Adaptive &Morphogenetic City Research Laboratory

Ana Cocho-Bermejo1, Zeynep Birgonul2, Diego Navarro-Mateu31,2,3Universitat Internacional de Catalunya1,2,3{acocho|zbirgonul|navarro}@uic.es

``Smart City'' business model is guiding the development of future metropolises.Software industry sales to town halls for city management services efficiencyimprovement are, these days, a very protable business. Being the model decidedby the industry, it can develop into a dangerous situation in which the basis of thenew city design methodologies is decided by agents outside academia expertise.Drawing on complex science, social physics, urban economics, transportationtheory, regional science and urban geography, the Lab is dedicated to thesystematic analysis of, and theoretical speculation on, the recently coined``Science of Cities'' discipline. On the research agenda there are questionsarising from the synthesis of architecture, urban design, computer science andsociology. Collaboration with citizens through inclusion and empowerment, and,relationships ``City-Data-Planner-Citizen'' and ``Citizen-Design-Science'',configure Lab's methodology provoking a dynamic responsive process of designthat is yet missing on the path towards the real responsive city.

Keywords: Smart City, Morphogenetic Urban Design, Internet of Things,Building Information Modelling, Evolutionary Algorithms, Machine Learning &Artificial Intelligence

CURRENT SCENARIOIt is currently acknowledged that two major errorsin urban planning approach have been made in therecent past. The first one (in the 50’s and 60’s) wasto conceive the idea of planning as a completely de-fined and described system; the second one (in the90’s), was to conceive the idea of planning as a resultof the guidelines established by the freemarket prin-ciples to determine the distribution of resources andcity decision-making. Yet only since the 90’s we hadthe technology to develop the new idea of city thatwas proposed by Jane Jacobs in the 60’s and its im-plications. Using an innovative and interdisciplinaryapproach Jacobs argued against the schematic ideal

models that in her opinion, produced thedestructionof the public space and made the needs of the citi-zens not being covered by the city, setting then thegrounds of cities as problems of organized complex-ity. Until then, academics had defended the idea thatany urban planning problem could be perfectly de-scribed with a clear definition for all of its variables,classifying it as a problem of disorganized complex-ity or even as a problem of simplicity. Within thethree types of problems in scientific thought, prob-lems of simplicity, problems of disorganized com-plexity, and, problems of organized complexity, Ja-cobs argues that, despite normally being treated asproblems type 1 or 2, cities are really problems of or-

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ganized complexity. It is nowadays when, along withthe emergence of Big Data, we will be able to prop-erly study cities as the complex systems Jacobs de-scribed.

In the current city design scenario the term“Smart City” has emerged referring to a series of char-acteristics inherent to the idea of cities as complexsystems, but, the definition of the context is still dis-putable. The term Smart City should be applied to“smart” and efficient city resourcesmanagement sus-tainability based. Unfortunately, the term is mostlyusedas amarketing schemeby software firms, and itsmeaning and definition is constantly being changed.This has created a confusion within which, this term,is usually associated to intelligent or adaptive behav-iors in city design, when it actually refers to just awayof improving the services that the city already offers.

The software industry has taken the leadershipin the decisions and development of the paths to ourfuture cities. Because the software industry has notyet found a profitable business model that engagessocial participatory systems in city design decisions,there is a lack of interdisciplinary expert teams work-ing with them in city design methodologies towardsa socially engaged “Eco-city” (Richard, 1987); a sus-tainable designed city is normally considered a citydesigned for minimizing its environmental impact,and in which the behavior of citizens must be aimedto minimizing environmental impact.

