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reDEFINING THE BETWEENA series of studies that look at the “between” people and “between” spaces in the city of Tampa and bring forth findings that could further better our society in which we all live.

Documentation by:

Adam Ryan Skwirsk

A masters research project presented to the Graduate School of Architecture and Community Design at the University of South Florida in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Architecture.

Thesis Chair: Vikas Mehta, PhD. Assistant Professor of Architecture and Urban Design University of South Florida | Tampa FL

Thesis Committee: Theodore Trent Green Associate Professor of Architecture and Urban Design University of South Florida | Tampa FL Robert Macleod Director, School of Architecture University of South Florida | Tampa FL

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FIG. 1 MP 2 PROCESS: GARAGE

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ABSTRACTIn the last five years there has been an increase in the homeless population in the state of Florida. The city is full of left over spaces that are abandoned, forgotten, unwanted, or underutilized. By taking these spaces and applying an urban system with similar characteristics to a token economy will generate a productive homeless community. It is important for people to earn their own self-worth by creating an identity within the working class fabric of the city.

The city has an abundance of untapped potential in the spaces specified throughout this research. The idea of token economy will play an important role as specific designs are applied to these spaces. These design examples can be used prototypically to other sites with moderate adjustments. In terms of homelessness, there will never be an end but there can be better ways, more beneficial ways, to deal with the epidemic that is plaguing our cities and their citizens. Creating opportunities will not only help the poor but they will have a much better return to the general public and our future than what we are doing now, which is ignoring issues that have potential for a more qualitative society.

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dedication

I would like to dedicate this document to my family and friends who have always believe in me and have been such a source of spiritual strength through my education.

To my Father and Mother and to the love of my life Caitlynn.

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acknowledgementThis school has changed my perception of the world.

I have been fortunate enough to receive one of the finest architectural educations from the University of South Florida. During my schooling I have seen the school develop and graduate true scholars who are changing the world around them for the better. I foresee many more graduates going out and making contributions to the field of architecture and design.

I would like to thank all my colleagues present and past for their encouragement and their feedback that helped me grow as an architectural designer. My education would not have been nearly successful without them closely around to help build me up. We have all had countless sleepless nights and dealt through studio conflicts to leave with strong friendships for life. The experience gained through studio work will never be regret.

I would personally like to thank my professors Steve Cooke, Nancy Sanders, Shannon Bassett, Dan Powers, Vikas Mehta, and Trent Green for giving me a unique education and directing me towards my interest in the field of architecture. I appreciate their invested time and effort into my education.

And finally, I would personally like to thank my family and friends for all the love and support. Thank you to my father and mother for always believing in me, and thank you Caitlynn for standing with me.

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table of contents

abstractlist of figuresintroduction

crisis of homelesscombatting the issue

classification of needsthree ideas of sustainment

token economyHHH visitation

leftover spacesre-appropriation of space

identification of wasted spacesred swing

inner-city arts

parcel researchparcel additions

initial understanding

51014

1618

2021

2224

2830313233

343638

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typology designmunicipal buildinginterstatebridge/churchparking garagepark

typology to spacespaces of subsistencespaces of healthspaces of commercespaces of education

implementationcriticism of the systemagricultural landscapegarage variations

detail design

conclusion

404244464850

5254555657

58606874

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84

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FIG. 1 MP 2 PROCESS: GARAGE

FIG. 2 AERIAL HIGHLIGHTING

FIG. 3 HOMELESSNESS AS A DEPENDENT SITUATION http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helping_the_homeless.jpg

FIG. 4 HOMELESSNESS INESCAPABLE http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Lazar_3.JPG

FIG. 5 ABBEY APARTMENTS. LOS ANGELES http://lahd.lacity.org/internet projects/ProjectDetail.aspx?EntryID=94&ptype=c

FIG. 6 RAINBOW APARTMENTS, HALF-WAY HOUSE http://www.world changing.com/archives/008375.html

FIG. 7 SYSTEMS OF MANHATTAN http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Map-USA-Manhattan01.jpg

FIG. 8 MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:59th_Street%E2%80%93Columbus_Circle_(New_York_City_Sub way)_by_David_Shankbone.jpg

FIG. 9 HOMELESS NEAR STETSON COLLEGE

FIG. 10 HERMAN MASSEY PARK

FIG. 11 NO LOITERING NOTICE

FIG. 12 CURTIS HIXON PARK: RIVERWALK

FIG. 13 TAMPA MUSEUM OF ART

FIG. 14 INTRODUCTION OF LAYERING

FIG. 15 STUDY 01: SYSTEM CONNECTION

FIG. 16 STUDY 02: BOUNDARY

FIG. 17 STUDY 03: LAYERING

FIG. 18 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL SPACES

FIG. 19 RED SWING PROJECT http://www.redswingproject.org/

FIG. 20 UTILIZATION OF SPACE http://www.redswingproject.org/

FIG. 21 ICA: RESPECTED FOR SERVICE http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/ culturemonster/2009/06/michael-maltzans-innercity-arts-project-wins- urban-excellence-award.html

list of figures

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FIG. 22 A PEARL IN THE GRIME http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemon ster/2009/06/michael-maltzans-innercity-arts-project-wins- urban-excellence-award.html

FIG. 23 PUBLIC LAND: ACTUAL

FIG. 24 PRIVATE LAND: ACTUAL

FIG. 25 PUBLIC LAND: POTENTIAL

FIG. 26 ROAD SYSTEM: POTENTIAL

FIG. 27 PARKS: ACTUAL

FIG. 28 CHURCHES/SHELTERS: ACTUAL

FIG. 29 DIAGRAMMATIC DRAWINGS

FIG. 30 DIAGRAMMATIC MODELS

FIG. 31 TYPOLOGY IDENTIFICATION

FIG. 32 PAPER MODEL STUDY: LIBRARY

FIG. 33 LIBRARY MISSION STATEMENT

FIG. 34 CITY HALL MISSION STATEMENT

FIG. 35 PAPER MODEL STUDY: I-275

FIG. 36 CLOVERLEAF PARC: AGRICULTURE http://www.museumofthecity. org/exhibit/changing-form-parks/trinitat-cloverleaf-park

FIG. 37 CLOVERLEAF PARC: WATER EDGE http://www.museumofthecity. org/exhibit/changing-form-parks/trinitat-cloverleaf-park

FIG. 38 CLOVERLEAF PARC: INTERSTATE http://www.museumofthecity.org/ exhibit/changing-form-parks/trinitat-cloverleaf-park

FIG. 39 PAPER MODEL STUDY: CHURCH LOT

FIG. 40 TRAVELING SHOWER http://seattletimes.com/html/local news/2008210554_homeless28m.html

FIG. 41 LIFE UNDER THE BRIDGE http://www.tampabay.com/features/hu maninterest/miami-sex-offenders-limited-to-life-under-a- bridge/1027668

