insert. These sensors do

not contain any latex and don‟t need any conductive gel.

Fig. 5. Electroencephalography (EEG) sensors

The sensor sends the analog brainwave signal into the 8515 microcontroller.

AMPLIFIERS:

Fig. 6. Circuit diagram of a basic Inverting amplifier using Operational amplifier.



Basically the amplitude of analog brainwaves is in terms of 10 – 15 micro volts.

But the Atmel 8515 microcontroller has an operating voltage of about 2.7V – 6.0V. So

we are using amplifiers.

Gain (A) = (-R2 /R1) (1)

Where, negative sign represents change in phase by 90 ◦

Fig. 7. Circuit diagram of cascaded inverting amplifier with a gain of 2, 00,000.

It is designed in such a way that it amplifies 15 micro volts to about 3.5V. Here we are

using basic cascaded inverting amplifier using operational amplifier with a gain of about

2, 00,000, embedded in a small Printed Circuit Board (PCB).

Here we are using four inverting amplifier cascaded with each other. So

let the gain of each inverting amplifier from left to right be A 1, A2, A3 and A4. And let Vi

and Vo be the input and output voltages of the amplifier.

Now, A1 = (-R2 /R1)

= (-2/1)

= -2A2 = (-R4 /R3)

= (-10/1)

= -10

A3 = (-R6 /R5) Vo =Vi *Av= (-100/1) = 3V

= -100

A4 = (-R8 /R7)= (-100/1)

= -100

Now Total Gain of the amplifier (A),



A = A1 * A2 * A3 * A4 (2)

A = (-2)*(-10)*(-100)*(-100)

A = 2, 00, 000

Here we have amplified an 15uV signal to an 3V signal so that the signal is in the

operational range of the microcontroller. There are four negative signs in the gain

equation which add up to give 360◦ phase shift.

OSCILLATORS:

The oscillator is basically a Wein bridge audio oscillator. The oscillator is designed in

such a way that it produces a particular audio wave below 1500 Hz. The oscillator will be

designed such that it has 10 – 13 Hz difference in frequency with oscillator 1. This

difference in frequency creates Binaural Beats. Thus if the brain of an individual

produces 32 – 40 Hz (High Beta waves) i.e. if he/she is in stress or addicted to some

substance, the binaural beats having a frequency of about 10-13 Hz creates a stimulus

making the brain to move towards the stimulated frequency.

STEREO HEADPHONE:

This is done by sending audio waves from one oscillator to one of the two sides of the

headphone and another oscillator to another side of the headphone

FUTURE PROSPECTS:

Addiction avoider can be used to cure stress or tension on any individual. The concept of

binaural waves can be further researched and used to find a device for communication

with deaf and dumb individuals. It can be further used to study the resonance of brain

during brain diseases.



MERITS:

1) The headband used is made of rubber or any clothing (better to be an insulator)

provided it must be designed such that the sensors touch the skin.

2) The whole device is light weight and can be carried anywhere we want.

3) The whole device including sensors microcontroller and headphone is cheap and costs

only about Rs. 3000 and above.

DEMERITS:

Those meeting any of the following criteria/conditions should not use binaural beats:

a) Epileptics

b) Pregnant women

c) People susceptible to seizures

d) Pacemaker users

e) Photosensitive people.

CONCLUSION:

Addiction Avoider is the safest and simplest device to use in prevention of Addiction. It

is used for any type of addiction like addiction caused by taking narcotic drugs or alcohol

and simple addictions like overeating, sexual intercourse and mannerisms.

REFERENCES:

[1] „Detection of seizures in epileptic and non-epileptic patients using GPS and

Embedded Systems‟ by Abhiram Chakraborty – Ukranian Journal of Telemedicine and

medical Telematics (TOM 3 No.2 Pg 211)

[2] www.bio-medical.com

[3] www.ercim.org/publication/ Ercim_News/enw51/bielikova.html

[4] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Binaural beats

[5] www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ ency/article/003931.htm

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/




addiction_avoider

Documents

Transcript of addiction_avoider