That which can be called the “Smart City” busi-ness model is currently guiding the development ofour future metropolises. A recently emerged modelthat is based on the sale, from the software industryto townhalls, of computer applications for improvingthe efficacy of city management services, (waste andwater management, pollution readings, traffic lightsperformance, etc.). It is then a very profitable busi-ness model as it implies town hall budget savingson services maintenance that have provoked strongpartnerships between the software industry and lo-cal governments during the last five years. Beingthe model decided by the industry, and without anyinterdisciplinary expert teams included in the deci-

sionmaking process, it can develop into a dangeroussituation in which the basis of the new city designmethodologies will be decided by agents outsideacademia. Additionally, within academia this lack ofexpert teams is starting to be criticized, and only re-cently there have been some attempts to create ex-pert boards. As an example of this critisism, FrankKresin, Research Director of the WAAG society, Insti-tute for Art, Science and Technology, argued at thisconference at Smart Cities World Fair 2013, that wehave to research the changes in howcitizensperceivetheir city; that we have to involve all perspectives inthe apps developments, including the citizens, de-fending that, social innovation should be based onthe new idea of a network inwhich all nodes have thesame value, being some of the nodes the citizens.

Urban planners and architects, software indus-try and computer science departments are develop-ing current city planning methods separately. Thisdisconnection has to be remedied approaching thiskind of research from an interdisciplinary point ofview thatwill embrace amore complex andcompleteresearch. Additionally, at the 2011 World EconomicForum report, it was described consumer data as “thenew oil” that will emerge as a “new asset class touch-ing all aspects of society”. Because we are at the be-ginning of the era of big data citizens are only consid-ered as a rich source of data, but none of it is used toimprove their daily life or to develop the idea of “cityas a science”.

OURMANIFESTOAnthony Townsend(2013) argues that we should re-search the intersection of urbanization and ubiqui-tous computing to be able to establish the basis ofthe development of our future cities. Following hisliterature, for understanding cities, we must thinkof them as systems of networks and flows, arguingagainst their design by simplicity reduction. To doso, we specifically believe and follow the method-ology that is drawing on “complexity science”, so-cial physics, urban economics, transportation theory,regional science, and urban geography we should

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build and re-design the emergent urban forms upon“The New Science of Cities” as Prof. Michael BattyfromUniversity College of Londondefended, coiningthe term in 2013 (Batty 2013).

Big Data and the Internet have completely trans-formed the interaction between citizens and theirhabitat. The total population living in cities will growfrom 3.8 to 6.8 billion in the next few years, so it isclear that a new approach is needed to make citiesmore sustainable and efficient. Future city develop-ment is starting to be studied based on this very newtransformation in citizenship interaction with data,existing an urge for the development of new city de-signmethods through the understanding of this newparadigm. Wedobelieve that it is of fundamental im-portance that a proper term-that will imply complex-ity of research methods and intelligent technologiesimplementation-should be defined for our new citydesign procedures.

RESEARCH AIMSAt the Morphogenetic & Adaptive City Research Lab-oratorywe stronglybelieve that expert teams, includ-ing industry, academia and citizens, should be thedecision-makers for defining the future of cities col-laboratively.

The Laboratory aims to develop a theoretical in-terdisciplinary discussion about the applicability ofthe ‘Complex System Theory’ on the very basis ofthe discipline. So that, some conclusions of systemrepresentation and analysis methodology will be ex-pected. Nevertheless the definition of the completesystems will not be an aim, to discuss and relate, asmany important considered variables as possible willdefinitely be a focus.

Regarding the interdisciplinary and professionalcollaboration with citizens’ inclusion and empow-erment, ”City-Data-Planner-Citizen”, (term coined byProf. Sahin Albayrak from TU Berlin), and, ”Citizen-Design-Science”(term coined by Gerhard Schmitt atETH Zurich’s Future Cities Research Laboratory), aretwo new strategies for cities that are presented to in-tegrate citizens’ design ideas and wishes in the ur-

ban planning and management process. Addition-ally, this methodology is a unity of local knowledgeand observation, which gives feedback to the de-sign decision-making process. Also, apart from theplanning and urban management, this methodol-ogy can provide links for individuals’ daily decision-making criteria by its statistics that are collected fromthe open-source data. ”The approach is to com-bine crowdsourcing citizens’ opinions and thoughtsthrough modern information and communicationtechnology (ICT) with active design tools. The activedesign feedback from a city’s inhabitants is identifiedas a yet missing but essential element in the path to-wards a responsive city.”[1]