FIG. 42 PAPER MODEL STUDY: GARAGE

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FIG. 43 POMPIDOU DENTRE STRUCTURE http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Map-USA-Manhattan01.jpg

FIG. 44 POMPIDOU CENTRE ACCESS http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Paris_-_Centre_Pompidou_-_4528.jpg

FIG. 45 PAPER MODEL STUDY: PARK

FIG. 46 LAFAYETTE PARK http://www.10000stepsoakland.org/lafayetteall. php?category=onsite

FIG. 47 LIBRARY IN PARK http://www.takepart.com/article/2012/06/25/ street-corner-libraries-are-all-rage-bogota

FIG. 48 UNUSED ALLEYWAY

FIG. 49 CHURCH ENTRYWAY

FIG. 50 PARKING GARAGE OVERHANG

FIG. 51 JOHN F. GERMANY LIBRARY: SOUTH

FIG. 52 INTERSTATE 275; UNDERNEATH

FIG. 53 FORT BROOKE GARAGE

FIG. 54 CHURCH INTERVENTION: ZOOM

FIG. 55 CHURCH INTERVENTION: SITE

FIG. 56 LIBRARY: PUBLIC SHOWERS

FIG. 57 LIBRARY INTERVENTION PLAN

FIG. 58 LIBRARY INTERVENTION: ENTRY

FIG. 59 LIBRARY INTERVENTION: NORTH SIDE

FIG. 60 LIBRARY BROUGHT TO EXTERIOR

FIG. 61 PUBLIC MEETING SPACE

FIG. 62 SOUTH I-275 AGRICULTURE

FIG. 63 INTERSTATE INTERVENTION PLAN

FIG. 64 MP 2: I-275 SOUTH PROPOSAL

FIG. 65 MP 2: 1-275 NORTH TRANSITION

FIG. 66 MP 1: I-275 NORTH PROPOSAL

FIG. 67 FINAL 1-275 PROPOSAL

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FIG. 68 I-275 COMMERCE: MARKTET SPACE

FIG. 69 I-275 AGRICULTURAL & WATER RETENTION

FIG. 70 ROOFTOP OF PARKING GARAGE

FIG. 71 GARAGE INTERVENTION PLAN

FIG. 72 MP 1: GARAGE APPLICATION

FIG. 73 MP 2: GARAGE AGRICULTURE

FIG. 74 MP 1: MODULAR GARAGE

FIG. 75 ELEVATIONAL STUDY OF GARAGE

FIG. 76 ROOFTOP STUDY OF GARAGE

FIG. 77 PARKING GARAGE NORTH SECTION

FIG. 78 INITIAL HANGING GREENHOUSE DESIGN

FIG. 79 DIAGRAMMATIC GARAGE ROOFTOP DESIGN

FIG. 80 SECTION MODEL OF GARAGE

FIG. 81 SYSTEMS OF ENCLOSURE

FIG. 82 TRANSITIONAL ROOFTOP

FIG. 83 ROOFTOP SYSTEM PLAN

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i n t r o d u c t i o nIn the last five years there has been an increase in the homeless population in the state of Florida. According to the 2011 Council on Homeless Report there has been a steady seven percent increase in the population each year, most of which is due to economic duress.1 People and organizations have been coming together to counteract the issue of homelessness through financial support and volunteer work.

People who are homeless have no productive outlet in which to give back to society. They spend their time trying to solve their most basic needs: food, water, and shelter. The city offers modest support so there are limited resources that the homeless can gain access. Homeless rely mainly through churches, homeless shelters, and charitable people for their subsistence. The city is full of left over spaces that are abandoned, forgotten, unwanted, or underutilized. I propose to take these spaces and design an urban system with characteristics of a token economy that will generate a productive homeless community. We need to allow the poor to help themselves and earn their way by introducing new and creative layers on to the urban fabric of the city.

This thesis will begin by exploring the public spaces in the city of Tampa and illuminating the excess space that is the reach of designers. The city has an abundance of untapped potential in the spaces specified throughout this research. The thesis will grasp a deeper understanding of homelessness by exploring the needs and characteristics present within the homeless population. Categories will be established that will take care of needs and generate designs beneficial to the city. The spaces will begin to take on typologies as categories are applied systematically. The idea of a token economy will play an important role as specific designs are applied to these spaces. As the typologies become completed, the design process will flesh out site specific details. These design examples can be used prototypically to other sites with moderate adjustments.

In terms of homelessness, there will never be an end but there can be better ways, more beneficial ways, to deal with the epidemic that is plaguing our cities and their citizens. People will always make bad choices that put them in unwanted positions. However it is our responsibility to give opportunities for improvement. Opportunities will not only help the poor but it will have a much better return to the

general public and our future than what we are doing now.

1. Council on Homelessness, , “Council on homelessness 2011.” 2011.

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TAMPA, FLORIDA

FIG. 2 AERIAL HIGHLIGHTING

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c r i s i s o f h o m e l e s s n e s sThe crisis of homelessness is plaguing more people every day. Due to the economic climate, homelessness frequency and duration is increasing. 2 It is important for us to take control of this issue before it worsens. I believe the city has a social responsibility to take care of every citizen. The homeless population has a detrimental effect on the city’s resources, which in the end gets paid for by tax money. The crisis of homelessness has a wide scope and almost every person has a vested interest in the issue .

The state of Florida has the third largest homeless population in the United States. Nearly 60,000 Florida citizens live on the streets and in shelters every day. Florida schools have counted over 49,000 children that were homeless during the 2009-2010 school year.2 The current count of homeless in Hillsborough County is approximately 17,755 men, women, and children. The population living on the street is 7,336 and the amount living with family or friends is 10,419. Approximately fifty-one percent are experiencing being homeless for the first time and ninety percent became homeless in Florida. Over half of people experiencing homelessness receive income but not enough to sustain housing.3

HILLSBOROUGH COUNTYNEW YORK CITYLA COUNTY

1/691/1591/196

2. Council on Homelessness, , “Council on homelessness 2011.” 2011. 3. Landry, Shawn, M.S. Hillsborough County, Public Works Department, “The Hillsborough Commu-nity Atlas.”

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FIG. 3 HOMELESSNESS AS A DEPENDENT SITUATION

FIG. 4 HOMELESSNESS INESCAPABLE

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combatting the issue

Research has shown that combatting the issue cost significantly less than doing nothing at all.. The Abbey Apartments in Los Angeles has reduced cost to the city by offering proper rehabilitation to homeless men, women, and children.5

“Los Angeles County is providing the funding for the supportive services at the Abbey. “It is unconscionable that we have nearly 75,000 people living homeless on our streets,” Supervisor Zev Yaroslavsky says. “Creating more permanent supportive housing offers a more humane, successful and cost-effective solution than the vicious cycle that keeps them spinning hopelessly between the street, hospital, court and jail.””4

The cost of homelessness is an issue in cities that have a higher population. Cost incur from hospitalization, medical treatment, incarceration, police responses, and emergency shelter expenses. All services and resources are paid for by local municipalities and taxpayers therefore action is needed by all citizens.

