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CarnegieMellonSoftwareEngineeringInstituteProductLineProduction PlanningfortheHome IntegrationSystem ExampleGaryChastekPatrickDonohoeJohnD.McGregorSeptember2002

ProductLinePract iceinitiative

2 0 0 2 1 2 3 10 4 Unlimited distributionsubjectto thecopyright.

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TechnicalNote CMU/SEI-2002-TN-029

ProductLineProduction PlanningfortheHome IntegrationSystem Example GaryChastekPatrickDonohoeJohnD.McGregorSeptember 2002

ProductLinePract iceInitiative

Unlimiteddistributionsubjectto thecopyright.

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Th eSoftwareEngineeringInstituteisafederallyfunded researchanddevelopmentcentersponsoredby theU.S.DepartmentofDefense.Copyright2002byCarnegieMellonUniversity. NOWARRANTY THISCARNEGIEMELLONUNIVERSITY ANDSOFTWAREENGINEERINGINSTITUTE MATERIALISFURNISHEDON AN"AS-IS"BASIS.CARNEGIEMELLON UNIVERSITY MAKESNO WARRANTIESOF ANY KIND,EITHEREXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,AS TOANYMATTER INCLUDING,BUT NOTLIMITEDTO ,WARRANTY OFFITNESSFORPURPOSEORMERCHANTABILITY,EXCLUSIVITY,ORRESULTSOBTAINED FROM USE OF THEMATERIAL.CARNEGIEMELLON UNIVERSITY DOESNOTMAKEANYWARRANTY OFANY KINDWITHRESPECT TO FREEDOM FROMPATENT,TRADEMARK,ORCOPYRIGHTINFRINGEMENT.Use ofanytrademarksinthisreportisnotintendedinanywaytoinfringeon therightsof the trademarkholder.Internaluse.Permissiontoreproducethisdocumentan dto preparederivativeworksfromthisdocumentforinternalus eisgranted,providedthe copyrightan d"N oWarranty"statementsare includedwithallreproductionsandderivativeworks.Externaluse.Requestsfo rpermissiontoreproducethisdocumentorpreparederivative worksofthisdocumentfor externalan dcommercialuseshould beaddressedto theSE ILicensingAgent.Thisworkwa screatedinthe performanceofFederalGovernmentContractNumberF19628-00-C-0003 withCarnegieMellonUniversityfo rthe operationoftheSoftwareEngineeringInstitute,afederallyfundedresearch anddevelopmentcenter.Th eGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesha saroyalty-free government-purpose licensetouse,duplicate,or disclosethe work,inwholeor inpartandinanymanner,an dto haveorpermitotherstodo so ,fo rgovernmentpurposespursuanttothe copyrightlicenseunderthe clauseat252.227-7013.Fo rinformationaboutpurchasingpapercopiesofSE Ireports,pleasevisitthepublicationsportionofourWeb site(http://www.sei.cmu.edu/publicaaons/pubweb.html).

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Contents

Abstract ii1ntroduct ion

1 .1roductionStrategiesandPlansforProductLines1 .2om eIntegrationSystems

2onnect 'Em:ANetworkingCompany3roduct ionPlanningfo rth eConnect 'Em Company3 .1ntroduction3.1 .1roductionContext

3 . 1 .2udience3 . 1 . 3ualifications

3 .2trategicViewofProductDevelopment3.2.1ssumptions3.2.2ualities3.2.3roductsPossiblefrom AvailableAssets3.2.4roductionStrategy

3 .3verviewof AvailableCore Assets 03.3 .1asicInputsandDependencies 03 .3 .2ariations 1 3 .4etailedProductionProcess 2

3.4.1equirementsEngineering 23.4.2rchitectureDefinition 23.4.3rchitectureEvaluation 33.4.4omponentDevelopment 33.4.5esting 33.4.6oftwareSystemIntegration 3

3 .5onfigurationManagement 43 .6ailoringtheProductionPlan 43.6.1 ProductProduction 4

3 .7anagementInformation 43.7.1illofMaterials 43.7.2roductionResources 53.7.3chedule 6

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3.7.4roduct-Specific Details 63.7.5etrics 6

4rotect'Em:AHomeSecurityCompany 84.1 ProductionPlanDifferences 8

5leece'Em:AHome AutomationCorporation1 5.1 ProductionPlanDifferences 1 6ummary 4 AppendixutlineofaProduction Plan 6 References 9

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ListofFigures

Figure1 : TheOSGiConceptualModel

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Listof Tables

Table1 Table2Table3 Table4

PartialListingofDevicePackagesandQualityAttributesServicePackages'AssociationwithHISProductsBillofMaterialsfo raConnect'EmProduct5ComparisonoftheThreeProductionPlans5CMU/SEI-2002-TN-029

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Abstract

A production planisadescriptionofhowasoftwareproductlineorganizationbuildsproductsinaproductline.Thistechnicalnoteexaminesth esignificantcharacteristicsoftheproductionplansofthreehypotheticalorganizationsthatcreateproductlinesof homeintegrationsystems.Suchsystemsenablehomeownersto accessandcontrolequipmentintheirhomessuchasclimatecontrolandsecuritysystems.The planfo roneoftheorganizationsispresentedinsomedetail,andtheplansfo rth eothertwoaredescribedintermsoftheirdifferencesfrom thefirstplan.The purposeofthisnoteistoshowhowinfluencessuchasanorganization'sbusinessgoals,productionstrategy,an dexperienceinproductlinescanleadto verydifferentapproachestobuildingproducts.

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1 Introduction

Thistechnicalnotedescribestheessentialsoftheproduction plansdevelopedbythreehypotheticalsoftwareproductlineorganizationsthatareentering thehomeintegration systems(HISs)market.Itisintendedfo rcoreassetandproductdeveloperswho arefamiliarwiththecompanionreportGuidelinesforDevelopingaProductLineProductionPlan[Chastek02].Thisnoteelaboratesontheguidanceprovidedinthatreportbydescribingth eproductionplanofon eofthehypotheticalorganizationsinsomedetailan dhow itdiffersfrom th eplansofth eothertw oorganizations.The production-planning approachesusedaren'tnecessarilytheonlyonestheycouldhavechosen;theintentoftheexamplesisto show howtheinformation to becommunicated toproductdevelopersvariesalongseveraldimensions.Ratherthanprovidingdetailedproductionplansfo rthethreeorganizations,thisdocumentfocusesonshowinghowanorganization'sbusinessgoals,productionstrategy,andexperienceinproductlinesaffecthowproductsarecreated.Theremainderofthissectionprovidesabriefoverviewoftheconceptsdiscussedinthistechnicalnote1andanintroduction totheHISmarket.Sections2,3,an d4describetheexampleorganizationsan dhowtheyapproachproduction planningfo rtheirHIS productlines.EachorganizationhasexperiencewithpartsoftheHISdomainandisenteringth eHIS marketforth efirsttime.Eachdescriptionaddressestheorganizations'currentsituation,marketandbusinessgoals,domainexpertise,developerexpertise,andreasonsfo rentering th eHISmarket.Sections2and3describetheConnect'Emorganization an ditsHIS productionplanindetail.Section4describestheProtect'Emorganizationandexplainshowan dwhyitsHIS productionplandiffersfrom Connect'Em's.Thosedifferencesareexplainedbyhowth eorganization'sbusinessgoalsmap totherequiredqualitiesofitsproductionsystem fo rproductlines.Section5providessimilarinformationfo rtheFleece'Emorganization.Section6summarizesthistechnicalnote.