Regarding to these methodologies, multipleopinions and thoughts by citizens should be com-bined with active design tools, enabled through in-formation and communication technology. “The ac-tive design contribution and feedback from city’s in-habitants is a stillmissingbut essential step towards aresponsive city.” (Muellera et al. 2018) The definitionof the new relationship between big data, citizens,and future design andmanagement of cities and thedevelopment and design of improved protocols aremain research focuses of our research laboratory.

RESEARCH LINESThis current situation makes the urge of academicresearch emerge within an interdisciplinary environ-ment. The following research gaps urging to be cov-ered on behalf of our future cities development lab-oratory are the basis of our research lines:

• Interesting potential of the new citizen be-havioral implication in city design that shouldemerge from the new social empowermentsituation: The new relationship betweenbig data, citizens, management of cities.The study of the relationships of ‘City-Data-Planner-Citizen’ and ‘Citizen Design Science’theories: application, development and im-proved protocols of these theories will be thebasis of the development of the new disci-pline and the underlying general question all

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along the Lab-Life.• Difficulties of analyzing the complexity of ur-

ban forms have been considered as an ob-stacle, because the existing tools and tech-niques could only study semi-linear relation-ships of the urban structure. The emergenceand development of bio-like (self-organizing)structures in urban forms, as well as histori-cal urban forms with heterogeneous compo-nents, require non conventional approaches.Using key theories to study and analyze ur-ban form can be done in two ways: First oneis the study of a frozen time frame or a his-torical reference, using tools such as “SpaceSyntax”. Previously done research, like theonethat compares similarities and differences oftwo Mediterranean Cities, Barcelona and An-talya through the Space Syntax theories andsoftware (Millán-Gómez and Birgonul 2018),can be an example of this research line. Thesecond is to research on “Adaptive ComplexSystems” (Miller and Page 2007) and use realtime data, while modeling and visualizing.

• Need for further research on future de-sign strategies based on academic interdisci-plinary collaboration clusters and not only onthe developments of the software industry.There is lack of research in the real future im-plications of this new technology and its rela-tionshipwith the citizen and thebuilt environ-ment. The theoretical and foundation basis of“The New Science of Cities” should be estab-lished.

• Need for reinforcement of research in the scal-ability of the current and future design meth-ods and theories, solving lack of investiga-tions inGeographical Planning technology re-lated methods, which is emerging these daysin Asia because of great-expect population in-crease that could obsolete city planning interms of scale. Current debates about theneed of Geographical vs. City planning imple-mentations occupy quite a few of the current

theoretical discourses.• Enhance decision-making criteria from citi-

zens in design and planning for emergent ter-ritories. Lack of research in collaboration pos-sibilities for ‘co-creation’ should be studiedwithin all the perspectives in architectural de-sign, urbandesign, systems, andappdevelop-ment. Yet this should be donewithout forget-ting the basis of all-citizens and how they per-ceive their city.

• Sharing data will make our cities grow, butbecause of the implications of this changeof paradigm, its consequences deserve deepstudy. So now that we have the technologywe can finally go into the deep implications ofthis ‘ComplexSystemTheory’whenapplied tocity design.

• Constructing the framework for the transitionthrough ‘smart cities’ to ‘responsive cities’, aswell as defining ‘livability and life quality val-ues’ and ‘responsiveness’ of urban environ-ment.

• Introducing a new research line as enhancingthe current softwares, design tools and digitaltechniques for fabrication, and researchingonthe furtherpossibilities of theseelements. De-veloping future use of the current tools, andresearching on potential usage for software.