Homeless people in the hospital spend an average of four days longer per stay than that of a non-homeless person. The extra cost per hospital stay is approximately $2,414.5 According to Michael Siegel, the average cost to cure an alcohol-related illness is approximately $10,660. Hospitals in Caifornia average cost to treat a drug user is $14,740.6 Producing a way to prevent them from abusing these resources the city would stabilize a rather chaotic system.

FIG. 5 ABBEY APARTMENTS. LOS ANGELES

4. Skid row housing trust, “Formerly homeless get keys to new homes.” 2009. 5. Salit, S.A., E.M. Kuhn , J.M. Vu, A.J. Hartz, and A.L Mosso. (1998): 1734-1740. 6. Diamond, Pamela and Steven B. Schneed. (1991).

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Los Angeles has found a solution to this problem involving much more than food and shelter. County, state, and federal money fund the Abbey Apartments through subsidized rents and medical, mental health and social services. The Abbey provides treatments that will meet the needs of former homeless who are addicts, have mental and physical disabilities and suffer from illnesses.4 With less people using city resources wastefully, municipalities can provide funding to programs like the Abbey to keep homeless people off the street and into rehab.

The Council of Homeless Report identified a remedy to the issue, which consist of getting citizens jobs. As claimed by this report there lacks enough opportunities for homeless to be productive.7 Jobs are seen as positive production that not only benefits the city, but benefits the person producing. Unfortunately, due to the economic state opportunities are not in abundance. As previous studies have indicated, people abuse the system and resources to survive. Any city concerned about their people and their resources should consider putting an effort into creating opportunities for the homeless population.

I do not encourage or promote the idea of a Communistic or socialistic society. With an outlook of capitalism, in the sense of economic waste occurring, it would be in the cities best interest to develop a system to battle wastefulness.

FIG. 6 RAINBOW APARTMENTS, HALF-WAY HOUSE

7. Council on Homelessness, , “Council on homelessness 2011.

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c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f n e e d sIn order to develop a coherent system that contains the needs of a homeless individual a study of the psychology of a human being is necessary. Human needs must be classified into two categories: the physical and the metaphysical. The physical refers to the needs of pure existence, the hard survival guide. The metaphysical refers the needs of the mind, the mental aspect that keeps people sane and in right mind. There is a place in-between that deals with the creative nature of every human being, our freedom of choice and our will to do. Architecture can have an effect on all three aspects but it mostly effects the physical needs of a person.

Manfred Max-Neef classifies human needs as a system that every society maintains. He states that the system is constant on every historical time frame and region of society, the only change is in the strategy to meet these needs. Fundamental human needs are broken down into nine categories: subsistence, protection, affection, understanding, participation, leisure, creation, identity, and freedom.8

food, clothing, rest, work, healthdaptability, health systems, work,respect, friendships, express emotionscuriosity, intuition, literature, educationalreceptiveness, dedication, responsibilities, express opinionsimagination, spontaneity, peace of mind, relax, privacyinventiveness, abilities, skills, spaces of expressionself-esteem, values, commit oneself, places one belongs toequal rights, develop awareness, passion

subsistenceprotection

affectionunderstanding

participationleisure

creationidentity

freedomHuman Scale Development.Max-Neef, Manfred.8

8. Max-Neef, Manfred A. Human scale development: conception. 2001.

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s u s t a i n i n g t h e b o d ySubsistence and protection relate purely to the physical needs of a person, about person food, water, shelter, and rest. These are the most important but simplest needs that architecture can provide or appropriate space for. Without these essential needs the person will cease to exist and other needs have no relevance.

s u s t a i n i n g t h e m i n dThe verb humanize plays a primary role in a person’s needs, it is the giving of identity to a certain individual that did not have one previous. Homeless are often dehumanized and categorized as a chunk of society, they are invisible to the city. This is the metaphysical need, where the mind of a person begins to change. The body or shell of an individual can be sustained easily, it’s the soul or core of a person that gives purpose or meaning. There needs to be an importance stressed upon the metaphysical. Max-Neef states these as affection, understanding, and participation.

The soul is an actuality of the body, the body is not the actuality of the soul but the soul merely fits into the body.9 The spirit is the actualization of the soul, which means everything is dependent on the prior.

s u s t a i n i n g t h e s p i r i tThe final needs relate to Aristotle’s ideas of self-actualization and the creative nature of a human being.9 This is the will of the person, what they want to achieve, and what their talents and skills can achieve. Max-Neef labels these as creation, identity, and freedoms, what a person produces towards society and for themselves.

As a society we want people to reach the third set of needs to be productive in society. The city is a platform and should be treated as such. If the city is not, I believe there is a fatal flaw or absence within its layers. There must be allowances and opportunities for these needs to manifest within the city in order for the city to flourish.

9. Aristotle, . On the Soul. The Internet Classics Archive, 2000.

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t o k e n e c o n o m yWhen I visited New York City I saw a great deal of homeless occupying the street and subway systems. There was one instance where my classmates and I had an interaction with a very helpful homeless man. We encountered him once we got off the subway and were trying to find a specific pizza shop. This homeless man saw our confusion and offered to guide us in the right direction. He was not looking for any freebies, but in return some of us gave him money and a subway pass for his efforts to help.

In this situation he is being productive both socially and economically. He saw a need and offered something to meet that need in hopes of a profitable return. The only help given to the homeless is from the building infrastructure of the city. Unfortunately in Tampa, the needs are different from Manhattan, so the homeless are required to be more creative with their entrepreneurism.

The issue might not be less jobs but less opportunities. It is difficult to attain a job with little identification, no residency, and poor attire. It is not that the jobs are not there, it is the acquisition that is the issue. Through opportunities and interactions people get help, they climb out from the bottom, and they begin to excel. Tampa had more opportunities and capitalized their focus on them, then the city would have a fruitful system. Manhattan is a place with opportunities, but the city does not focus on opportunities that will benefit the homeless.

FIG. 7 SYSTEMS OF MANHATTAN

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The homeless man in the subway illustrates the mutually beneficial aspect of a token economy. The city’s problems, such as complicated way finding, benefit and give to the needs of the homeless. In this illustration there is already a token economy happening, which is unstructured and random. The model I propose is to be a structured and systematic layer on to the city of Tampa.

The main purpose behind the idea of token economy is to restore and maintain social bonds. Tokens can come in many ways and forms, including compliments, handshakes, and awards.10 All are beneficial at different levels of the human psyche. The most common token is the exchange in currency or material possessions, which is crucial to survival. The tokens least spoken of are the common gestures or speech given to people in forms of acceptance, encouragement, or respect. This type of token is less important to survival, but is the most important to restoring the social bonds between the two classes of people and relates directly to the metaphysical needs of a person.