1 . 1 ProductionStrategiesandPlansforProductLinesProductsinaproductlinearebuiltfrom theproductline'scoreassetsandtheirattached processes[Clements02].Theseassetsincluderequirements,architecture,components,testcasesandplans,documentation,schedules,an dbudgets.A coreasset'sattachedprocessdescribeshowtheassetistobeusedinthebuildingofproducts.The productionplantellsproductdevelopershowtheassetsandattachedprocessesareappliedto buildaspecific

1 ChastekandMcGregorprovideamoredetaileddiscussionof theseconcepts[Chastek02].CMU/SEI-2002-TN-029

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product.Itcoordinatestheeffortsofmanagers,productdevelopers,testers,andclients.' Theplanlinksth einformation providedbytheproductrequirements, businesscase,architecturedescription,componentspecifications, asset-use processes,andothersourcessuchasusermanuals. Theproduction planevolvesfrom theproductionstrategy.Thatstrategybeginsasan informalnotioninthebusinesscase,evolvesconcurrentlywiththecoreassets,andisdocumentedultimatelyintheproduction plan.The productionstrategyisbasedon thegoalsoftheproductlineandspecifiesthe techniques andconditionsfo rproductdevelopmentthatsupportthosegoals.Forexample,partoftheproductionstrategymay beto purchaseseveralcomponentsthatwouldbetooexpensivefortheorganizationto develop.The production planwouldidentifythosecomponentsan dincludeinstructions fortailoringthemforagiven product(forexample,byspecifyingtheproduct-specificparametervaluesto applyto thegenerictailoringinstructionsthataccompany thecomponent).

1 .2 HomeIntegrationSystems A homeintegrationsystem (HIS)enableshomeowners to access,control,andintegrateequipmentintheirhomessuch asthoselistedbelow[Bachmann00 ,Chastek01]:limatecontrolsystemsheatingandcoolingecuritysystemsintruder,fire,andflooddetectionandresponsentertainmentsystemstelevisions, radios,an dmusic-playing devicesersonalcomputerselecommunicationssystemsremoteaccess,statusdisplay,andcontrolajorhomeappliances Typically,HISsareong-lived,lastingforthelifetimeofahouse pgradeable,enablingdevicestobeaddedor removedodifiable,canbeexpandedintorelatedmarkets(e.g.,officeor apartmentbuildings)

A fullyautomatedprocesswouldeliminatetheseeffortsentirely.Theassumptionhereisthatmostorganizationswillhaveonlyapartlyautomatedproductionprocess,andthatthe productionplanwillprovidethe overallguidancethatspansbothmanualandautomatedprocesses.CMU/SEI-2002-TN-029

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eliable- hendevicesareaddedor removed,theHIS remainsoperational.-he failureofasingledevicedoesnotcrashtheHIS.-ftheHIScrashes,thedevicesitcontrolsmuststillcontinuetowork.-he HISisatleastasreliableasthedevicesattachedtoit.

nteroperableandableto controlmultipledevicesproducedbymultiplesuppliersecure,offering-ultiplelevelsofauthenticationfo rlocalandremoteusers-onfidentialityto supportmultipleusers

sable-he averagehomeownerdoesnotneedspecialskillsto operateHISs.-IS saretolerantofhumanerror.

HISsrepresentaprojectedmultibillion-dollarmarketandofferanopportunityfo ran organizationwithstrongexperience andexpertiseinaportionoftheHISarena(e.g.,integration,networks,devices,homeor officesecuritysystems)to expandintoanewmarket.Marketopportunitiesinclude

deviceandnetworkhardwaresoftwaredevicedriversplatformsoftwarefo rintegratingservicesnetworksoftwareintelligentuserinterfaces

TheHISmarketisrelativelynew andimmature,andischangingrapidlyasnewdevicesandmanufacturerscontinuallyappear.MosthomeownershavenoexperiencewithanHISandmaybeunsureofitsvalueor theirneedfo rit.Theconsumermarketfo rHISsisalsoquitevaried.One customermightwantonlytheabilitytoturnontheairconditioneratnight.Anothercustomermightwantto trackpeopleastheymovethroughthehouseandadjustsettingstotheirindividualtastes.Anotherconsiderationisthatascustomersbecomemoresophisticatedusers,theirrequirementswillchange,perhapsdramatically.

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2 Connect'Em:ANetworkingCompany

Connect'Em isanetworking companythathasbeenproducingconnectionsolutionsforover10years.ThecompanyhasspecializedinembeddedapplicationssuchasitsrouterbasedontheCommonObjectRequestBrokerArchitecture(CORBA).Ithas developedsolutionsusinganumberof hardwareandsoftwaretechnologies.Thecompany'ssoftwareexpertiseisinproviding efficientimplementations of networkingprotocolsandmatchingthequalitiesof eachimplementation tothetechnologyselectedforitscorrespondingproduct.Connect'Em'sproductsrangeover BlueTooth,IEEE802.11LAN,Jini,and broadbandIEEE1394protocols.Connect'Em,whichhasworkedwithbothwiredandwirelessprotocols,wasaskedtoprovideaconnectionsolutionfor thesecurity,telephone,andclimatecontrolsystemsforanindustrialclient.ThatclientrequestedthattheOpenSystemsGatewayInitiative(OSGi)3protocolbe usedbecauseof thewiderangeofdevicetypesitsupportsandtoallowforeaseof configuration inspecificinstallations[OSGi02].TheOSGistandardprovidesoneof the mostcomprehensivesolutionsbyintegratingcommunicationfrom userstoservers.FigureshowstheconceptualmodelfortheOSGistandardandhowthemodularnatureof anOSGi-compliantsystemallowsindividualsetsof usecasesto be associatedwitheachindividualservice.

>k* L ?"T~UseCases(requirements) H IS Product

1

Core Service 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Core Service Appl icat ionService " Appl icat ionService

Figure1 : TheOSGiConceptualModel

Informationon theOSGiisprovidedatits Web siteat.CMU/SEI-2002-TN-029

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Whilecreatingtherequestedproduct,Connect'Em'sdevelopmentteam investigatedtheOSGistandardthoroughly.The team identifiedanemergingmarketopportunity,HISs,thatwouldallowConnect'Emtoleveragetheindustrialexperiencethatitgainedonthecurrentprojecttoaddressthemuchlargerhomemarket.

Connect'Emhasbeenusingaproductlineapproachfo rhardwarefo raboutsevenyearsand,withinthelasttwoyears,hasbeenusingasoftwareproductlineapproachtothesoftwareportionofitsproducts.The companycurrentlyhasthreeproductlines:aseriesofroutersfo rprivatetelephonesystemsusedinsmallbusinessesandtwoseriesofroutersforwirelessnetworksusedinmanufacturingprocess-controlapplications.Themainvariationamongtheproductsistheprotocolthatformatsandprocessesdata.Asecondvariationisthevolumeoftrafficthateachproductcancarry.Thecompanybelievesthatthisexperienceinproductlinescanbeleveragedtoadvantagefo rthenewventure.Connect'Emwilladdressthenewopportunity inHISsbycreating anew productlineandpopulatetheproductlinebyreengineeringasmanyassetsfrom itsindustrialproductsandotherproductlinesaspossible.ThestandardOSGiarchitecture andthemodifiedversionofitthatConnect'Emdevelopedfo ritsindustrialclientwillbethestartingpointsfo r theproductlinearchitecture.Connect'Em'sproductsarebasedontheconceptualmodelshowninFigure1 .Eachproductconsistsof acentralnervoussystem(CNS),devicesandtheirdrivers,andase tofservices[Bachmann00].The CNSwillbeconstructedasanintegralpartof theOSGiframeworkinthearchitecture.Connect'Emwillleverageitsexpertiseinnetworkingto provideclientswithchoicesofbasiccommunication protocols,varyingthecapacityofthesystem.Basicsystempackageswillincludethesoftwarenecessarytoaddnewdevicesto an existingcontrolsystem.Theywillalsoincludeavarietyofsoftwareservicesthattakeadvantageofthedevicesthatcanbeconnectedtothesystem.Connect'Emdoesno thaveamarketingdepartmentthatinteractsdirectlywithhomeownerssinceitscustomerstraditionallyhavebeenbusinesses.Thecompanydecidedtosellto homeownersthroughlargehome-improvementchainstoreducetheriskofitsexpansionintothehomemarket.Connect'Emwilldependon representativesofthesecompaniesto understandtheircustomers'skilllevelsandtomakeprofessionalinstallationavailableto thosewho wantit.Connect'Emwillsellabasicstartersystem thatcanbeupgraded,inadditiontoaseriesofincreasinglysophisticatedsystemsandase tofaccessories.

