Adaptive traffic control using RFID

7/25/2019 Adaptive traffic control using RFID

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Real Time Adaptive Traffic Management using Radio Sensing

ABSTRACT

Most of the accidents and traffic jams on Indian roads are caused by inefficient traffic

regulation and control systems. This has been one of the major shortcomings of our present transportationsystem. The proposed ideas in this paper aim towards developing an Improved (Adaptive Traffic

Management System. It is a prototype of futuristic traffic regulation system! for developing countries li"e

India! where there been a tremendous increase in the number of automobiles coming on road. This can be

achieved by using one of the Auto Identification Technologies "nown as R#I$ (Radio #re%uencyIdentification which has been gaining high commercial applications! since last few years. These R#I$ tags

which can be attached to vehicles! can store the re%uired data and would be used for detection& when a

vehicle passes through a detector on the road.. 'roper data interpretation of number of vehicles in different

lanes by using realtime systems would be used for controlling the time! for which signals are to be made)*+)##. The data would be communicated and coordinated between different miniservers installed at the

junctions. This would also prove an alternative to ,'S (,lobal 'ositioning System. The word -adaptive

suggests that statistical probability can also be applied to determine the probable number of vehicles

traversing a lane at a specific time duration at different times in a day. This would aid in increasing the

efficiency of the control system. This prototype would be very efficient/. during various traffic pea"s at different times of the day!

0. during special festivals (li"e $iwali ! 'ooram ! ,aneshutsav etc.!

1. during emergencies (ma"ing ways for ambulances! police! 2I' visits etc.Also it can account for automatic toll collection! pedestrian controls! turn controls and routing. Altogether it

would

/. greatly reduce the congestion on busy junctions!

0. effectively reduce number of road accidents!1. improve over the present traffic management system.


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Introduction

The transportation systems on roads have undergone radical developments in view of lastmany decades. 3owever! simultaneously there has been an e4ponential increase in the number of

automobiles coming on roads. This necessitates for better traffic control and regulation systems. 5amp

posts! par"ing arrangement! traffic signals mar"ed the beginning of traffic management techni%ues. Astraffic increased& multiple intersections! highways! flyovers! bridges proved to be effective solutions for

proper regulation. *e4t! multiple lanes for different vehicles and for different speed limits also helped in

managing the traffic flow. 6ut the increase in the average speed of automobiles needs continuous

improvement in regulation systems.

Automatic control of traffic signals proved to be a significant landmar" development in

this process. In spite of these upgradations! the number of road accidents and traffic congestion is still

enormous! as the statisticians report. At any time 7 especially during the morning and evening rush hours

the main streets of cities and suburbs become jammed with motor vehicles. Such traffic is the cause fordelay and anger! among people! travelling toandfrom wor" and other places. 'articularly on holidays and

wee"ends! highways normally remain congested. ,overnment has been building e4pressways! trying to

improve public transportation and relieve traffic congestion. 8et getting from place to place in metropolitan

cities is becoming difficult daybyday! and the main streets of many small towns are overburdened withtraffic. This has also created a nightmarish situation in terms of safety and has rendered the countrys

emergency system! in terms of road safety! very ille%uipped.

6asic traffic rules are increasingly being breached without getting noticed. This tendency

has led to an increase in accidents and loss of lives. Added to this is the apathy shown by the authorities

towards such cases& and many times the culprits are left without being punished! due to lac" of proof (as in

case of hit and run accidents. Improved mass transit systems will help relieve congestion! if the availableservice is convenient! comfortable! and economical.

Altogether! an urgent need is felt to have -intelligent controlling of traffic signals and

enhanced traffic regulation systems. The proposed ideas in this paper aim towards developing such anImproved (Adaptive Traffic Management System. It suggests a prototype of futuristic traffic regulation

system! applicable even for developing countries li"e India! where there has been a tremendous increase in

the number of automobiles touching the roads. The strategy is to use radio sensing techni%ues! vi9. Radio

#re%uency Identification (or R#I$! in short for detection of vehicles on lanes. This data would be analy9edby Real Time )perating Systems by means of necessary algorithms. This would decide the time of

actuation of traffic signals. The direction which has less inflow would be given more time to allow the

inflow of vehicles! also simultaneously ta"ing into consideration! the roads needing more outflow of

vehicles. The aim is to improve efficiency! safety and security of road transport system by -smartautomatic traffic control system.