Most exchanges are simply equitable in nature, sometimes it is hard to judge the equivalency of the two things being exchanged. Equity refers to the “fair enough” exchange between two people or two systems. This exchange of identity for production is part of the token economy and helps restore the social bond. A system that works on a higher level than purely materialistic exchange is a system appropriate for the complexity of human life. People operate on many different levels and the system of token economy should operate in a similar manner.

FIG. 8 MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL

10. Benedikt, Michael and Michael Oden. “Better is Better than More: Complexity, Economic Prog-ress, and Qualitative Growth.”

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H H H v i s i t a t i o nA recent visit to a homeless organization made the idea of a token economy feasible at a small scale.

I have recently been involved in a homeless organization called Homeless Helping the Homeless. The organization receives a minute amount of funding from the government and zero funding from surrounding churches. At this point they have faith-based funding, every month they pay their bills through the grace of God. They believe in mutually beneficial behavior between the homeless community and the surrounding neighborhoods. The founder, Parker, organizes the homeless to volunteer around the neighborhoods, activities such as picking up trash or providing security services at night for businesses. The principle behind getting homeless to volunteer is to show the neighborhoods that these people have worth and value.

The organization finds talents, skills, and abilities in a person and uses them to volunteer resources. It is volunteering in the sense that they do not receive monetary gain, but in return they do receive food and a bed with a credit system. They take the unwanted, the people who cannot get into rehabilitation centers and shelters, who are seen as “liability issues.” Their goal is to humanize people to gain trust. Once trust is established they nurture them back into society. Creating a level of comfort is the first task to bring someone back from a difficult situation.

This system is easily working at a small scale but to accomplish the same at a larger scale is challenging. The first step is to find what the person or group is able to do, for instance, farming, skilled construction, writing, or musical talents. It would be beneficial to no one if a laborer gets placed doing computer work. The second step is to figure out a need of the city. Cities are not perfect, some run better than others, but there is always something to be changed or made better. For example, every city has trash and needs it managed, so the homeless could manage the trash collection and in return recieve compensation from the city. The third is the reciprocation of a “token” back to the worker. The city might not have funding to pay an employee, but the city could provide limited funding to sustain an organization. There is a clear difference in funding an employee versus funding to offer sustainability, food, water, and shelter, to many homeless people.

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FIG. 9 HOMELESS NEAR STETSON COLLEGE FIG. 10 HERMAN MASSEY PARK

FIG. 11 NO LOITERING NOTICE

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It starts as a normal exchange, a service for a commodity, then will morph into handshakes, gestures, or speech that are at the core of restoring social bonds. The root of Homeless Helping Homeless is to give self worth, which creates an attitude for success and a better life. It is not about work, it is about the mind and heart of the person.

Both the homeless and the general public are effected by the system because a change of heart and mind will happen jointly. As the homeless begin working for some type of exchange, the public will see a laborer, a worker, or a talent instead of a stereotypical homeless person sitting on a bench. In order for this complex system to work it must be visible to the public eye. A sense of worth and a sense of acceptance will be attributed to the homeless community.

Michael Benedikt explains “Quantity in Life” versus “Quality of Life.” Quantity of Life is every man, woman, and child for themselves, materialistic approach that says more money, more things all equal a better life. Quality of Life is less about money and is more about the interaction and the civic activities that enhance life. It is not about lessening the materialistic richness as it is about growing the richness of social and cultural life.11 There is subjectivity to this matter, as for city, the matter should lean towards the Quality of Life, which has a direct effect on the Quantity in Life. A high quality city will receive financial gain from different sources that have different interests. If quality is taken out then the quantity will be less abundant. So in this case the city should be asking itself how can we achieve a higher quality of life for our people.11. Benedikt, Michael and Michael Oden. “Better is Better than More: Complexity, Economic Prog-ress, and Qualitative Growth.”

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FIG. 12 CURTIS HIXON PARK: RIVERWALK

FIG. 13 TAMPA MUSEUM OF ART

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l e f t o v e r s p a c e sEvery city has them, many cities do not know what to do with them, they are the leftover spaces that are often unacknowledged. There is something quite beautiful about cities with layers of functions, the layers bring character and diversity to a mundane system. The idea of sustainability focuses on maintaining and enhancing the already built environment and to lessen the detrimental impact on our environment and on our people. It is important to use the layers to complete the cycles that are broken and unsustainable.

The meaning associated with leftover space refers to the wasted space that can potentially be used to benefit the city. Empty spaces need to be used in a sustainable manner to efficiently meet the needs of all the citizens, including the homeless. A family takes care of the needs of a family member. It acts as a foundation to stand strong until a new foundation is ready to be made. It is possible to use the leftover spaces as foundations to help rehabilitate the homeless into self-sufficient citizens.

Many leftover spaces in the city are presently being used by the homeless, so it becomes fairly easy to recognize these spaces just by searching out the homeless. If the spaces are being used then it is important to design a productive function to them. Uses could be cleaning, creating energy, or farming. Each leftover space can be assigned a typology according to the characteristics of the site. It is about using hte homeless where they reside, not moving them out of a particular area.

FIG. 14 INTRODUCTION OF LAYERINGan appplication of layering over the existing context to represent potential interventons

and their relationship to the urban fabric

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FIG. 15 STUDY 01: SYSTEM CONNECTIONa study on the relationship along the street corridor with the existing leftover spaces initially considered for reappropriation

FIG. 16 STUDY 02: BOUNDARYa study on the potential boundary connections that could be made throughout the city

FIG. 17 STUDY 03: LAYERINGa study on making the invisible layer of the city a visible one in order to create of awareness of the potential land

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r e - a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f s p a c e“Appropriation should not be confused with a practise which is closely related to it but still distinct, namely ‘diversion’ (detournement). An existing space may outline its original purpose and the raison d’etre which determines its forms, functions and structures; it may thus in a sense become vacant, and susceptible of being diverted, re-appropriated and put to a use quite different from its initial one. A recent and well known case of this was the reappropriation of the Halles Centrales, Paris’s former wholesale produce market, in 1969-71. For a brief period, this urban centre, designed to facilitate the distribution of food, was transformed into a gathering-place and a scene of permanent festival - in short, into a centre of play rather than of work - for the youth of Paris.” 12

Re-appropriation of space is what the city of Tampa needs for homelessness. Leftover space in the city is everywhere, there are vacant spaces that could be re-appropriated to accommodate the needs of the people.

12. Stanek, L. University of Minnesota Press. “Henri Lefebvre on space: architecture, urban research, and the production of theory.” 2012.