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3 ProductionPlanningfortheConnect'EmCompany

Productionplansaredetaileddocumentsthatspecifytheoverallproduction strategy,th ematerialsto beused,andthescheduleofactivitiesfo rproducing theproduct.The followingisadescription of thecontentsofConnect'Em'sproductionplanandth erationalefo rth echoicesthatweremade.Itisnotintendedto beanactualproduction plan.

3 .1 Introduction3.1.1 Production ContextTheproductsbeing constructed intheConnect'EmproductlinearecompleteHISs.EachoftheseproductsconsistsoftheCNS,individualdevicesandtheirdrivers,andase tofcompatibleservices.Theseservicesprovidethesystem userwithcontroloverase tofdevices (suchasappliances) andhouseholdsystems(suchasheatingandairconditioningunits).Products willbedelivered to retailersasa"bundle"thatincludesacoresystem an dase tofservicepackages.Thecoresystem includesaversionof theCNSanddocumentationthatdescribespossiblesystemsthatcouldbebuiltusingth eincludedpackages.Theproducts allowforadditionaldevicesan dservices,whichuseaplug-and-playapproachand don'trequiresystemsexpertise,to beaddedinthefield.Theproductionplanforacomplete HIS describesth estepsofdentifying these tofservicesthatcoverthefunctionsrequiredfortheproductandthatarecompatiblewiththerequiredqualitieselectingaversionofth eCNSthathasth ecapacityto supportth erequirednumber of

devicesestingvariousconfigurationsoftheCNSandservicesto determinethatthesystem

achievestherequiredqualitiesTheplanalsodescribeshownew servicesanddevicedriverscanbeproduced.Eachserviceisdevelopedandcertifiedbyaproductdevelopmentteam.Foreachspecificproduct,theproductdevelopmentteamwillmodifythisgeneralproduction planto includedetailsspecific to thatproduct.The sectionsbelow describehowthegeneralplanshouldbemodifiedforaspecificproduct.

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3.1 .2 Audience TheproductdevelopersatConnect'Emaretheprimaryaudienceofaproductionplan.The planprovidesdirectionsonhowtobuildtheirassignedproductfrom thecoreassets.The coreassetdevelopersandtheproductlinemanagersaresecondaryaudiencesfo rtheplan.The planplacescertainrequirementsontheassetsthatwillsupporttheproductionstrategy.These requirementsincludetheneedfo rasystemconfiguration an dprediction tool,an dfo raspecificationnotationthatallowsproductdevelopersto understandthelimitationson th eindividualdevicesusedinthesystem.Thecoreassetdevelopershavetakentheseimplicitrequirementsintoaccountwhendevelopingthecoreassets.Theproductlinemanagers participateindevelopingtheproduct-specificproductionplanfrom thegeneralproductionplan.

3.1 .3 Quali f icat ionsUsersoftheConnect'Emproduction planareexpectedto befamiliarwithth eHISdomain an dtheOSGistandard.Inaddition,theyshouldbefamiliarwiththeproductline'sconceptofoperations(CONOPS)andwiththeoperationoftheproductlineorganization.

3.2 StrategicViewofProductDevelopmentThissectionoftheplandocumentstheproductionstrategy.HISsareverymodular;customerspurchaseexactlyth eservicestheyneed.Productsareconfiguredinthefieldbyinstallersor adventurousdo-it-yourselfers. The productionstrategymodularproductdevelopment mirrorsth eproduct'sstructure.

3.2.1 Assumpt ionsConnect'Em'sproductionplanhasbeencreatedwiththefollowingassumptionsaboutth eproductlineinmind:he HISdomainisimmatureandevolving.The componentsusedto buildsystemswillbemodified often.ostbuyersofHISsdo no tye tunderstandtheirfullpotential.New productswillbeidentifiedthroughexperimentationwithavailablecoreassetsandaddedtoth eproduct

line.he coreassetshavebeenconstructedwithth eplug-and-playproductionstrategyinmind.3.2.2 Qualit ies The tw oqualitiesthataremostimportanttothedeveloperofaproductinth eConnect'Emproductlinearemodularityandconfigurability.Theplug-and-play natureofth esystem CMU/SEI-2002-TN-029

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requiresmodularity.Whenadeviceisremovedfrom th ephysicalsystem,th eservicecomponentassociated withthedeviceisautomaticallyremovedfrom th esystem,therebyreducingits complexity.TheOSGiarchitectureandth e"package"conceptbeingusedto encapsulate servicesan ddevicessupportthemodularnatureoftheproduct.The productsintheproductlinemustalsobeconfigurable.Differentcustomerprioritiesanddifferences inhardwaremakeeachdeployedsystem unique.The productionplanwillguidetheproductdeveloperininvestigating differentconfigurationsan ddeterminingwhethertheyaresuitable.The thirdmostimportantqualityfortheproductdeveloperisperformance,sincereal-timesensorsarebeingread.Itispossibletoloadasystem withso manydevicesthatreadingsbecomeinaccurate.However,sincethesystem isnotrequired toreactto eventsinhard-real- time,performanceislessimportantthanth eabilitytoconfigureasystem thatmeetsaclient'sneeds.Fromthecustomer'spointofview,reliabilityisthemostimportantquality.Thesystem includestheoptionofa batterybackupto increasereliability.he productionplanprovidesmorepreciseinformation abouttheoperationalprofileoftheproductandallowsmorefocusedtestingtoensurereliability.Theplanalsoprescribesaconformance-testing processto certifythereliabilityofanyvendor-supplieddriver.Connect'Em'sproductlinearchitectshaveachievedabalanceamongtherequiredqualities.Latersectionsoftheplandescribehowtoverifythataproductpossessestheserequiredqualities.

3.2.3 ProductsPossiblefrom AvailableAssets ThescopeofConnect'Em's productlinedefinesarangeofproductsbutdoesnotprovidethelevelofdetailneededbytheproductdevelopers.The production plan takesthedetailsofthecoreassets,including theirattachedprocesses,andprovidesaframework thatguidesth eproductdevelopersduringproductassembly.TheavailableassetsaretheCNS,ase t ofservice packages,andase tofdevicepackages.4Asnew deviceandservice packagesbecomeavailable,theyareratedon ase tofqualitiesthatrepresentth eruntimequalitiesofacomposedsystem.Table1showsapartiallistingofhow thedevicepackagesare ratedrelativetoqualityattributes.

Mini-projectsareorganizedaroundeachdevice.Theprojectteamischarteredtoanalyzethedriveracquiredwiththehardwaredeviceandto designthe modificationsneededtoincorporatethe deviceintoaConnect'Em product.he resultisadevicepackagethatwillusuallybepartof multipleproducts.

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Table1 : Part ialListing ofDevicePackagesand Quali ty Attr ibutes Product SecurSys tem ModelA SecurSystem ModelB Appl iance Control ler1 1 0 Appl ianceControl ler22 0Performance Rating Low High Low Medium

CapacityRating Medium High Low HighThisinitialproductlineconsistsof threeproducts.TheEcono-HISisthecheapest,lowestcapacitysystem.The productsincreaseincapacity,granularityofcontrol,andpricefrom Econo-HISto Lux-HIS.Table2illustrateshowseveralservicepackagesareassociatedwiththoseHISproducts.Table 2: ServicePackages'Associationwith HIS ProductsProduct SecurSystem ModelA SecurSystem ModelB Appl ianceControl ler1 1 0 Appl iance Control ler22 0Econo-HIS X X Mid-HIS X X Lux-HIS X X X X

3.2.4 Product ion Strategy Thestrategyfo rproducingproductsinthisproductlineisassembleandconfigure.First,theproductdevelopersassembleausecasemodelfrom themodularsetsofusecasesan dthenassemblethecorrespondingservicesanddriversintoaproduct.Second,theyconfiguretheCNSto providetheappropriateprecedence rulesamongtheeventsproducedbytheservicesandtoprovidedefaultsensinglevels.Theassemble portionofth estrategyisintendedto supportexperimentationwithnew productsandallowupgradesinth efield.Thismotivatedtheproductlinearchitectsto designth eserviceassetsto plugdirectlyintotheCNSandautomatically interactwithdevicesthatsupportcertaininterfaces.Fo rexample,thesecurityserviceisdesignedto interactwithdevicesthatcanbese tto detect.Inresponseto userinput,thesecurityserviceissuesa"setto detect"event.Alldevicesthatimplementth esecurityinterfacerespondtothiseventbyactivatingtheirsensors.Whenasensorisinthe"detect"stateandtheconditionitmeasureschanges,thesensorissuesa"detected" event.TheCNSreceivesthiseventandappliescurrentlyactiverulesthatdetermineits response.The CNSmaydeliverthiseventto th esecurityservice,whichtakestheappropriateaction.Alternatively,itmay electtodeletetheeventifthesystem iscurrently in"sensortest"mode.