'resent :ontrol Systems;

The purpose of traffic signals is to provide an orderly assignment! with minimum delay!to two or more conflicting traffic movements. The main factors to be considered while installing signals

are; vehicular volumes cross traffic! pea"hour volumes! pedestrian traffic! accident ha9ard! wide traffic

fluctuation between streets! complicated intersections and progressive signal system. The actuation time of

signals is predefined on the basis of manual statistics and is constant for all time 9ones of the day!independent of traffic difference on connecting roads. The table below gives an idea about this;


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MI*IM?0.// is to be used to communicate with

the central server

The R#I$ tags consist of low power integrated circuits. These tags need to transfer data

and also generate power for themselves. $epending upon the amount of data stored by them! and the range

up to which they are re%uired to be active! the tags are designed accordingly. These tags would be securely

placed in all the automobiles! during manufacture as well those already on roads. The tag would bedesigned to store the necessary data ( li"e vehicle registration number! type of vehicle! owners details .etc


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0. Real Time 5ocating Systems (RT5S;

The data collected by the R#I$ readers needs to be analy9ed! properly interpretated!which would determine the control time of various signals on a junction. #or this purpose! mini servers

would be installed at all the major junctions! who would have maps and topology of the associated lanes

and junctions. The detectors would be connected with these servers. Then these miniserverss would beinterlin"ed among themselves! as well as a mainserver coordinating the controls over do9ens of miniservers in a specified area. The networ" connecting between adjacent miniservers can be wired! for

reasons of safety and security. 3owever! wireless networ" design can also be used for this purpose! if

re%uired.

The number of vehicles! present on a lane of a road! can be detected by placing R#I$readers on opposite side ends of road. The radial range of these readers would be e%ual to the width of the

roads on which they are located. They would be placed at a distance of about ??m from the corresponding

junction! (or the mini server they are associated with. This distance has been judged considering the

calculation time of realtime locating systems and algorithms that are to be implemented for this purpose.*ow! when a vehicle passes through within the range of the reader! a ElogE of that vehicle would be created

in that junction server! by way of the detector. This would send the data to the miniserver. The data would

be analy9ed over a time period of about a minute! till the detected vehicle reaches the junction. This

analy9ed data would be used for calculating the actuation time of signals! and accordingly the signalcontrollers would wor".

SMART :)*TR)55I*, )# SI,*A5S

A common Bway (double lane intersection


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:onsider a common Bway intersection of roads each having 0 lanes (denoted by A! A 6! 6! :! :! $! $!

and assuming each lane mar"ed by 1 sub lanes! each representing a possible direction to proceed in! by the

driver. *ow according to the present mode! the following combinations of green signals are made )*;

I 5eft Turns; /! /! B! B are dont care conditions! since left controls would be green for most of the time!e4cept when pedestrian signal is made )*.

II 'arallel :ombinations ; (0! 0! (! are parallel combinations! which can be actuated one pair at a

time

III :ross Turns; 1! 1! C! C are cross combinations! which can be actuated one at a time.

3owever! the feasible combination of parallel and cross combination ! (say and 1 or 0 and is

simultaneously actuated.

Analysis of flow proposed control method;

A :ase Study;

/. :onsider a situation! where there is more number of vehicles on parallel combination of 0 and 0.

Then the green signal allowing flow to these two paths would be actuated for a longer time till

atleast @?F clearance ta"es place.

0. Suppose there is traffic on A and 6! then the re%uired outflows are (0!1!(!C. 3owever 1 and lead to inflow in the same direction (i.e. $. 3ence there is a greater probability that more number

of vehicles would be intending to go towards $. And signals allowing inflow to $ would be

actuated for a longer duration.3owever! if it is reali9ed that inflow to $ is less than e4pected sum of traffic on A and 6 (which

would be calculated by the adjacent miniserver decision would change to allow inflow to either

: or A.

1. :onsider above diagram! suppose there are less vehicles on lane $. Then signals allowing inflowto $ would be made )* for a comparatively longer amount of time. Also if lane A has more

traffic on it! then green signal allowing outflow from A would be actuated for a longer time.

In case of a possible deadloc"! say if there is little difference between the numbers of

vehicles on two lanes! only one of which can be actuated at a time! the decision of the algorithm woulddepend on the following factors ;

/. The lane that gives outflow to another lane which has lesser number of vehicles already present on

it

0. The lane having higher number of heavy vehicles ! will be given preference to reduce the fule

wastage during the waiting period.1. )nce the green signal is actuated! it would remain in that mode! till atleast @?F of the vehicles

have cleared the path.

-Adaptive System;

Since traffic flow on a particular road is not unreliable! traffic variations and statistics

would be similar on different days of the wee"! e4cept during wee"ends! which will have their ownstatistics. Thus a statistical database of number of vehicles on the roads intersecting at a junction would bemade! from the available data in the servers! over a period of one wee" and results would be updated on a

wee"ly basis. This controlling would be done by the miniserver associated with that junction. Also these

calculations would be shared between adjacent servers and would be coordinated by the main server!

controlling over do9ens of miniservers.

In case! there is such a deadloc" that the available algorithm cannot decide the future

action! the system would be designed to automatically switch to *)RMA5 mode! whereby the presentfi4ed time duration system would come into action! without any problem to the traffic flow.


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Supplementary Services;

/. Automatic Toll :ollection can be implemented using this system.

0. It would be difficult to brea" the traffic rules by the drivers& and also the traffic police have to fine

that driveras the log was created in server which will be cleared only after the driver is fined.

1. The log may also be stored for future reference! in case it is re%uired by police! searching for somevehicle used by criminals!

B.

Adaptive traffic control using RFID

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