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i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f w a s t e d s p a c e sNicholas de Monchaux identified fifteen hundred vacant and abandoned public lots in San Francisco, California. The project is called Local Code: Real Estates, which uses geospatial analysis to identify publicly owned abandoned sites and imagines the landscape as a new urban system. The proposal for each site takes into consideration local conditions, optimizing thermal and hydrological factors, and relieving burdens on existing infrastructure. Another component of the project is about receiving feedback from citizens to design robust network of urban greenways that affect the health and safety of every citizen.13 Monchaux’s concept was dependent upon the vast amount of untapped residual spaces within the city. The spaces were limited to publicly owned parcels with each design relative to the context. The goal was to repurpose both functionally and aesthetically the spaces that were insignificant or leftover.

FIG. 18 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL SPACESan appplication of layering over the existing context to represent potential interventons and their relationship

to the urban fabric

13. Monchaux, Nicholas. Spontaneous Interventions, “Local Code: Real Estates.” 2011.

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r e d s w i n g p r o j e c tThe Red Swing Project is about bringing attention to public spaces that are not normally seen as such by placing red swings in unused spaces. Placing a red swing not only draws attention, but it activates the area and brings a sense of production. In this sense the production is concerned with playfulness, which arguably can help social bonds between citizens.14

FIG. 20 UTILIZATION OF SPACEa way to bring activity to space

FIG. 19 RED SWING PROJECTsymbolizing the awareness of space by using

simple identifiers of playhttp://www.redswingproject.org/

14. Salamon, Peter. Landscape Architects Network, “Red Swing Project.”2009.

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i n n e r - c i t y a r t sOn a larger scale, Michael Maltzan designed the Inner-City Arts in Los Angeles in the middle of the rundown Skid Row neighborhood. The school is pure white in the heart of a neighborhood that is covered with grime. The neighborhood rarely sees violent crimes but thievery is common. What is most interesting is that taggers tend to point their spray cans elsewhere out of respect for the school and its goal to educate children.15

Michael Maltzan’s ICA is a prime example of an investment into a poor neighborhood that did not return void. There is a sense of trust given to a community that never receives glamorous things. The school gives openings to view inside the complex, it chooses to accept the neighborhood as it is and not shut it out.

FIG. 21 ICA: RESPECTED FOR SERVICE(left image)

FIG. 22 A PEARL IN THE GRIME(right image)

15. Hawthorne, Christopher. “Standing out in a Gritty Local.” Architectural Record, 2009.

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p a r c e l r e s e a r c hMy research involves the analysis of land parcels within downtown Tampa Bay. The research shows the abundance of leftover spaces. The amount of space applicable to this research was illuminated by identifying the public versus private parcels of land. Looking at the land maps generated, it is evident to see that approximately two-fifths of all land in the city is publicly owned. As shown in the mappings, there is plenty of land to be identified as leftover space that can be further classified.

Another mapping analysis shows public parcels combined with public spaces including sidewalks, roadways, and waterways. This adds more space that can possibly be identified as leftover. The mappings show spaces that have been unacknowledged due to the lack of boundary identifiers. Some relevant boundary identifiers are easements, public right of way, and other edge conditions. These types of spaces are unnoticed and underutilized due to poor land markings.

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FIG. 23 PUBLIC LAND: ACTUAL FIG. 24 PRIVATE LAND: ACTUAL FIG. 25 PUBLIC LAND: POTENTIAL

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p a r c e l a d d i t i o n sThe amount of churches and shelters is not sustainable for the population of homeless men and women in the Tampa Bay area. In some shelters there is a price to get a room or a price to receive rehabilitation counseling. A homeless man named Ron has had issues in the area:

Ron is from a northern state where he lost his job due to economic situations. He fell into an addictive state through depression and had the “shakes” due to alcohol consumption. A friend drove him around Tampa for a week seeking rehabilitation. No facility would take him in because he did not have enough money. Finally, at the end of his search he was accepted over night, but in the morning they told him he had to leave, even though he still had the “shakes,” because he did not show suicidal behavior.

The current system of churches, limited homeless shelters, and rehabilitation centers are not sufficing the need. There are people who want help that are not, do to missing opportunities. Leftover spaces can make up for this lack.

“Change life! Change society! These ideas lose completely their meaning producing an appropriate space. A lesson to be learned from soviet constructivists from the 1920’s and 30’s, and of their failure, is that new social relations demand a new space, vice-versa.”16

16. Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. 2000.

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FIG. 26 ROAD SYSTEM: POTENTIAL FIG. 27 PARKS: ACTUAL FIG. 28 CHURCHES/SHELTERS: ACTUAL

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i n i t i a l u n d e r s t a n d i n gI began to subjectively diagram typologies using the existing block measurements of 200 feet by 200 feet. The diagrams represent the environment needed to produce a certain type of activity which I broke up into 4 categories: job skills, health, nourishment, and education. Within each diagram there is an interaction that manifest itself between the homeless individual and the working class. The main purpose is to meet the needs of the homeless but in return create active spaces that give back to the city. This becomes a link between the concept of a token economy and managing the leftover spaces in the city..

shelterwork

healthfood

recreationcreativity

commerceidentity

educationsocialization

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Exchange can happen within a setting similar to a farmer’s market. Modular spaces define out territories that commerce interactions can take place. A place where skill sets and identity can begin to form.

Spaces where services can be provided by health professionals would significantly keep the homeless out of the hospitals. Maintaining hygiene is another health concern for the normal homeless individual.

Agricultural infrastructure and water filtration systems would benefit the individual by providing healthy sources of clean water and food. Nourishment is the first basic need to handle the rehabilitation of the homeless individual.

Providing a better way to educate both the homeless and the rest of the city’s population an important stance on awareness. It also gives the homeless person a chance to understand the services and opportunities at reach.

FIG. 29 DIAGRAMMATIC DRAWINGS FIG. 30 DIAGRAMMATIC MODELS 39

t y p o l o g y d e s i g nThe city has numerous leftover spaces for potential interventions. The identified spaces happen within, around, or between the existing layers of the city. The layers include but are not limited to: municipal buildings, interstate spaces, bridges, churches, and parking garages. These layers of the city are specifically for people because they lie within the public realm.

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FIG. 31 TYPOLOGY IDENTIFICATIONs count of spaces that could maintain design typologies that will be discussed

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m u n i c i p a l b u i l d i n gThe library, museum, city hall, and courthouse are examples of municipal buildings that are for the people. These buildings have a responsibility to citizens involved in their region. The posted sign outside the library entrance states, “The Tampa-Hillsborough County Public Library promotes lifelong learning, an informed citizenry, individual intellectual freedom, enhanced quality of life, and broadened horizons for all residents.” On the city hall facade is written, “The City of Tampa’s mission is to deliver outstanding services to enhance the quality of life within our community.” The municipal buildings address their responsibility to the community and its quality of life.