METHODOLOGYDrawing on complex science, social physics, urbaneconomics, transportation theory, regional scienceand urban geography, the proposed Lab will be ded-icated to the systematic analysis of and theoreticalspeculations on the recently emerged discipline.

On the research agenda are questions arisingfrom the synthesis of architecture, urban design,computer science and sociology. Interdisciplinaryexpert teams should engage in developing and de-signing improved protocols for the relationship be-tween research lines that have been referred in theprevious section.

The algorithm itself has becomepart of newpro-

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jective methodologies and technologies. Advancesin the Architecture-Computation relationship havehad an exponential growth in recent years. Witha clearly interdisciplinary approach, we propose todeepen in the relationship within the methodologi-cal process of design through the study of ArtificialIntelligence and its algorithms. Deep Learning (DL),Machine Learning (ML), Muti-Agent System Design(MAS), Person-centered Ambient Intelligence (AAL),Evolutionary Computation (EC), ShapeGrammar (SG)or Linear and Logistic Regression (LR), have becomepart of the architectural design process from theNano scale to the territorial scale, both in the dataanalysis process, Data Mining, and in the theoreti-cal discourse aswell as in the language consolidationprocess.

1. RESEARCH LINE: DATA AS A BUILDINGBLOCK OF INCLUSIVE COLLABORATION(DATA CITY) & (INFORMATION CITY: BIM &CIM)Research Basis. The invisible data cloud that sur-rounds the citizens in the contemporary worldmightcontainmassive amount of information about every-thing, yet; this data might be used for further re-search to develop innovational solutions for futurecities. Data and information is no longer a latent el-ement, moreover, it is an incontrovertible layer ofsmart-urban fabric.

Challenge.• Complex system development by horizontal

collaborative control, in which efficiency incity system management, the only one cur-rently developed, will be just one layer withinhundreds of the systems.

• Unsupervised data pattern research towardsbehavioral citizen pattern findings relevantfor design and city development.

• Identifyingdatawithdescriptive andprescrip-tive means for obtaining patterns in varioussets of time in order to organize data usablestructures.

• Behavioral patterns of data analyzed in terms

of future city design improvements: IT sys-tems improvements and Physical city designimprovements.

• Research upon the ‘open-data’ of citizens.• Analysis of the need of real-time data feed-

back access for an effective adaptive gover-nance and performance.

• Further “IoT ”(Internet of Things) studies,which focus on urban scale applications.

• Regardless of the fact that “BIM” (Building In-formation Modeling) is a substantial theoret-ical concept in architectural and constructionindustry and academic research regarding therichness of the data provided, the potentialdevelopments of the theory is a substantialpoint of our research laboratory.

• “CIM” (City Information Modeling) as an up-raising context is specifically interesting re-garding the ‘data city’ and ‘information city’theories.

Case Study 1: Symbiotic Data Platform. This ongo-ing PhD project from our research laboratory investi-gates on advancing the progression of BIM theories.The proposed platform aims to develop an interac-tive level of BIM, for the lifecycle phase of the builtenvironment, andwhichwill be operated by the real-time occupant of the aforesaid properties. Currently,the research is concentrated on the thermal data op-timization to pursue the possible implementation ofBIM to real-time user interaction (Figure 1).

The research objective is to investigate on mak-ingbenefit of already existingBIMfiles to extract con-struction details and information, to a new algorithmthat will blend real-time weather/thermal informa-tion and also, the users’ body temperature data bysensor interaction. The custom algorithm of the plat-formaims to interlace these variables, to create a real-time energy analysis, which thereafter perform thethermal comfort optimization by making the physi-cal adjustments in the HVAC System of the specifiedspace (Figure 2).

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Figure 1Symbiotic DataPlatform MobileApp Mock-Ups.

Figure 2Flowchart ofSymbiotic DataPlatform.