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Theconfigureportionof thestrategycomplementsthe assembleportionbyensuringthatthe CNSknowshowto dealwithsuchevents.Theproductdeveloper'smainroleistoensurethatthe rulesetintheCNSiscompleteandcorrect.Becauseof thelife-criticalnatureof someofthesesystems,thestrategycallsforanintensivetestsuitethatpresentsvariousscenariostodeterminethatlife-threateninginteractionsdo notoccur.Thesetestsarerunduringproduction.

3.3 OverviewofAvailableCoreAssetsProductdevelopershaveacompleteassetbaseavailableto them.The associateddocumentation providesanoverviewof thecoreassetsanddirectsthe developer to the attachedprocessesforfurtherinformation.Thedevelopersshouldhavereadtheproductlinescopedocumenttogainahigh-levelunderstandingofthe products.Theyshouldalsohavereadthe CONOPSto understand the relationships amongthegroupsintheorganizationandthe proceduresforcommunicatingwiththecoreassetdevelopers.Thefollowingsubsectionsprovidemoredetailsonsomeof theavailablecoreassets.

3.3.1 BasicInputsandDependencies 3.3.1.1rchitectureBachmanndescribesthearchitectureofabasicHIS[Bachman00].TheConnect'EmarchitectureincorporatestheOSGistandard architectureasthe keyabstractionof the fundamentalsystem.TheOSGistandarddefinesanopen,extensiblearchitecturethatallowstheintroductionof additionalservicesandisamorecomprehensivestandardthanothers(e.g.,theHomePlugstandard[HomePlug02]whichislimitedto powerlinedevices).OSGiservicescan interactoverbothwiredandwirelessdevices.3.3.1.2odeAssetsThe codeassetsconsistof implementationsof theCNS

pluggableservicesdevicesandtheirassociatedsoftware driversvendor-supplied driversavarietyof testharnesses

Thecodeassetshavebeenimplementedwith thePrediction-Enabled ComponentTechnology(PECT)[Hissam 01 j.Thistechnologyallowscertainqualitiesof afinishedsystemto be predictedfromthemeasurementsof thecomponentsthatwillcompriseit.Thosedrivers10 MU/SEI-2002-TN-029

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supplieddirectlyby vendorsdo no tconformtothistechniqueandwillno tbeincludedinquality-levelpredictions.3.3.1.3on-CodeAssetsThenon-codeassetsinclude

ausecasemodelandase tofqualityscenariosamappingdocumentthatillustrateshowConnect'Em'sarchitectureimplementstheOSGistandardtestplanslinkedtorequirementsetsandqualityscenariostestresultsfrom previoustestsmodulardocumentation

Thenon-codeassetsareintendedeithertosupportproductdevelopmentorto beincluded inthedeliverable fo rthecustomer.3.3.1.4oolsThe coreassetteam ha sconstructedanumberoftoolsforth eproductdevelopers.The mostimportanton eisthepredictionandmodelingtoolthatisalsointendedforus einth efield.Thattoolallowstheproductdevelopersto checkconfigurationsofdevices,services,andrulesetsfo rpossibleconflicts.Thecoreassetteam ha sexplicitlynotprovidedanautomatedproductassemblytool.Therearetoofewproductsintheproductline,andtherangeofdevicesthatmay beincludedineachproductistoobroadto makethattypeofautomationausefulidea.Theplug-and-play technologyshouldmakeproductassemblyeasyfor theproductdevelopers.

3.3.2 Variations Theavailablecoreassetsdeterminetherangeofvariationsthatcanbesupported.The productionplangivesanoverview of thetypesofvariationsthatareavailableandleavesthedetailsto theattached processesofth ecoreassets.Granularityofcontrol:The moreexpensivesystemsoffer thecustomergreatercontroloverth eeventsinth ehome.Fo rexample,whenfireisdetectedbytheEcono-HISproduct,itisimpossibletodetermineexactlywhereth efireisinthehouse.WiththeLux-HISproduct,firezonesareestablished, anddifferentresponsesto afirecanbeprogrammedforeachzone.Responsetime:The moreexpensivesystemsfeatureamorepowerfulcontrollerthathandles eventsmorerapidly.Theupgradedcontrollersandsensorsarealsomorereliable.

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Userinterfaces:TheConnect'Emproductlinehasavarietyof methodsbywhichusersinteractwithsystems.Standardinput/outputinterfacesincludeacentralcontrolpaneland remotecontrols.Themoreexpensivesystemsofferpersonalcomputer(PC),Web,and personaldigitalassistant(PDA)interfaces.Pagersandemailclients,forexample,mayreceivenotificationsand emergencymessagesbutprohibituserinput.Runtimeenvironment:Threemainoptionsareavailablefortheruntimeenvironment:1 .onnect'Em'soriginalruntimeenvironment,whichisareal-timeoperatingsystemwitherrorhandlers.ThisoptionistheeasiestoneforHISownerstomaintain.2.Linux-basedruntimeenvironmentthatincludesasecureWebserver.Thisoptionarosefromnewuserinterfaceoptions(suchasthe Web interface)thatpointedoutthe needfor

greatersecurity.3.lighter-weightenvironmentbasedonapopularPDA operatingsystem thatparticipatesinaunidirectionalemailprotocolbu tnottheinteractiveWeb protocol.Thisoptionalso

arosefrom newuserinterfaceoptions.

3.4 DetailedProductionProcessAsChastekandMcGregordescribe[Chastek02],theproductionprocessisstructuredaccording to the ProductBuilderpattern[Clements02].Thepatternelementsform amajorportionof the productionprocessandare describedbelow.ThesestepsmustaccomplishthethreetasksoutlinedinSection3.1.1.Inanactualproductionplan,someof thesestepswouldbeeliminateddependingon the specificrequirements.

3.4.1 RequirementsEngineering Productengineering beginswithselectingtheservices(features)thatshouldbeincludedforthespecificproductandusingthisinformation to determineiftheproposedproductiswithintheproductline'sscope.hisactivityisperformed by theproduct-planning groupbasedon inputfrom themarketingandtechnology-forecasting groups.From thefeaturelist,adetailedsetof requirementsisconstructed intheformof usecases[Jacobson99].Figure showsthatasetof usecasesisassociatedwitheachservice.Theseare includedintheservicepackagedescription.Therequirementsengineercantracefrom theselectedusecasesdirectlyto the servicesthatwillmeetthecustomers'needsand from theretothe componentsthatimplementtheservices.

3.4.2 ArchitectureDefinit ionLittleif anyarchitecturedefinitionwork isneededforaspecificproduct.TheCNShidesmuchof theOSGistandardarchitecturefrom theproductdeveloper.The basicarchitectureisdesignedto beextensibleand to havedevicesaddedovertime.Onlydevicesthatcannotbe

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managedbyanOSGi-conformantdriverrequirespecialarchitecture definitionwork.Thesetypesofdevicesareoutsidethescopedefinedfo rtheConnect'Emproductline.

3.4.3 Architecture Evaluation The architectureforaproductisevaluatedonlyif th earchitecture hasbeenmodified.The focusoftheevaluationistoensurethattheselectedservices,attacheddevices,andrevisedinterfacesarecompatible.