Courthouse: The entrance is expansive in the public space realm. A grand entry to show prominence to the government institution, yet, it is wasteful in the open space it spends. It tells me that appearance is everything. In idea that beckons throughout the city in high end establishments.Across the street is the old vacant S.H. Kress building. Inside was a through way to the next street that extended two-stories. Comparison revealed the courthouse to be prim and proper versus the Kress building, which was dirty, rundown, and unacknowledged. The analogy plays over to the working class versus the homeless citizens.

Salvation Army Courtyard (Old City Hall): Public space that is under used. It provides shading, breezy, water, and relaxation. It acts as an oasis away from the street by using elevated planes to hide. Hotdog vendor was staying busy on the corner.

FIG. 32 PAPER MODEL STUDY: LIBRARY

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FIG. 33 LIBRARY MISSION STATEMENT FIG. 34 CITY HALL MISSION STATEMENT

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i n t e r s t a t eAccording to Tampa Bay Interstates the estimated construction cost for 4.2 miles of interstate is 215.4 million dollars, spanning from SR 60 to the Hillsborough River.17 That is a substantial amount of money going into a four year project, with the purpose of transportation management. This construction is not benefitting the quality of life and should be repurposed to handle multiple issues at the same time.

The interstate in general has vast amounts of unused or underutilized spaces that breaks into two categories: landscape and underneath spaces. Within the on ramps and off ramps there are acres of land with potential that could enhance the interstate. Spaces underneath the interstate are commonly used for overflow parking. Barriers of the interstate jut through the city’s fabric create a deserted strip that divides one city into two parts. In Tampa Bay, this strip of interstate creates a clear distinction between the wealth of the downtown and the “ghetto” of the north.

FIG. 35 PAPER MODEL STUDY: I-275

17. McShaffrey, John. Interstate Construction Office, “I-275 Widening from east of SR 60 to downtown Tampa (Hillsborough River).” 2012.

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FIG. 36 CLOVERLEAF PARC: AGRICULTURE FIG. 37 CLOVERLEAF PARC: WATER EDGE FIG. 38 CLOVERLEAF PARC: INTERSTATE

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c h u r c hEven though churches are normally privately owned, the overall consensus is they are there to help and give to the needy. Churches deal with feeding the homeless and provide donation services to respond to issues in the community. Similar to the municipal buildings, churches are community center and look to the congregation for support. Each church identified in the city has space for parking. Unfortunately the church in general does not have the capacity to remedy the whole problem.

b r i d g eAnother piece of infrastructure that only has a single purpose is the downtown bridge. There are eight bridges that connect directly to downtown and there is opportunity for these spaces to have multiple functions. The river beneath is also included in the public realm. The interaction between the bridge and the river can provide opportunities and give multiple functions that could enhance quality of life in the city.

FIG. 39 PAPER MODEL STUDY: CHURCH LOT

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FIG. 40 TRAVELING SHOWER FIG. 41 LIFE UNDER THE BRIDGE

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p a r k i n g g a r a g e

Parking garages have great potential because it can house and be attached to in multiple ways. Any publicly owned garage in Tampa has an open floor plan, which can be developed in the same manner in which Le Corbusier develops his free plan buildings. Modularity of the floors and columns give great freedom to design. It presents itself as an open canvas to develop spaces and elements that could meet the needs of hundreds of people. Another great feature in the city of Tampa is that the users are mostly “nine to five workers” and the garages become vacant during the night.

Parking Garage: The sidewalk escaped into the covering of the parking garage. It gave away to a large public space, used for advertisement. The shade was given in great depth to the south side to evade the sun’s penetration. This could be an agricultural spot closer to the side walk to make use of the sun. It is cool, breezy, and relaxing. It is north of the Old City Hall.

FIG. 42 PAPER MODEL STUDY: GARAGE

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FIG. 43 POMPIDOU DENTRE STRUCTURE FIG. 44 POMPIDOU CENTRE ACCESS

49

p a r k

The function of a public park is to hold events and provide a place for people to socialize, lounge, or recreate. Parks are the most public place in the city and can be used by anyone including the homeless. This is one of the few public spaces that welcome the idea of loitering, but only from those who do not appear to be homeless. The inner city parks become desolate in the evening, they become speckled with homeless for the night, which might be the cause of this desolation. Security issues arise because of this matter, even though the parks are well lit.

Herman Massey Park: Homeless wake up early to take to the shade of this park. Wheel chairs, book bags, bicycles, and trash bags fill this park. The park feels unwelcoming to any pedestrian homeless or non-homeless. The black, iron fence creates a barrier to imprison the homeless and keep others out. One decaying piece of public art stands solemn in front trying to give hope, but it is not working. Shade is the only benefit, but with addition of the fence brings a gloom to this area.

FIG. 45 PAPER MODEL STUDY: PARK

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FIG. 47 LIBRARY IN PARKFIG. 46 LAFAYETTE PARK

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t y p o l o g y t o s p a c eThe unused or underutilized spaces are scattered throughout, but shows potential for functional activities. There is a dead layer that needs to be revitalized or replaced by one that will not only give life but also give opportunities for people. What types of activities or opportunities can be placed into these spaces to generate a better quality of life that the city desires?

Using the classification of needs, the physical, metaphysical, and creative needs, I have developed a taxonomy that allows for these classifications to be brought to fruition. The taxonomy was simplified

from an exhaustive list to four main classifiers: subsistence, commerce, health, and education.

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FIG. 48 UNUSED ALLEYWAY FIG. 49 CHURCH ENTRYWAY FIG. 50 PARKING GARAGE OVERHANG

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s p a c e s o f s u b s i s t e n c ePeople’s physical needs should be met first in order to sustain their bodies. The space of subsistence incorporates the use of agriculture, food, and water filtration. Agriculture is important for not only food for the individual harvesting but for sale to city restaurants. In Miami homeless people work through a program that trains people to become skilled laborers in food production. The jobs are above minimum wage and offer a place of residence for the length of the job. In return, the restaurants in the area receive fresh, organic produce This system gives to homeless workers and the private sector which creates a mutually beneficial relationship.18

1

producepole bean

beetscarrots

eggplantpotatoes

squash

tomatoes

season feb-april

oct-march oct-march jan-march

jan-feb feb-march

jan-march

harvest(days)55-7050-6565-8090-11085-11040-55

90-110

flo

rid

a c

rop

s

18. Fagenson, Zachary. Reuters,“Homeless in Miami find new outlet, feeding the well-heeled.” 2012.

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s p a c e s o f h e a l t hMaintaining health is a difficult task when resources are limited. A place for hygiene, medical treatment, and recreation is important for surviving. Stagnancy creates sickness therefore spaces that bring movement and wellbeing are needed by the homeless population. Offering health services to homeless will detour them from abusing the healthcare system which cost a substantial amount of taxpayer money versus the service that can be provided by these spaces. Preventative health is always more cost effective as evidenced by the Abbey Apartments in Los Angeles.19 Cities can see a decrease in economic waste by transitioning their money flow into the preventive side of the system.