As a result of the performance of the platform, a ‘Real-Time InformationModel’ will be achieved, whichwillbe linked to each other to create the interactive net-work,whichaims to create a collective synergy for thecommunity.

Even though the project currently has two di-mensions such as private space applications andpublic ‘urban’, to expound the ‘data city’ research line,the public branch of the project is more adequate tobe represented in this paper by the following quo-tation: “By Symbiotic Data Platform, the city is inter-preted as within 3-layers. The 3-layered city equationconsists in the digital infrastructure layer, the phys-ical space layer and the virtual layer (which is theuser action-feedback: ‘data’). The added value of this

new equation is the ‘real-time data’ under the dig-ital infrastructure layer. The interaction that occursby processing the real-time values that are facilitatedby the platform and also operated by the real activ-ity driven input. As a consequence, the platform reg-ulates a continuous receptive and responsive cycle.”(Birgonul et al. 2018).

To conclude, this on-going project sets an exam-ple of how our research laboratory takes a positionamongst understanding the new terminology of ‘in-formation city’ and explaining ‘data city’ by introduc-ing recent layers of urban structure.

2. RESEARCH LINE: CITIES, INFORMATIONAND INCLUSION(RESPONSIVE CITY)Research Basis. Prof. Batty introduces methods ofsimulation that range from simple stochastic mod-els to bottom-up evolutionary models to aggregateland-use transportation models. Then, design anddecision-making models are presented to predict in-teractions and flows in future cities. These networksemphasize a notion with relevance for future re-search and planning: design of cities is a collectiveaction.

Challenge.

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Figure 3Citycise Screenshot(www.citycise.com)[2].

• Analysis and general study of how “new bigdata” era affects cities in developing coun-tries.

• The need of breaking the digital barrier for:1. Citizen participation2. City design as co-working citizen based3. Processes of co-creation of public services4. Social equality increase• An innovation Ecosystem: City Labs for social

innovation:1. Citizen participation in problem solving2. Trusting the ability of people to connect to-

gether3. The government no longer as a “problem

solver”• Applicability to all scenarios: American, Asian,

and European Cities and Cities in developingcountries.

Case Study 1: CITYCISE. “Citycise, Citizen exerciseyour city!” project, (Founded by Dr. Cocho and MissS. F. Molina in 2013)[2], aims to empower citizensthrough connectivity and social engagement givingthem a voice in the process of improving their cities

through an on-line platform (Figure 3).The idea is todevelop a platform where citizens are encouragedto come up with their own ideas and suggestionsto spur the public and private sectors to meet theirneeds. Citizens, newly enfranchised by higher livingstandards and the power of connectivity, will be ex-ponentiallymore andmore demanding for their Gov-ernments to improve and support the modern de-velopment of future cities. The project explores howpeople currently interact with their neighbourhoodsand cities along newmethods of communication be-tweencities and citizens. Itwas shaped to aim togen-erate ‘relevant’ data for ‘smart city’ innovators.

An article titled as “The new smart city - from hi-tech sensors to social innovation” by TheGuardian[3],mentioned the project, with an interview done withDr. Cocho. The Citycise project is highlighted onthe article by its added value of the citizen collabo-ration and the power of social media on the respon-sive city ideology. By Citycise project, citizens areable to use their own data for their own good, whilebuilding a strong community network. Dr. Cochoalso pointed out during the interview, that the busi-ness model of the smart cities are already success-

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fully focused on the aspects such asmobility, energy-efficiency and management systems, yet, the socialinnovation and the social engagement phase of thisbusiness model is still an open gap, and it is neededto be invested. Projects such as Citycise and aca-demic research teams are currently working on thosefields, in a mutli-dicsiplinary manner, while bringingin technologic, social and economic aspects togetherin a melting pot, to develop contemporary solutionsfor todays urban concerns (Figure 4).