3.4.4 ComponentDevelopmentLittleifanycomponentdevelopmentisneededfo raspecificproduct.New componentsaredevelopedwhenacomponentisacquiredthatdoesnotimplementthedriverprotocolrequiredfo rplug-and-playcapability.The newcomponentencapsulatestheacquired componentandthe"glue"codeneededtointegratethenew assetwiththeexistingset.ThecoreassetteamusesthePECT-basedtool(seeSection3.3.1.2)to configuresamplesystems to checkfo rfaultyinteractionsbetweenth enewcomponentan dexistingcomponents.Thetoolallowsproductdevelopersto visuallyselectth edevicesandservices,andto placethem inthesamplesystem,connected intheway theywouldbeintherealsystem.Inaddition,thetoolprovidesfeedbackto thetooluseraboutpotentialperformancebottlenecksor longwiringrunsthatimpedeperformance.Coreassetdevelopersalsousethetoolastheytestvariousconfigurationsofnewassets.Theproductdevelopersus ethetoolto ensurethatanymodifiedcomponentsprovideacceptable qualityvalues.

3.4.5 TestingAllthecodeassetswillhavebeenthoroughlytestedbythecoreassetbuildersduringcomponentdevelopment,andth enon-codeassetswillhavebeeninspected.Productdevelopersmustachievethesamelevelsof testcoverageasth ecoreassetdevelopersforanynew componentdevelopment.Evenifnonewdevelopmentisperformed,thespecificproductmustbetestedasanentity.Testcoverageismeasuredby thenumberofdifferentcombinationsofservicepackagesthatareevaluatedintheworkingsystem.TheOrthogonalArrayTestingSystem isusedtoreducethenumberof testconfigurationsthatmustbeexecutedtoensureadequatecoverage[McGregor01].

3.4.6 SoftwareSystemIntegration The productbuildersintegrate th eselectedservicesandconfiguretheproduct.TheCNSsensestheservicesastheyareaddedtotheproduct;however,insomecases,additionalconfiguration isrequired,particularlyif twoserviceshaveidenticalpriorities.The modulardocumentationpiecesareintegratedintoasingledocument.heproductbuilderscheckthecoreassettestreportsto determine whetherthespecificse tofserviceshasbeentested

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previously.If not,the teamusesthemodularservicetestsforcoreassetstoproduceandexecutetestscenariosforthe specificproduct.

3.5 ConfigurationManagementTheproductionplandescribesthe specificconfigurationmanagement(CM)fileorbranchingstructuretousewiththeproductbeingbuilt.If the productteam addsormodifiessoftwarethatisspecifictoitsproduct,the team isresponsibleforcreatingtheappropriategroupingsinthe CM system.Thatsystem providesthe traceabilitybetweentherequirements,components,andsubsystemsofthe HIS.TheconceptualmodelinFigure showsanassociationbetweenasetof usecasesthatdescribe requirements,componentsthatimplementspecificcoreand applicationservices,andanHISthatisanaggregationof the CNSandasetofcomponents.

3.6 Tailoringth eProductionPlanEachproductdevelopmentteam customizesthe production planto itsspecificproduct.Oneof thefirststepsin thatcustomization processisto reviewtheprocessdescribedinthissectionandto eliminate anystepsthatdo no tapply.Forexample,if the productwillbebuilttotallyfrom existingservicesanddevices,neitherarchitecturedefinitionno rcomponentdevelopmentis needed.Mostof thework isrequiredontheplan'sscheduleandbillof materials(described inSection3.7);thescheduleincludesaspecifictimeline,whilethebillof materialsincludesspecificcosts.

3.6.1 ProductProduction Therequirements foraspecificproductareanalyzedandmappedto asetof coreassetsthatare ratedto produce therequiredsystem qualities.Thesetof assetsisanalyzedusingthepredictiontoolto confirm thattheresultingproductwillpossesstherequiredqualities.Theproductdevelopersthenassembletheproductbywritingsufficient"glue"codetointerfacethe components.This"glue"isparticularlynecessaryforvendor-supplied drivers.

3.7 ManagementInformation 3.7.1 BillofMaterials Thebillof materialsforaspecificproductcomprisesseveralsections.Thefirstsectionpricesthe CNSanditsaccompanyingsoftware.Subsequentsectionspricethe hardwaredevicesandsupportingsoftware,andthesoftwareservices.Thefinalthreesectionslistthetotalhardwareandsoftwarecostsforaproduct,andthetotalproductcost.ThisstructureisillustratedinTable3 .

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The costofeachinterfacedeviceisdividedintothecostofacquiringanyinterfacinghardware,whichwillusuallybeaccompaniedbyasoftwaredriver,andth eadditionalcostofsoftwaredevelopmenttoadaptor replacethesoftwaredriver.The billshouldalsoincludethecostof thesoftwarefo reachserviceincludedintheproduct.

Table3: BillofMater ia lsfo r aConnect 'EmProductItemDescr ipt ion UnitCost Quantity Quantity xUnitCostCNS Centralservercost

ServersoftwarecostInterfacedevice 1 Hardwarecost

SoftwarecostInterfacedevice2 Hardwarecost

SoftwarecostHardwarecostSoftwarecost

Servicesoftwarel SoftwarecostServicesoftware2 SoftwarecostSoftwarecost

Totalproducthardware costTotalproductsoftwarecostTotalproductcost

Theunitcostfo rhardwaredeviceswilldirectlyreflecttheactualexpenseofpurchasing thedevice.Theunitsoftwarecostfo reachsoftwaredriverwillbecomputedbyidentifying howmanyofth eproductlineproductswillincludethedevice.Theexpectedsalesvolumefo reachproductandthenumberofproductswillprovidethetotalnumberofusesofeach software component.Thecostof thedriveristh edevelopment,acquisition,orlicensingcost.ThusthesoftwareunitcostiscomputedasshowninEquation1 .Thetotalproductcostisthesum ofthetotalproducthardwareandsoftwarecosts.

CostofDriverSoftwareUnitCost= -- crumberofproducts Vprojectedunitsalesperproduct,.

(1) i=i

Thebillofmaterialsmustbeaccurate,becauseitisthebasisonwhichlicensingfeesowedto supplierswillbecomputed.Itisalsoaplanningtoolfortheproductlinemanagers,giving themanaccuraterecordofoutsideobligationsandameansofbudgetinginternalresourcesfo rdevelopingcoreassets.Projectedcostsareupdatedasestimatesofprojectedsales,costsofgoods,or estimatesof theresourcesneededto produceauseabledriverchange.

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3.7.2 ProductionResources Inadditiontothecoreassetsdescribedin Section3.3,thefollowingresourcesareneededfo rproducingaservicepackageoraproductthatintegratesseveralservices:ersonnel:Servicepackageteamswillneedpersonnelwithdevelopmentexperienceto

modifyorcreatethedrivers,andto developtheservice'slogicandanyserviceviews/controlsthatarerequiredforthevariousoutputdevices.Theteam willalsoneedpersonnelwhohaveexperienceintestingwithan emphasison integrationtesting.ools:ThePECT-basedtooldiscussedinSection3.4.3isusedto evaluateaspecific configuration.Inaddition,acombinatorialtestingtoolisrequiredto specifythemostefficientmeansoftestingsetsofconfigurations[McGregor01].anufacturer'sdocumentation:Theproductdeveloperswillneedaccesstothespecificationsof thehardwareinterfacean dthesystem thatisto becontrolled.3.7.3 ScheduleConnect'Emdeterminesthescheduleforeach productdevelopmentby consideringthenumberofatomicuse cases5andthestepsoftheproductdevelopmentprocessthatarerequired.Twoconfigurationsofthe development processhavebeencalibratedandcanbeusedto accuratelyestimatetheamountofeffortrequiredforasingleatomicus ecasefo reach configuration.Thescheduleiscomputedusingthetypeofproduct(whichdeterminestheprocessconfiguration)and thenumberofatomicus ecasesforthegivenproduct.