2

19. Skid row housing trust, “Formerly homeless get keys to new homes.” 2009.

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s p a c e s o f c o m m e r c eEstablishing responsibility and identity through work brings the metaphysical idea into spaces. Skill sets can be offered for exchanges. The modern day renaissance market where people exchange goods and services can be seen here. Identity as a skilled worker both helps fuel the economy and the quality of life for the individuals offering their services. Recognition goes a long way in getting stable jobs and building a resume for future work. For an example, the local community could receive better pricing options when looking to hire someone to paint their house. A person who is looking for work can offer a highly competitive price versus the large corporation who will never bargain. Creating opportunities to exchange services would strengthen the economy by creating a competitive market of skilled workers.

3

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4s p a c e s o f e d u c a t i o n

Education can provide job skill training or give better opportunities by educating people of their options and benefits. Many homeless people are completely unaware of opportunities to get out of the position that they are in. Awareness is becoming a large part of many organizations that are trying to make dramatic changes in our society. Public awareness is a great way to make a difference, so this

education can be presented to both the homeless and the general public.

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i m p l e m e n t a t i o nThe potential spaces can handle different configurations of typologies of space. I have inacted design on three intervention spaces because of their potential. These selections have underutilized spaces that can give back to the city with a program of space that is manifested through typologies of space. Any city has the same potential for using these spaces, so the idea of protypical spaces comes into play when programming these sites.

John F. Germany Public Library is a municipal buidling that has a social responsibility to citizens of its city. One major design challenge for this site is the relationship between the building’s functions and the people who desperately need its functions. The library is currently establishing rules that forbid or prevent the homeless population from using the services offered.

Land around and under Interstate 275 has potential for sheltering, providing agricultural land, and facilitating events. Millions of dollars go into this infrastructure, meaning the city has investment concerns.

The Fort Brooke Garage is a massive structure with the sole purpose to store automobiles. Standard garages have very large urban footprints in the city that can be multiplied by the number of floors they contain. Space is at an abundance. It has life from morning to evening then dies at night. The potential that stems from this abundance of space should be recognized by the city.

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FIG. 51 JOHN F. GERMANY LIBRARY: SOUTH FIG. 52 INTERSTATE 275; UNDERNEATH FIG. 53 FORT BROOKE GARAGE

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c r i t i c i s m o f t h e s y s t e mThis study was a glance at the potentiality of St. Andrew’s Episcopal Church. The focus in this design was the parking lot that the church owns. The church has oblgations to reach the poor and provide for them, even though they are a private, non-profit organization, I consider them to be within the public realm. Unfortunately the city of Tampa has passed laws that forbid activities such as feeding homeless on sidewalks and providing services without the proper licenses given out by the city.

Criticism develops because this design contradicts the city’s “unofficial“ stance on hiding people who are in need of the city’s involvement. Awareness begins when the problem becomes visible to the general public. This design brings forth ideas of market space to demonstrate talents of people. It provides enclosure for private activities such health screenings or counselling sessions. The criticism is not towards the church but towards the city, and its actions that indirectly effect the homeless.

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FIG. 54 CHURCH INTERVENTION: ZOOM FIG. 55 CHURCH INTERVENTION: SITE

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c r i t i c i s m o f t h e s y s t e mLibraries are for everyone, including the homeless, unfortunately the John F. Germany Library is slowly segregating itself and its services from homeless people. The library limits the size of a person’s bag to nothing larger than a bookbag and to have proper hygiene before entering the building, and allows staff to remove anyone who disobeys their rules.

This type of “discrimination” is criticism to the library’s established system. I propose programming shower units along the north side. This side is currently dead and fronts the Straz Performing Arts Center, which is used by the public. I have also designed storage to become the landscape. It provides place for sitting, gathering, and reading. This strategy will not only bring an interest and function to the entry, but solve the problem of storage.

I suggest allowing the library to spill outside. Needs regarding electricity, water collection, and meeting areas can also be managed through design. It is important to question the intent and direction of these establishments and make sure they hold true.

FIG. 56 LIBRARY: PUBLIC SHOWERS

62

30’

60’

120’

FIG. 57 LIBRARY INTERVENTION PLAN

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The Tampa-Hillsborough County Public Library promotes lifelong learning, an informed citizenry, individual intellectual freedom, enhanced quality of life, and broadened horizons for all residents.”

This quote is bolted to the library. However, the library is not enhancing the quality of life for all residents. Institutional establishments, such as this library, seem to take a stance against the homeless in a non-chalant way. They apply rules that limit access and deprive the homeless of basic services that the library offers to “all residents.”

The design intervention explores the issues and reveals them to the public realm. The model is an example of how design can be used to demonstrate an issue with the current system of rules.

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FIG. 59 LIBRARY INTERVENTION: NORTH SIDE

FIG. 58 LIBRARY INTERVENTION: ENTRY

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FIG. 60 LIBRARY BROUGHT TO EXTERIOR

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FIG. 61 PUBLIC MEETING SPACE

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a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d s c a p eThe Interstate 275 intervention is prime location of 4.5 acres for agricultural land which would be subsistence to the hungry. Park space is incorporated to give multifunctional space for events and activities. A market place, where agriculture can be produced or any services can be sold would be included in program. A commerce relationship begins to form through exchange of service or fees, an identity could possibly form.

Positive tokens for the city are that new jobs are created, the homeless are off the street, and restaurants can monopolize on the fresh, organic produce grown year round. A program of this type acts in a mutual way where each side is made better by the other. What makes the most difference is that the homeless are working and showing their worth. I fully believe that people will respond differently to the homeless if they are seen as workers. Perception is essential to the relationship between the homeless and general public. Making them visible, but invisible to the fact that they are homeless is perception change.

FIG. 62 SOUTH I-275 AGRICULTURE

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FIG. 63 INTERSTATE INTERVENTION PLAN

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FIG. 64 MP 2: I-275 SOUTH PROPOSAL(left image)

FIG. 65 MP 2: 1-275 NORTH TRANSITION(right image)

FIG. 66 MP 1: I-275 NORTH PROPOSAL(bottom image)

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FIG. 67 FINAL 1-275 PROPOSAL

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FIG. 68 I-275 COMMERCE: MARKTET SPACE

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FIG. 69 I-275 AGRICULTURAL & WATER RETENTION

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g a r a g e v a r i a t i o n sThe Fort Brooke garage has the most potential in terms of possible interventions. Each floor plate is over 90,000 square feet and this garage has 8 levels, so space is in abundance. Businesses in the area rent out spaces for their employees who normally work the standard eight to five shifts then the garage is vacant. The city of Tampa owns the garage and its 2,523 parking spaces.

The parking garage can house agriculture, water collection, sleeping quarters, vegetation, and storage. Anyone of these interventions could encompass the entire garage and take control as independent design projects. I have only touched partially each one of these ideas in a single design to demonstrate the potential nature they possess.