It was designed and put into action local initia-tives with social and environmental impact in cities,thanks to thefinancial backingof companies that aimat connectingpositivelywith the communitieswherethey operate. A win-win collaboration for companiesand citizens was develop so the three main actors ofthe future cities were involved.

Figure 4Smart Cities: Whichapproach to tacklethe same issue?

Case Study 2: UDaMaS Tentacles (Universal Day-light Managing System). This on-going research isbased on developing more efficient energy supplymethods though IoT and data mining based on citi-zens improved relationshipwith technology. So that,basing the research on the Barcelona’s Town HallProject “L’illa eficcient” (The efficient Block), that isstudying how to improve energy efficiency on thecity’s “Eixample”, it is proposed a system located intheblock’s patios for reorienting sunlight towards thenorth façades depending on user’s needs. In that

sense, UDaMaS project, is divided various systems:• HCI system through sensors and users data.• A web platform that gathers user’s data from

sensingdevices on their homes and from theirchosen preferences.

• A physical system composes by a number oforientable mirrors located in the centre of thepatio.

• An affordable easy fabrication based façadefilter pre-installed on the system users.

Depending on the users’ request, data read, pre-established preferences, weather and timing withinthe year and day, the mirroring system will decidewhich users will get the re-oriented sunlight and inwhich rooms of their homes. Through the use of thefaçade pre-installed filters also the type of lightingand its intensity can be decided. In that sense themain characteristics of the three sub-systems will be:

Block courtyard central reflector system (BCCRS):• Multi-agent system with norm emergence

taking thedecisions aboutwhat users to serveand how the mirrors should orientate for notinterfering other mirrors movement or givingshadow over them.

• OUTPUT: (1) Unit on/off. (2) Decision onwhichhouse unit to mirror: norm emergence de-pendent on user/environment/surroundingagents state. (3) Path to follow for locating it-self at the adequate coordinates and with theadequate angle.

Façade Filter Module (FFM):• OUTPUT: (1) On/off mechanism. (2) 1/2/3/4

filter types deployment (Dependent on userPRESET preferences).

UDaMaS system for user inputs and preferences:Human/house inputs (HHi):1. Body: Wearable 1.a. Body temperature, 1.b.

Heart frequency2. Space: 2.a.Light meter (lumens), 2.b. Temper-

ature

User Preferences (UPre):1. Activation of FFM: 1.a. Type of light, 1.b. In-

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Figure 5Pareto front andmost extremeindividuals for eachof themulti-objectives.

tensity of light2. Time lighting desired schedule3. Weather input (We): 3.a. Night/Day 3.b.

On/Off Solar Capturing 3.c. Sunny/Cloudy 3.d.Month

3. RESEARCH LINE: SMART REGIONS VS.SMART CITIES(SOFTWARE TOOLS) & (DIGITAL CITY)Research Basis. Geographical and Regional smartplanning: the idea of the Adaptive & MorphogeneticCitymust be scalable in somebasic standards. 1.4 bil-lionWorld population increase in the following yearsis expected in Asia. Methodologies for standardiza-tion of regional basic initial procedures need to bedeveloped.Challenge.

• To define flows and their networks and in-troduce tools that can be applied to under-stand different aspects of city structure. Fu-ture cities and regions planning methods ba-sis.

• Introduce a multi-scale relation system forboth minimal units and city clusters.

• Definition of a complex world in which com-plexity comes through simplicity (i.e., car ab-sence, 85% usage of public transport, diver-sity: of employment, entertainment, services,etc.)

Case Study 1: The Evolutionary Adaptation ofUrban Tissues through Computational Analysis.One of the main objectives for this project is to de-velop a strategy to propose an alternative distribu-tion for the iconic Eixample’s block from Barcelonacity. This particular example aimed for reachingthe minimum area of green spaces set by the WHO(World HealthOrganization)while using Cerdà’s orig-inal urban strategy (Busquets 2004). In the project,blocks are allowed to change in different ways andmust be self-aware of their surroundings in order tobecome and optimized version (Makki et al. 2018)(Figure 6).

