ADC 11 Digital Modulation
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Transcript of ADC 11 Digital Modulation
ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
By Engr. Hyder Bux MangrioInstitute of Information & Communication
TechnologiesMehran University of Engineering and Technology,
Jamshoro.
09TL-BATCH
Lecture#:39-43Digital Modulation
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Transmitting digital data through the public telephone network
For the telephone network, modem are used that are produce signals in the voice frequency range
Public telephone system 300Hz to 3400Hz Use modem (modulator-demodulator)
Amplitude shift keying (ASK) Frequency shift keying (FSK) Phase shift keying (PK)
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Values represented by different amplitudes of carrier
Usually, one amplitude is zero i.e. presence and absence of carrier is used
Susceptible to sudden gain changes Inefficient Up to 1200bps on voice grade lines Used over optical fiber
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Most common form is binary FSK (BFSK) Two binary values represented by two
different frequencies (near carrier) Less susceptible to error than ASK Up to 1200bps on voice grade lines High frequency radio Even higher frequency on LANs using
coax
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Phase of carrier signal is shifted to represent data
Binary PSKTwo phases represent two binary digits
Differential PSKPhase shifted relative to previous
transmission rather than some reference signal
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Draw the output waveforms of the following binary bit stream 1101001 into;
1. ASK2. PSK3. FSK(2 cycles per unit for logic 1 and one
cycle per unit for logic 0)
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Draw the output wave form of following data 010101001 into
1.ASK2.BPSK3.DPSK
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Balanced Modulator acts as a phase reversing switch.
BM has two inputs: a carrier that is in phase with reference oscillator and the binary digital data.
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Level converte
rBPFBM
Carrier oscillato
r
Modulated PSK output
Binary Data
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Binary Data Output phase
Logic 0Logic 1
1800
00
sin wct(00)Logic 1
-sin wct(1800)Logic 0
cos wct(+900)
-cos wct(-900)
00 ReferenceLogic 1
±1800 Logic 0
cos wct
-cos wct
(a)Truth Table(b)Phasor diagram
(c) Constellation
The coherent carrier recovery circuit detects and regenerates a carrier signal in both frequency and phase coherent with the original transmitted carrier.
The Balanced modulator is product detector; the output is product of two inputs (the BPSK signal and recovered carrier).
LPF separates the recovered binary data from complex demodulated signal.
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BPF
Clock recover
y
Coherent carrier
recovery
BM LPFLevel
converter
sinwct
For BPSK, the output rate of change(baud) is equal to the input rate of change (bps), and the widest output bandwidth occurs when the input binary data are alternating 1/0 sequence.
The fundamental frequency (fa) of an alternative 1/0 bit sequence is equal to one half of the bit rate (fb/2)
BPSK output=[sin(2π fa)t]x[sin(2π fc)t]
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Where fa = maximum fundamental frequency of
binary input.fc = reference carrier frequency The minimum double-sided Nyquist
bandwidth is
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b
b
a
aCaC
aCaC
ffB
fBffffB
tfftff
222
])(2cos[21])(2cos[
21
Quaternary phase shift keying QPSK is an M-ary encoding scheme. Four output phases (+450, +1350, -450, -
1350) are possible for a single carrier frequency.
The binary input data are combined into groups of two bits called dibits.
QPSK transmitter Two bits (a dibit) are clocked into the bit
splitter QPSK modulator is two BPSK modulator
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BPF
Bit splitter
Q
I
+2
Balanced
Modulator
Ref. Carrier oscillato
r
BPF
Linear Summe
r
900 phase shift
BM
BPF
Binary input data fb
Bit clock
I channel fb/2
Q channel fb/2
Logic 1= +1 VLogic 0= -1 V
Logic 1= +1 VLogic 0= -1 V
cosωct
±cosωct
sinωct
±sinωct
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Binary input QPSK outputPhase
I Q
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
-135-45+135+45
-cos wct
cos wct
sin wct-sin wct
sin wct-sin wct
cos wct
-cos wct
Q Icos wct+sin wct1 1(sin wct+450)
Q Icos wct-sin wct1 0(sin wct+1350)
Q I-cos wct-sin wct0 0(sin wct-1350)
Q I-cos wct+sin wct0 1(sin wct-450)
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+900
QPSKSignal
BPF IQ
LPF
Product detector
Product detector
LPF Clock recovery
Power splitter Carrier
I channel
Q channel
QPSK Receiver
Recovery binary value
The highest fundamental frequency at the input and the fastest rate of change at the output of the balance modulator is equal to the one fourth of the binary input rate.
BW= fb/2
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Offset QPSK 8-PSK 16-PSK
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To achieve high data rate with narrowband channel is to increase the number of bits per symbol
Use combination of amplitude and phase modulation known as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
QAM has finite number of allowable amplitude phase combinations
Constellation diagram shows the possibilities for hypothetical system with sixteen amplitude-phase combinations.
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Each transmitted symbol represents four bits
Each dot represents a possible amplitude/phase combination or state
QAM is more efficient in term of bandwidth than either FSK or QPSK but it is also more susceptible to noise
Another disadvantage compared to FSK is that QAM signals like analog signals, vary in amplitude. This means that transmitter amplifiers must be linear.
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Product Modulator
2 to 4 level converter
2 to 4 level converter
Product Modulator
Reference Oscillator
+900
Q I CLinear summer
BPF
I channel
Q channel
PAM
PAM
8-QAM output
I/Q C Output
0 0 -0.541V
0 1 -1.307
1 0 +0.541
1 1 +1.307
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000
001
101
100
010
011
110
111
110
010
011
111101
001
000
100
Fig: Phasor diagramFig: Constellation diagram
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All advanced modems use a combination of modulation techniques to transmit multiple bits per baud.
Multiple amplitude and multiple phase shifts are combined to transmit several bits per symbol.
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) uses multiple phase shifts per symbol.
Modems actually use Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).
These concepts are explained using constellation points where a point determines a specific amplitude and phase.
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(a) QPSK. (b) QAM-16. (c) QAM-64.
The North American TDMA digital cell phone standard transmit at 24.3 kilo baud using DQPSK. What is channel data rate.
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A modem uses sixteen different phase angles and four different amplitudes. How many bits does it transmit for each symbol.
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How much bandwidth would be required to transmit a DS-1 signal (1.544Mbps) using a four level code
(a)Assuming a noiseless channel?(b)With a signal to noise ratio 15dB?
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Consider a QPSK system that will transmit three bits of information per symbol
(a)How many phase angle are needed?(b)Draw a vector diagram for such a
system
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A microwave radio system uses a 256-QAM, there are 256 possible amplitudes and phase combinations.
(a)How many bits per symbol does it uses?(b)If it has channel with 90MHz bandwidth,
what is its maximum data rate, ignoring noise?
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