3.7.4 Product-SpecificDetailsA low-endelectronicsmanufacturerhasdeterminedthatthereisamarketfordevelopingdriversfo rolderappliances.Thesystem-specificproduction planforth eEcono-HISproductwouldincludeamodificationthatallowstheinclusionofthesedevicesinthatproduct.

3.7.5 Metrics Theproductdevelopmentteam collectsan dretainsdata,includingthefollowing metrics aboutth eproduct:umberofatomicus ecasesercentageofproductfromcoreassets

Anatomicusecaseisonethathasbeenfactoredoutinastructuredusecasemodel[McGregor98].Oneorganizationmayuseseveraldifferenttypesof theseusecases.Theyarestandardenoughthateachonecan be completedusingthe sameamount of developmentresources.16 MU/SEI-2002-TN-029

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Connect'Emcollectsthefollowingmetricsabouttheproductline:cheduledeviationsfromestimates:Bothoverrunsandunderrunsoftheschedulewillbeidentifiedandusedtoidentifyinaccuraciesintheestimationprocess.efectratesincoreassets:The defect-trackingsystem willbeusedtocollectreportsof defectsinanycoreasset.Periodicallyth ecoreassetbuilderswillaggregatethe

informationan dcomputedefectintensitiesbyasset.odificationstocoreassets:Eachmodification thatismadetoacoreassetwillberecorded.

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4 Protect'Em:AHomeSecurityCompany

Protect'Emisasmall25-personcompanythathas beendevelopingandinstallinghomesecuritysystemsforover5 years.Itsproductsincludesystemsthatmanageavarietyof devices,suchasdoorandwindowsensors,glassbreakagedetectors,electronicdoorlocks,andmotiondetectors.Thesystemsalsoprovidearangeof responsestothe detectionofasecuritythreat,suchassoundingan alarm,turningonlights,and notifyingthepolice.Protect'Em isaregionalcompanythatcompeteswiththebiggernationalcompaniesbyfocusingonthe needsof its customersanddeliveringcustomer-specificsolutionsratherthanmass-marketproducts.Itcompetesonthebasisof excellentcustomerserviceratherthanprice.Itsproductsaresolddirectlyto homeowners;the companyoffersbasicandhigh-endproducts to meetarangeofhomeowners'budgets.Italsoinstallsthesystemsandprovidesmaintenanceservices.The companyhasproduceda productlineof homesecurityproducts for the pastfiveyearsandhasconsiderableexpertiseinwiringhousesforsecuritysystemsandconnectingandmanagingmultiplesecuritydevices.Protect'Em now realizesthatthereisabusinessopportunityinthebroaderHISmarketandthatitscoreexpertise permitsentryintootherdomainsbeyondsecurity.Protect'Emhasasmallteam of developers,allinthe samelocation,whichhasenabledittotakealightweight approachtoits productlinepracticesandrespondquicklytocustomers'needs.HoweverProtect'Em'swillingness to providecustomizedsolutionsforitscustomerscomesat a costthecurrentarchitecture thatsupportsProtect'Em'ssecurityproductsisn'tveryconfigurable,so eachnewcustomersystem requiresa uniquearchitecturalsolution.Thecompanywouldliketousetheexistingarchitectureasabaselinefrom whichcustomersystemsarederived,but therealityisthattoomucheffortisexpendedoncreatingproduct-specificarchitectures.Inaddition,Protect'Em cannotaffordtohirelotsof newpeopletoexpandintoareasbeyondsecurity,so itwillneedtoplanthelaunchof itsexpandedproductlinecarefully.The basicproductionstrategywillbetoincrementallyrolloutnewfeatureswhileretaining backwardcompatibilitywithexistingproducts.

4.1 ProductionPlanDifferencesProtect'Em'sbusinessgoalofprovidingexcellentservicetoitscustomersmeansthatcustomizabilityisthehighestpriorityqualityattribute(Section2.2of theproductionplanoutlineintheappendix)addressedinitsproductionprocess.Protect'Em isconfident thatitsproductionprocessforthesecurityproductlinewillscaleup to theexpandedHISproduct18 MU/SEI-2002-TN-029

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line(Section4ofth eplan).BecauseofProtect'Em'ssmallsizeandbudget,itcannotabsorb theup-frontcostofcreatingacomprehensiveproductlinearchitecturefo racompletelineofHIS products.Therefore,theexistingarchitecturefo rthesecurityproductlineistheinitialbaselinefo rallproducts(Section3.1oftheplan).Protect'EmhasplanstoaddressthefullHISdomaineventually,butitslimitedresourcesdictateitspresentstrategy.Itestablished somebasicrulesforcustomizingthearchitecturean dcomponents(Section4oftheplan),andthestrategy(Section2oftheplan)istoexpandthecurrentsecurityarchitectureincrementallywitheachnewpayingcustomer.Protect'Emtailorsitscurrentarchitectureandcomponentsforeachnewcustomerinaproduction processthatbearslittleresemblancetotheassemble-and-configureapproachofConnect'Em.Its production planmustidentifyan dcoordinateal lth echangestoth ebaselinearchitecture(Section4 .2 ofth eproductionplan).ItmustalsodealwithaCM process(Section5oftheplan)thatismorecomplexthanthatofaproactiveproductlineorganization.Everynew customerrequestgeneratesnewitemstobeplacedunderCM,andthesevariantsmight,inturn,pu tProtect'Em'sexisting productsatrisk.Customizationmeansthatth erulesfo rmodifyingth earchitecture andcomponentsmustbemadeexplicitintheproduction plan(iftheyarenotalreadydocumented intheattachedprocessesandincorporated byreferenceintheproduction plan).The productdeveloperneedstoknowth erulesforcustomization(Section6ofth eplan),an dth eprocesshastoguaranteethatthoserulesarefollowed.The costandscheduleestimatesinProtect'Em'sproduction plan(Section7oftheplan)arelesspredictablethanthoseinConnect'Em'splanbecauseofProtect'Em'swillingnessto customize.Themetricsintheplanreflectthecompany'sbiastowardscustomersatisfaction:moreeffortisexpendedon collectingdatatoreduceproductdefectsthanon measuringproductdevelopmentcostsan dstreamlining theproduction process.MetricsthatshouldbeincludedinProtect'Em'sproductionplanincludeim etakento assembleaproductonceaspecificproducthasbeenidentifiedumberofrequestsfo rchangesto existingcoreassetsto meetcustomizationneedsumberoftimesanassetisusedto buildproducts.Protect'Emneedsto "domorewith less,"so lowlevelsofreusemeangreatereffortelsewhere,mostlikelyinthe"glue"

code.mountof"glue"codethatneedsto bewrittentointegratethepiecesofaproductranularityofreuse.Protect'Emneedsto reusemorethan justdevicedrivers.Protect'Em'sbiggestchallenge isto dealwiththetensionbetweenth edisciplinerequired bytheproductlineapproachan dthedemandsofcustomizingproductsinwaysthatareoutsidetheexistingcustomizability ofth eproductline.Thedesireto meetcustomers'needsandtime-to-marketrequirementsmay causeproductbuildersto maketheirownproduct-specific modificationstocoreassetsmodifications thatmightleadtouncontrolledvariabilityandaCMU/SEI-2002-TN-029 9

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CM headache.Protect'Em'sstrategyfortheHISproductlinedependsheavilyonfeedbackfrom productbuildersto coreassetdevelopers,since,ineffect,Protect'Em's fieldedproductsare thebasisforfuturecoreassets.Thatdependencyandthe factthatcoreassetdevelopersmayno thavetimeto redesigntheassetstomeetthe productbuilders'needsmightdegradetheproductlineover time.SinceProtect'Em isbroadeningthescope of itsproductlineincrementallybyadaptingtheexistingsecurityarchitecture,thestepinitsproductlinedevelopmentprocessthatprovidesfeedbackfrom productbuildersto coreassetdevelopersisparticularlyimportant.Thisfeedbackreflectsknowledgeaboutthe easeof customization,product-specificfeaturesthatcould/should be generalizedandpackagedascoreassets,andthe overallscopeof theproductline.Theactivitythatactuallyobtainsandrecordsthisknowledgecouldbe specifiedasafeedbackstepintheproduction planor asaproactivestepinthe developmentprocessforcoreassets.