Therefore, amixed process is introduced to allowboth self-optimization and context detection. Eachof the blocks evolves based on several criteria (den-sity, courtyard area, solar exposure...) but also de-pending on their neighbours and their relation be-tween them. An underlying pattern detects con-nectivity between open courtyards in the blocks andtries to create greater spaces and better visuals thatwill later becomegreen areas for the city. This patternbehaves like complex systems previouslymentioned,responding and adapting to its own changes. In or-der to stablish the relation between the elements ofthe city individuals, the algorithm cannot be singleblocks any more, but clusters working under men-tioned connectivity pattern. And so, the algorithmicevaluation is carriedover these clusters and their con-nection value.

The strategy very much resembles a recursive

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Cellular Automata process where blocks keep chang-ing based on their neighbours’ status, at the sametime that the evolutive algorithm changes the prop-erties of the blocks and detects the proper relationbetween them.

Figure 6100th generationisometric showingdiverging clusters.

Because of the contradicting properties to be op-timized, the evolutive algorithm is set to multi-objective, ensuring that the clusters will evolve in allpossible directions, leaving subjective-designer deci-sions for the very last part of the process. Thanks tothe Pareto Front, the designer is able to choose be-tween really extreme individuals, allowing to selectthose that make more sense for specific needs like agivendensity valueorminimumopen spaceas statedat the beginning of the example (Figure 5).

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONThe anticipated results are expected to be a par-tial answer to an open question. Whether or notthe main principles of the foundation of “The NewScience of Cities” discipline can be completely es-tablished along the project, the organizational pro-cedures, and the change in current research ap-proaches on the topic that implies an interdisci-plinary research cluster, such as the one proposed,will be of great academic significance.

Themethod, foundational discourse of the disci-pline, main hypothesis to discuss and prove, and fun-damental research guidelines must be the result ofthe ‘Adaptive & Morphogenetic City Research Labo-ratory’ Life.

REFERENCESBatty, M 2013, The New Science Of Cities, MIT Press BooksBirgonul, Z, Cocho-Bermejo, A and Sarrablo, V 2018

’Symbiotic Data Platform’, Responsive Cities Sympo-sium: Active Public Space 2017, Barcelona: Institutefor Advanced Architecture of Catalonia., pp. 89-97

Busquets, J 2004, Barcelona, la construcción urbanísticade una ciudad compacta., Ediciones del Serbal, 2004.

Jacobs, J 1961, The Death And Life Of Great AmericanCities, Penguin

Makki, M, Farzaneh, A and Navarro-Mateu, D 2018 ’TheEvolutionary Adaptation of Urban Tissues throughComputational Analysis’, eCAADe 2018

Miller, J and Page, S 2007, Complex Adaptive Systems: AnIntroduction to Computational Models of Social Life,Princeton Universtiy Press, Oxforshire

Millán-Gómez, A and Birgonul, Z 2018, ’Barcelona andAntalya. Cartographic Analysis of Two Mediter-raneanCities’, in Castaño, E V and E, Perea (eds) 2018,Architectural Draughtsmanship: FromAnalog to Digi-tal Narratives, Springer, pp. 1109-1119

Muellera, J, Hangxin, L, Chirkin, A, B, Klein and Schmitt, G2018, ’CitizenDesign Science: A Strategy For Crowd-Creative Urban Design’, Cities, 72, pp. 181-188

Richard, R 1987, Eco-city Berkeley: Building Cities for aHealthy Future, North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, Cal-ifornia

Townsend, A 2013, Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers,and theQuest for aNewUtopia, W. W. Norton & Com-pany

[1] http://www.fcl.ethz.ch/news/news/2017/08/citizen-design-science-in-urban-planning.htm[2] www.citycise.com[3] https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/smart-cities-sensors-social-innovation

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