Application of any of these would make a considerable difference to the homeless and the city. For instance, the agriculture seen on the roof can provide shelter for the vehicles that use the rooftop. It generates community involvement through the productive use of garden space, which brings close relationships to the citizens. Water collection with cisterns maintains the water displacement and in return can be pumped back into the neighboring buildings. Mutualism is laced throughout these designs and can always bring something back to the city.

FIG. 70 ROOFTOP OF PARKING GARAGE

74

30’

60’

120’

FIG. 71 GARAGE INTERVENTION PLAN

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FIG. 72 MP 1: GARAGE APPLICATION(left image)

FIG. 73 MP 2: GARAGE AGRICULTURE(right image)

FIG. 74 MP 1: MODULAR GARAGE

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FIG. 75 ELEVATIONAL STUDY OF GARAGE

FIG. 76 ROOFTOP STUDY OF GARAGE

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12

3

4

5

6

7

FIG. 77 PARKING GARAGE NORTH SECTION

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FIG. 78 INITIAL HANGING GREENHOUSE DESIGN

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d e t a i l d e s i g nTo get a better understanding on how architectural design can influence space in the parking garage a further detail study was done. It is important to take programming and bring it into physical development of spaces for review and critique. Programming stops at the conceptual stage and detail design brings these ideas of programming into existence.

Using the modularity of the parking garage structure and concepts of water collection with parcels for agricultural development, I created systems that could be integrated into and onto the garage. These are the initial designs derived directly from the concepts previously discussed. Design is obviously subjective but restrictions of size and proportions were set according to the modularity of the parking garage structure. The structure elements represent attachment components that are in the prototypical realm. The components utilize the support beams and columns for attaching purposes and this is where the modular structure plays an essential role in constructing these spaces.

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FIG. 79 DIAGRAMMATIC GARAGE ROOFTOP DESIGN

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FIG. 80 SECTION MODEL OF GARAGE

FIG. 81 SYSTEMS OF ENCLOSURE

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FIG. 82 TRANSITIONAL ROOFTOP

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c o n c l u s i o nIn respect to Le Corbusier, the “city” is a machine for living, especially in context for the homeless population. The city is used as their life support, it is their foundation, and is their shelter. Unfortunately the city has little concern with its responsibility, so it disregards a portion of the population and only seems to be involved at a more prestigious level. Homelessness is unwanted by all cities but it will always be present no matter what we do. However, the population of homeless can drop significantly if the correct programs are set in place to help these people get out of that vicious cycle.

I am not an advocate for “handouts” by the government because that type of assistance only worsens the issue. There needs to be a better management of resources and more research done to figure out where that money can be distributed to make the largest impact on society. Quality of life is more fruitful than quantity of life because when quality comes first then quantity is sure to follow. The idea of everyone working towards a more qualitative society is almost socialistic but I believe capitalism is what can drive this system to work.

Monetary distribution should be used to fix issues and not to make them invisible. It is crucial in homeless rehabilitation that there be steps to bring them from a poor situation into a self-sustaining one. They can reach a place where dependency on government agencies is unnecessary and where they can make contributions to society. Independency and self-worth are earned by each individual through their production and services. When making them visible to society by way of production they begin to blend in and in essence become invisible.

Identification of leftover spaces can be determined by where the current population of homeless takes “residence.” They normally find public property to loiter or ask for assistance, so these spaces within the city become ideal for potential interventions. These spaces make up an invisible layer of the city that goes unacknowledged for its potential and worth. To use these spaces in a functional way and bring attention to their worth is the city’s responsibility to remedy the issue of homelessness.

The response to resource management has only positive outcomes and is financially sound for the city of Tampa. One opposition would be the public’s response to the personal interaction with the homeless. The only way to determine if programmed space for homeless interaction would be successful is if it gets implemented, then analyzed. I stand strong with the idea of perception and how powerful that psychology can be to counteracted. Design has the power to alter perception and change the state of people’s minds if given a chance.

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FIG. 83 ROOFTOP SYSTEM PLAN

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works citedAristotle, . On the Soul. The Internet Classics Archive, 2000. http://classics.mit.edu//Aristotle/soul.html Accessed January 10, 2013.

Benedikt, Michael and Michael Oden. Center for Sustainable Development, “Better is Better than More: Complexity, Economic Progress, and Qualitative Growth.” Last modified 2011. Accessed April 29, 2013. http://soa.utexas.edu/files/csd/wps201101.pdf.

Council on Homelessness, , “Council on homelessness 2011.” 2011. http://www.dcf.state.fl.us/pro-grams/homelessness/docs/2011CouncilReport.pdf. Accessed January 10, 2013.

Diamond, Pamela and Steven B. Schneed. “Lives in the Shadows: Some of the Costs and Consequenc-es of a “Non-System” of Care.” Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, University of Texas. (1991).

Fagenson, Zachary. Reuters, “Homeless in Miami find new outlet, feeding the well-heeled.” Last modi-fied 2012. Accessed January 10, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/09/usa-miami-home-less-idUSL2E8JE0ON20120909.

Hawthorne, Christopher. “Standing out in a Gritty Local.” Architectural Record, February 2009, 68-69.

Landry, Shawn, M.S. Hillsborough County, Public Works Department, “The Hillsborough Community Atlas.” Last modified 2012. Accessed January 10, 2013.

Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 2000.

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Max-Neef, Manfred A. Human scale development: conception, application and further reflections. New York and London: The Apex Press, 2001.

McShaffrey, John. Interstate Construction Office, “I-275 Widening from east of SR 60 to downtown Tampa (Hillsborough River).” Last modified 2012. Accessed January 10, 2013. http://www.tbinter-states.com/projects/projectinfo.asp?projectID=202&RoadID=1.

Monchaux, Nicholas. Spontaneous Interventions, “Local Code: Real Estates.” Last modified 2011. Ac-cessed January 10, 2013. http://www.spontaneousinterventions.org/project/local-code-real-estates.

Salit, S.A., E.M. Kuhn , J.M. Vu, A.J. Hartz, and A.L Mosso. “Hospitalization costs associated with home-lessness in New York City.” New England Journal of Medicine. (1998): 1734-1740.

Skid row housing trust, “Formerly homeless get keys to new homes.” 2009. http://www.skidrow.org/pdf/SRHT_AbbeyApts_pressrelease.pdf. Accessed January 10, 2013.

Salamon, Peter. Landscape Architects Network, “Red Swing Project.” Last modified 2009. Accessed January 10, 2013. http://landarchs.com/red-swing-project/.

Stanek, L. University of Minnesota Press. “Henri Lefebvre on space: architecture, urban research, and the production of theory.” 2012. http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/henri-lefebvre-onspace. Accessed January 10, 2013.

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a l l g l o r y a n d t h a n k s b e t o g o d .

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