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5 Fleece'Em:AHomeAutomationCorporation

Fleece'EmisalargeU.S.corporationthatisthemarketleaderfo rdevicesandassociated softwarefo rarangeofhomeautomationapplications.The companyhasdevelopedseveralproductlinesthatprovideautomatedsolutionsfo rhomesecurity,safety,entertainment,heatingandcooling,andsmartappliances. Fleece'Em'scustomersarewealthyhomeownerswho arewillingtoinvestasignificantamountofmoneyinhigh-endhomeautomation.Theyreadilyembracenewfeaturesan dareearlyadoptersofnewtechnologies.ThereisalimitedamountofvariabilityinFleece'Em'sproducts,sincemostofits customerstypicallyoptfo rcomplete,full-featuredproductsratherthanbasesystemsto whichextrafeaturescouldbeaddedincrementally."TechnologyForecasting" isan importantproductlinepracticeareaforFleece'Em.Its expertiseinthatareagivesthecompanytimetoincorporatenew devicesandtechnologicalinnovationsintoits coreassetbasesmoothly.These,inturn,canbeintegrated smoothlyintotheproductionprocess,becausetheywillhavebeencreatedandtestedproperly inaproductlinecontextratherthanasproduct-specificresponsestonewcustomerrequirements.Fleece'Em hasbuiltitsreputationon itsabilitytoincorporateinnovativenew technologiesintoitsproductsquickly.Fleece'Emwantsto "own"thedomesticHISmarketbycomplementingitsleadership positionindevicesandserviceswithaproprietary integrationschemethatwilllinkeverythingtogether.Ithasalreadyestablished adomesticHIS productlineandhastw omajorbusinessgoalsfo rit:(1)entertheglobalHISmarketand(2)enterthefast-growingmarketfo rlow-costHISsolutionstargetedto customersotherthanhigh-endHISadopters.Fleece'Em thusfacestw osignificantchallenges:sellingcompleteHISsinaworldwidemarketandmovingbeyondits traditionalhigh-endcustomerbasebyscalingdownits productsto meetth eneedsofthelow-costmarket.

5 . 1 ProductionPlanDifferencesThe majordifference between Fleece'Em'sproductionplan(foritscurrent,domesticHIS productline)andthoseofConnect'EmandProtect'Emisth ehighdegreeofautomationthatFleece'Emappliesto createproducts.6 Fleece'Em'sproduction processissimple:productdevelopersidentifytheproductto bebuiltforexample,byselectingfeatures(Section4.1ofth eproductionplanoutlineintheappendix)andth eautomatedsupportlargelytakescareof6 Seethe ProductGen variantof the ProductBuilderpattern[Clements02].CMU/SEI-2002-TN-029 1

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theprocessofassemblingtheassetsintoaproduct(Section4oftheplan).Asmentionedabove,thereisnotmuchvariationtodealwithsincethehigh-endmarketdemandsfeature-richproducts.ThissimplifiesFleece'Em'sintegration testing(Section4.5oftheplan)andCM (Section5oftheplan).Theexceptionsarewhenacustomerdesiresacombination offeaturesnot previouslytested(notestreportforthisfeaturecombinationexistsinFleece'Em'stestingdatabase)oran entirely new feature.Additionally,Fleece'Em'sstableassetbasealsomeansthatits currentproductionplancontainscostandscheduleestimates (Section7ofth eplan)thataremorereliablethanProtect'Em's.The future,however,isno tso rosy.Fleece'Em'sbusinessgoalsareaboutto unleashmajorchangesinitsdevelopmentprocessforHIS productlines.Fleece'Em wantsto expandits HIS productlinealongtwodimensions:(1 )goingglobalan d(2)enteringth elow-costmarket.The globalaspectmeansthat Fleece'Emwillhaveto dealwithculturalissuessuchas languageanduserinterfaces.Also,itwillhavetoaddressthecoordinationofbusinessunitsanddomainexpertisedistributedacrossdifferentcountries.Theremay belegalissues securityandsafetymay haveverydifferentlegalinterpretations andconsequencesin differentcountries.These,inturn,willaffect thetestingandintegration ofproducts,andtheCM ofcountry-specificproductvariations.Systemtestingforparticularcountriesmay requirethatparticularkindsoftesthardwarebeused(e.g.,keyboardsandmonitorsfortheJapanesemarket).IfFleece'Em isadeptat managingitsHIS productline,manyoftheseissuescanberesolved byth ecoreassetdevelopers,leavingtheprocessofcreatingproductsunchanged.Inreality,itislikelythatgoingglobalwillmeanthatproblemswillbesolvedintheshorttermbydevelopersofcountry-specificproductsuntil Fleece'Embecomesbetterat handling country-specificvariationsinits productline.Fleece'Em'sgoalofrepositioning itselfasaplayerin thelow-costmarketisadifficultone fortworeasons:(1)th ecurrentarchitectureisbuiltto supportth ehigh-endmarketand(2 )thepartitioningoffunctionalityandtheassociatedqualitiesarenotgearedto theneedsofth elow-costmarket.Itwillbedifficultfo rFleece'Emto extractandrepackagesmallersetsoffeaturesaslow-costproducts.Again,thisisreallyaproblemforthecoreassetdevelopersthatshould,in theory,leaveth eautomatedproductionprocessunchanged.Productidentificationwillbeharder,sincetherewillbemorefeaturesandgreatervariationinthewaysinwhichtheycanbepackagedintoproducts.Inaddition,itwillbehardertoautomatethegenerationandtestingofproducts,andCM willbemorecomplex.Infact,Fleece'Em'sproduction planwill,intheshortterm,haveto evolveintosomethingmuchclosertothelessautomatedschemesofConnect'EmandProtect'Em.

ItisworthnotingthatFleece'Em'sgoalof forcingcustomerstouseitsproprietaryhomeintegrationsolutions(asopposedto,e.g.,Connect'Em'sopenapproach)doesnotaffectitsproductionplan.Productdeveloperscreateproductsfrom assets;it'sthedevelopmentactivitiesfor coreassetsthatare affected.

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AsafinalcommentonFleece'Em,theseconddimensionofFleece'Em'sexpansionstrategy,enteringthelow-costmarket,ismarkedlydifferentfromthestrategiesofConnect'EmandProtect'Em.Thesetwoorganizations approach productbuildingfrom thepointofviewofscalingup theirexistingproductioncapabilitytoexpandintonew markets.Fleece'Emhastheoppositeproblem:scalingdown.The one-size-fits-allstrategy thatworkedsowellfo ritinth ehigh-endmarketisabouttoundergoasevererealitycheck.

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6 Summary

Thistechnicalnotedemonstratesthathowaproductlineorganizationbuildsproductsdependssignificantlyontheorganization'sbusinessgoals,productionstrategy,andpreviousexperience.Theguidanceonproduction planning providedbyChastekandMcGregorisillustratedby discussingtheproductionsplansof threeexampleorganizations[Chastek02].Thefundamentalproblem of production planningis:Whatdo productdevelopersneedtobuildaspecificproductandhowdo theydoit? Theexampleshighlightthedifferentwaysinwhichaproductionplanmightaddresstheproblemandthe influencesthatleadtospecificcoursesofaction.Table4onthenextpagecomparesthesignificantproductionplancharacteristicsforthethreehypotheticalproductlineorganizations.Thenumbersinthe leftmostcolumncorrespondtothetop-levelsectionsoftheproductionplanoutlineintheappendix.Themajordiscriminator of thethreeplansistheproductionstrategy.Thatstrategyisbasedonthebusinessgoalsof theproductlineandhasthegreatesteffecton productionplanning,becauseitcoordinatesthedesignanduseofthe assetsthatwillbereusedacrosstheproductline.Thequalityattributesof the productionstrategy(e.g.,modularityandscalability)directlyaffecthowproductsarecreatedtomeetthebusinessgoals.Thedegreeof automationappliedto buildingproductsisalsoasignificantdriver of productionplanning.Fleece'Em'shighlyautomatedproduction processresemblesthe ProductGenvariantofthe ProductBuilderpattern,whereastheprocessesof theothertwocompaniesspanallthe practiceareasof thefullpattern[Clements02].

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Table4: Comparison ofth eThreeProduction PlansPlanSect ion Connect'Em Protect'Em Fleece'EmIntroduction/Context hasexistingproductlinesandexpertiseinnetworking.Current

customersarebusinesses.

smallcompanywithexpertiseinsecurity systems.Currentcustomersarehomeowners.

largecorporationwithexpertiseinmanyHIS domains.Existing customersarehigh-end homeowners.Strategy Assembleandconfigure.

Modularityan dconfigurabil ityarethemostimportantqualities.

Incrementallyrollou tnewfeaturestoreducerisk.Customizabil ityisthemostimportantquality.

Scaledownexistinghigh-endsystemsfo rlow-costmarket.Scalabilityisthemostimportantquality.

AvailableCoreAssets OSGi-basedarchitecture existingsecurity architecture existinghigh-endHIS productlineassetsProductionProcess partiallyautomated partiallyautomated highlyautomated CM typicalCM situation complexCM becauseof

extensivecustomizationsimplifiedCM becauseof theproductline'slimited variability

Tailoring simplified tailoringiftheproductisto be builtwhollyfrom existing servicesanddevices

lotsofproduct-specificcustomizations simplifiedtailoring becauseoflow variabilityofproductsan dhighdegreeofautomation ManagementInformation predictablescheduleandcostestimates ScheduleandcostestimatesarelesspredictablethanConnect'Em'sbecauseof customization.

predictablescheduleandcostestimates

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AppendixutlineofaProductionPlan Thefollowingoutlineof aproductionplanisbasedonChastekandMcGregor'swork[Chastek02].1ntroduction

1 . 1roductionContext1.2udience1.3ualifications

2trategicViewof ProductDevelopment2.1ssumptions2.2ualities2.3roductsPossiblefrom Available Assets2.4roduction Strategy

3verviewof AvailableCoreAssets3.1asicInputsandDependencies3.2ariations

4etailedProductionProcess4.1equirementsEngineering4.2rchitecture Definition 4.3rchitecture Evaluation4.4omponentDevelopment4.5esting4.6oftwareSystem Integration

5onfiguration Management6ailoringtheProductionPlan6.1 ProductProduction

7anagementInformation7.1 BillofMaterials

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7.2roductionResources7.3chedule7.4roduct-SpecificDetails7.5etrics

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References

[Bachmann00]

[Chastek01 ]

Bachmann,Felix;Bass,Len;& Klein,Mark.An ApplicationoftheArchitecture-BasedDesignMethodtotheElectronic House(CMU/SEI-2000-SR-009,ADA383836).Pittsburgh,PA:SoftwareEngineeringInstitute,CarnegieMellonUniversity,2000.. Chastek,Gary& Donohoe,Patrick.ProductLineAnalysis:APracticalIntroduction(CMU/SEI-2001-TR-001,ADA396137).Pittsburgh,PA: SoftwareEngineering Institute,CarnegieMellonUniversity,2001..

[Chastek02 ]hastek,Gary& McGregor,John.Guidelines forDevelopingaProductLineProductionPlan(CMU/SEI-2002-TR-006).Pittsburgh,PA:SoftwareEngineeringInstitute,CarnegieMellonUniversity..

[Clements02]

[Hissam 01 ]

Clements,Paul& Northrop,Linda.SoftwareProductLines:PracticesandPatterns.Boston,MA:Addison-Wesley,2002.Hissam,Scott;Moreno,GabrielA.;Stafford,Judith;& Wallnau,Kurt.PackagingPredictableAssemblywithPrediction-EnabledComponentTechnology(CMU/SEI-2001-TR-024,ADA399793).Pittsburgh,PA:SoftwareEngineering Institute,CarnegieMellonUniversity,2001..

[HomePlug02]

[Jacobson99]

HomePlugPowerlineAlliance,(validasofSeptember2002).Jacobson,Ivar;Booch,Grady;& Rumbaugh,James.TheUnifiedSoftwareDevelopmentProcess.Boston,MA:Addison-Wesley,999.

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[McGregor98]cGregor,JohnD.& Russ,Melissa.AQualitative AnalysisofTwoRequirementsCapturingTechniques forEstimating theSizeofObject-Oriented SoftwareProjects(TR-98-102).Clemson,SC:Clemson University,DepartmentofComputerScience,1998.

[McGregor01]cGregor,JohnD.& Sykes,David A.APracticalGuidetoTestingObject-Oriented Software.Boston,MA:Addison-Wesley,2001.[OSGi02]penSystemsGatewayInitiative (OSGi),eds.OSGiServicePlatform (Release2).Amsterdam,TheNetherlands:IOSPress,2002.30 MU/SEI-2002-TN-029

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REPORTDOCUMENTATIONPAGE Form ApprovedOMBNo.0704-0188Publicreporting burden for thiscollection ol informationisestimated to average ou rper response,includingthe timeforreviewing instructions,searchingexisting datasources,gatheringandmaintainingthe dataneeded,and completingandreviewingthe collection of information.endcommentsregardingthisburdenestimateor anyotheraspectof thiscollection ofinformation,includingsuggestionsfor reducingthisburden,to WashingtonHeadquartersServices,DirectorateforinformationOperationsand Reports,21 5JeffersonDavisHighway,Suite1204,Arlington,VA 22202-4302,andto the OfficeofManagement andBudget,PaperworkReductionProject(0704-0188),Washington,DC 20503.1. AGENCY USE ONLY2. REPORTDATE . REPORTTYPEAND DATESCOVERED (LeaveBlank) September20024. TITLEAND SUBTITLE ProductLineProductionPlanningfortheHomeIntegrationSystemExample Final5 . FUNDINGNUMBERS F19628-00-C-0003 6 . AUTHOR(S)GaryChastek,PatrickDonohoe,& JohnD.McGregor7 . PERFORMINGORGANIZATIONNAME(S)AND ADDRESS(ES) SoftwareEngineeringInstituteCarnegieMellonUniversityPittsburgh,PA15213

SPONSORING/MONITORINGAGENCY NAME(S)AND ADDRESS(ES)HQESC/XPK 5EglinStreetHanscomAFB,MA 01731-2116

PERFORMINGORGANIZATIONREPORTNUMBERCMU/SEI-2002-TN-029

1 0. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORTNUMBER

1 1 . SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12 BISTRIBUTIONCODE2AISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITYSTATEMENT Unclassified/Unlimited,DTIC,NTIS

1 3. ABSTRACT (MAXIMUM200WORDS)Aproductionplan s adescriptionofhow asoftwareproductlineorganizationbuildsproductsin aproductline.Thistechnicalnoteexaminesthesignificantcharacteristicsof theproductionplansofthreehypotheticalorganizationsthatcreateproductlinesofhomeintegrationsystems.Suchsystemsenablehomeownerstoaccessand controlequipmentintheirhomessuchasclimatecontroland securitysystems.Theplanfor oneoftheorganizationsis presentedin somedetail,andtheplansfor theother two aredescribedintermsoftheirdifferencesfromthefirstplan.Thepurposeofthisnoteistoshowhowinfluencessuchasanorganization'sbusinessgoals,productionstrategy,and experienceinproductlinescanleadtoverydifferentapproachestobuildingproducts.

1 4. SUBJECTTERMSsoftwareproductline,productionplan,productdeveloper

1 5 . NUMBEROF PAGES40

1 6 . PRICECODE

1 7. SECURITYCLASSIFICATIONOF REPORTUnclassified

NS N7540-01-280-5500

1 8. SECURITYCLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEUnclassified

1 9. SECURITYCLASSIFICATIONOF ABSTRACT Unclassified

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UL

Standard Form298 (Rev.2-89)PrescribedbyANSIStd.Z39-18298-102